Can't save or won't save: financial resilience and discretionary retirement saving among British adults in their thirties and forties

Abstract This study examines retirement saving activity outside the state and workplace pension saving schemes among British adults aged between 30 and 49 on the premise that individuals are increasingly encouraged to save for their retirement in the new pension policy structure in Britain. The issue of under-saving among the younger adults has been studied with the focus on internal characteristics, such as undesirable attitudinal or behavioural tendencies (‘won't save’), or on external factors, such as income (‘can't save’). Building on these discussions, this study tests the role of internal characteristics and further examines the interplay between internal and external factors. The decision-making process for retirement saving is mapped based on the Model of Financial Planning with minor modifications. The analysis utilises the fourth wave of the Wealth and Assets Survey (2012/2014), and is conducted in the structural equation modelling framework. Results show that younger adults’ discretionary retirement saving is an outcome of a complex interplay between internal and external factors. Financial resilience, which indicates current financial behaviours and wellbeing, is found to be the strongest predictor for identifying a discretionary retirement saver, but it is closely connected to individuals’ income and home-ownership. The findings also suggest that social and economic arrangements are important to consider as social ageing, individuals’ projection on their lifestages, may be more informative than age per se for understanding younger adults’ retirement saving behaviour. These findings have important implications for the policies that aim to increase retirement saving participation.

The influence of internal and external factors on the marketing strategic planning in SNOWA Corporation

Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing ◽

10.1108/jbim-02-2018-0083 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (8) ◽

pp. 1065-1073 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ali Ebrahimi ◽

Hamidreza Banaeifard

Keyword(s):

Strategic Planning ◽

Content Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

External Factors ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Marketing Strategic ◽

Statistical Sample ◽

Research Show

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of internal and external factors of SNOWA Corporation on its marketing strategic planning. Is there a relationship between internal and external factors and strategic marketing planning? How severe is this relationship? Design/methodology/approach The present study is an applied research using a descriptive-analytic method. The statistical sample of this research includes 300 personnel of SNOWA Corporation. Data were collected applying a standard questionnaire in a five-point Likert scale. Content validity ratio and content validity index were used to evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire, and a Cronbach’s alpha test was applied to assess its reliability. SPSS Software (factor analysis) and Amos Software (structural equation modeling) were applied to analyze the collected data. Results of this research show that internal and external factors influence the development of its marketing strategic planning. Findings Results of this research show that internal and external factors influence the development of SNOWA marketing strategic planning. Another result of this study is that the severity of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables varies from the viewpoint of the employees of different departments. Practical implications The study will help managers deal with environmental opportunities effectively while formulating corporation strategies. In addition, findings reveal that having vision and mission help managers find a clear way to reach the goals. Originality value This is one of a few papers to provide empirical evidence of the influence of internal and external factors of SNOWA Corporation on its marketing strategic planning. Identification of the external-internal factors used in formulating marketing strategic planning may prove useful for other researchers working in this under-researched area.

Internal and External Factors Influencing Millennials’ Sharing Behaviour of Online Video Advertisements

Asian Social Science ◽

10.5539/ass.v18n1p23 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Nik Mohamad Shamim Nik Mohd Zainordin ◽

Norazlyn Kamal Basha ◽

Ho Jo Ann ◽

Ng Siew Imm

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Subjective Norms ◽

External Factors ◽

Online Video ◽

Celebrity Endorsements ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Equation Modelling ◽

Company Reputation ◽

This study aimed to uncover the internal and external factors driving Millennial consumers to engage in Online Video Advertisements (OVAs) sharing. Underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the internal factors tested in this study were attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. The external factors predicted to influence consumers’ intention and actual sharing behaviour of OVAs were company reputation, brand awareness, and celebrity endorsement were underpinned by Stimulus Organism Response Model (S-O-R). The study included perceived intrusiveness as a moderator between the aforementioned antecedents and the sharing behaviour of OVAs. A total of 220 Millennial respondents was collected in Selangor, Malaysia. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis showed that attitude and subjective norms significantly predict consumers’ intention to share OVAs. In terms of external antecedents, only celebrity endorsements were found to positively influence the sharing intention of OVAs. The study also revealed that perceived intrusiveness negatively moderates the effects of attitude and social norms on the intention to share OVAs.

Persepsi, Strategi Mitigasi dan Strategi Adaptasi Komunitas Petani Padi Sawah Beririgasi dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim

MIMBAR Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan ◽

10.29313/mimbar.v32i1.1506 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Siska Rasiska Suantapura

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Adaptation Strategy ