Phonological effects shown by normal adult speakers learning new words: Implications for phonological development

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce L. Smith ◽  
Cynthia Macaluso ◽  
Sharon Brown-Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Normal Adult ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
New Words ◽  
Adult Control ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Children's Speech

ABSTRACTPhonological processes have been used to describe children’s speech for a number of years, but the causes of most processes remain unexplained. In a study investigating possible sources of processes in children’s speech, Aitchison and Chiat (1981) suggested that many developmental phonological processes may be a result of problems in lexical storage and retrieval. One limitation of their study, however, was that they had no adult control group, whose results might have helped clarify their findings. The present research with adults was similar to Aitchison and Chiat’s investigation with children and was intended to provide additional information about whether children’s typical phonological processes generally involve lexical storage and recall difficulties. Caution is advised in assuming that children’s spontaneous phonological processes are generally a result of lexical storage and recall factors.

scholarly journals Phonological Development: Acquisition of Hausa Secondary Consonants Pronunciation by the Hausa Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sani Dauda Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Speech Pathology ◽  
Pictorial Stimulus ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
Children's Speech

Phonological development refers to the stages that children pass before they can correctly use and understand the sound system of their language. Inspired by Stampe’s (1969) Natural Phonology Theory, this paper examines the acquisition of Hausa secondary consonants pronunciation by the Hausa children. The paper seeks to achieve the following objectives (a) to identify the phonological processes that are operating in the production of the Hausa secondary consonants by the Hausa 2-5 years children (b) to discover the units that are more affected if certain changes occur in the production of the Hausa secondary consonants (c) to explain whether a parental behavior influence the children’s production of the Hausa secondary consonants. Four children aged between 2-5 years were purposely selected. The data were collected using a Pictorial Stimulus-Driven Elicitation. The study found that reduction, simplification, and substitution phonological processes operate in some of the children’s speech production. It also revealed that regardless of the glottal stop, the second unit of the secondary consonants is more affected and that parental behavior affects children’s speech production. The implication of this result is that it can be used by speech pathology to draw a conclusion about the Hausa children’s phonological development.

scholarly journals Analysis of phonological processes in the acquisition of complex onset in children with typical phonological development

Revista CEFAC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maraísa Espíndola de Castro Soares ◽  
Luzia Miscow da Cruz Payão ◽  
Miguel Oliveira Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Care Center ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Day Care Center ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
Objective Description ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Children's Speech

ABSTRACT Objective: description and analysis of the phonological processes in the acquisition of complex onset by children with typical phonological development in the age ranges of 3;0 and 5;11. Methods: thirty-one students of a public day-care center in Maceió-AL, having no auditory, cognitive, or motor impairment, participated in this study. The data were collected using the ABFW Child Language Test (WERTZNER, 2004); spontaneous speech was also collected. Inferential statistical analysis of the data was performed, and the phonological processes were analyzed in the production of complex onset. Results: we found evidence for late acquisition of this syllabic component in the age range of 5;0-5;11 for both types of complex onsets. In relation to the prevalence of phonological processes, a statistically significant difference was observed between the different processes, with a prevalence of the simplified phonological process for C1V, when taking the two types of complex onset into consideration; however, the 5-year age group, in which there was a prevalence of liquid substitution, was an exception. Conclusion: the most observed phonological processes in children's speech were: simplification of C1V and liquid substitution. These results will contribute to the selection of the lexicon for evaluation and treatment of cases of atypical development.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Mean Platelet Volume and Red Cell Distribution Width in FMF: Are They Related to Subclinical Inflammation or Not?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gozde Yildirim Cetin ◽  
Ozlem Gul ◽  
Fatma Kesici-Metin ◽  
İrem Gokalp ◽  
Mehmet Sayarlıoglu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subclinical Inflammation ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Group A

In this paper we want to demonstrate whether higher than normal levels of RDW, and lower than normal levels of MPV can be used as indicators of subclinical inflammation and tools for treatment decision in FMF or not. The participants in this study included 89 patients with FMF during attack-free periods and 30 healthy controls. The RDW and platelet counts were significantly higher, while the MPV was significantly lower in the patients with FMF group than healthy control group (P<0.001;P=0.005;P<0.001, resp.). In the attack-free FMF group, a negative correlation was found between the MPV and RDW values (P<0.001,r=-0.40). The positive correlation was found between the RDW and ESR (r=0.23,P=0.028). And the negative correlation was found between the MPV and CRP (r=-0.216,P=0.042). Consequently, our results suggest that low MPV and high RDW levels may provide additional information about subclinical inflammation in FMF patients. But other strong predisposing factors affecting subclinical inflammation in FMF should be considered. Further studies with large numbers of patients are needed. Treatment of FMF should include not only prevention of acute attacks but also decreasing of the subclinical inflammation.

Evaluation of dialysis treatment in uremic patients by gel filtration of serum

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1906-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Osada ◽  
T Gea ◽  
C Sanz ◽  
I Millan ◽  
J Botella
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dialysis Treatment ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Two Peaks

Abstract A group of substances of molecular masses between 300 and 1500 Da have been found to be toxic metabolites in patients with uremia. We determined the concentration in serum of these molecules in the following groups of patients: two hemodialyzed groups (one with cuprophane and the other with polyacrylonitrile dialyzers), one group treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, one group of nondialyzed azotemic patients, and one control group of healthy persons. Ultrafiltrates of the subjects' sera were fractionated on Sephadex G-15 followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Eluates were monitored by absorbance at 254 and 206 nm. Partially characterized peaks P1 and P2, obtained by gel filtration, correlated with the concentration of creatinine in serum; their concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.01) larger in hemodialyzed groups than in peritoneal dialyzed or in nondialyzed azotemic patients. After ion-exchange chromatography, two peaks (P'5 and P'6) correlated with serum creatinine and also were larger in hemodialyzed patients than in the other groups. Apparently, adequate discrimination is obtained by gel-filtration analysis and further analysis by ion-exchange chromatography does not provide additional information in most of the affected patients.

scholarly journals Mind mapping as a tool of teaching English vocabulary at transport university

2021 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 05021
Author(s):  
Oksana Marunevich ◽  
Elmira Shefieva ◽  
Olga Bessarabova
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Mind Mapping ◽  
New Words ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mind Maps ◽  
The Given ◽  
Core Problem ◽  
Experimental Group

The core problem of teaching English as a second language at transport university is students’ poor knowledge of vocabulary. Current solutions to the given problem such as providing word explanations and repetitive practices are ineffective. We strongly believe that the mindmapping technique proposed by Tony Buzan as a note-taking method is a novel, yet an extremely potent tool that aids students in enlarging their professional word stock by associating new vocabulary to their existing knowledge using colors, images, symbols, etc. As might have been expected, the findings of our study point towards the idea that the strong visual appeal of mind maps created by easy-to-use software boosted the educational process and helped students of the experimental group memorize more new words in contrast to students of the control group.

scholarly journals Getting Moving Together; a field experiment on workplace physical activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sanders ◽  
Karen Tindall ◽  
Alex Gyani ◽  
Susannah Hume ◽  
Min-Taec Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
The Social

Importance: Wearable devices are widely used in an effort to increase physical activity and consequently to improve health. The evidence for this is patchy, and it does not appear that wearables alone are sufficient to achieve this end.Objective: To determine whether social comparisons in a workplace setting can increase the effectiveness of wearables at promoting physical activity.Design: A four week randomized controlled trial conducted in November 2015 with employees of a large firm. Participants were randomised to one of two treatment conditions (control vs social comparison) at team level, and teams are formed into ‘leagues’ based on their activity levels before the study. Impact is measured through wearable devices issued to all participants throughout the study duration.Setting: Offices of a large Australian employer.Participants: 646 employees of an Australian employer, issued with wearable activity trackers prior to the beginning of the study. Intervention(s) (for clinical trials) or Exposure(s) (for observational studies). Participants used a wearable device to track steps. Participants had been wearing these for at least four weeks at the outset of the trial, establishing a baseline level of activity. Teams (n=646, k=49), were randomly assigned to either control (k=24), or a social comparison (k=25) treatment. All participants took part in a step-count competition between their team and others at their employer, in which their team’s ranking within a mini-league of five teams, as well as their own activity was communicated each week. The control group had access to the usual features of the wearable, while the social comparison group received additional information about the performance of the other teams in their league, including how far behind and ahead their nearest rival teams were.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Number of steps taken per day on average, measured by the wearable devices issued to all participants. Results: A total of 646 participants were included in the study. Compared to the control, participants in the social comparison group took significantly more steps per day during the trial period (an additional 620 steps, 8.2%, p&lt;0.001). These effects are largest in both relative and absolute terms for people whose prior steps were in the bottom quartile of steps (an additional 948 steps, 40%, p&lt;0.001), while the effect on people with highest levels of activity was a precisely estimated null (an additional 6 steps, 0.01%, p=0.98).Conclusions and Relevance: Social comparison increased the effectiveness of wearables at improving physical activity, particularly for those with the lowest baseline activity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Memory Strategy Training on Vocabulary Learning by EFL Female Students of the College of Languages and Translation: An Experimental Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arab World English Journal ◽  
Ghadah Fahad Alzaidi
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Instruction ◽  
Strategy Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
King Saud University ◽  
New Words ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of memory strategies (MSs)in improving students' ability to recall and spell newly learned vocabulary items. The researcheronly considered three types of MSs: grouping, placing new words in to a context and structuredreviewing. In addition, the study used a questionnaire that explored students' attitudes towardsMSs in general, and towards the specific MSs that they have been trained to use, as well as therelationship between MSs and motivation and between MSs and anxiety. intact groups (63 students in total) were selected from level three of the College of Languages and Translation (COLT) at King Saud University (KSU), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The two groups were assigned to the experimental group (36 students) and the control group(27students). The control group received traditional instruction that depended on the textbook without any MS training, whereas the experimental group received a combination of traditional instruction and MS training. A pre- and post-test were administered to both groups before and after the experiment to examine students' ability to recall the meaning of vocabulary items and their ability to spell them correctly. The experiment lasted for fourteen weeks through which the participants received seven MS training sessions. The study found out that MS training was effective in improving students' ability to recall the meaning of vocabulary items when needed and their ability to spell them correctly. Moreover, the results showed that the subjects of the experimental group showed positive attitude towards MSs and most of them agreed on the positive effect that MSs had on raising their motivation and reducing their anxiety while learning vocabulary.

Transfer Effect of Word Recognition Strategies

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
John D. Mcneil ◽  
Lisbeth Donant
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Words ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Instructional Control ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Unknown Words

The present study was an investigation of the transfer effect from training in three word recognition strategies. Results are based upon a test of ability to decode unknown words classified as graphophonic, structural, and contextual. Ninety second, third, and fourth grade children and an equal number of children in a non-instructional control group provided the data. Significant results are discussed in light of the effectiveness of the training in helping pupils decode new words and the specific rather than the general values of each strategy. The data support the efficacy of children learning multiple word recognition strategies for decoding purposes. The study does not, however, treat the relation of word recognition strategies to comprehension of text.

Phonological development in lexically precocious 2-year-olds

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE L. SMITH ◽  
KARLA K. MCGREGOR ◽  
DARCIE DEMILLE
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Age ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
Phonological Abilities

To examine interactions between young children's vocabulary size and their phonological abilities, spontaneous language samples were collected from 24-month-olds with precocious lexicons, their age mates (24-month-olds with average-sized lexicons), and their vocabulary mates (30-month-olds with average-sized lexicons). Phonological ability was measured in a variety of ways, such as the number of different consonants that were targeted, the number of different consonants produced correctly, the percentage of consonants produced correctly, and the occurrence of phonological processes. The lexically precocious 24-month-olds were similar to their vocabulary mates on most measures of phonological ability, and both of these groups were generally superior to the 24-month-olds with smaller lexicons. These findings supported a hypothesized relationship between lexicon size and phonological performance, and demonstrated that 2-year-olds' phonological development is more closely related to size of the lexicon than chronological age.

Second language learning of phonological alternations with and without orthographic input: Evidence from the acquisition of a German-like voicing alternation

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-545
Author(s):  
Shannon L. Barrios ◽  
Rachel Hayes-Harb
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
New Words ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Naming Test

AbstractWhile a growing body of research investigates the influence of orthographic input on the acquisition of second language (L2) segmental contrasts, few studies have examined its influence on the acquisition of L2 phonological processes. Hayes-Harb, Brown, and Smith (2018) showed that exposure to words’ written forms caused native English speakers to misremember the voicing of final obstruents in German-like words exemplifying voicing neutralization. However, they did not examine participants’ acquisition of the final devoicing process. To address this gap, we conducted two experiments wherein native English speakers (assigned to Orthography or No Orthography groups) learned German-like words in suffixed and unsuffixed forms, and later completed a picture naming test. Experiment 1 investigated learners’ knowledge of the surface voicing of obstruents in both final and nonfinal position, and revealed that while all participants produced underlyingly voiced obstruents as voiceless more often in final than nonfinal position, the difference was only significant for No Orthography participants. Experiment 2 investigated participants’ ability to apply the devoicing process to new words, and provided no evidence of generalization. Together these findings shed light on the acquisition of final devoicing by naïve adult learners, as well as the influence of orthographic input in the acquisition of a phonological alternation.

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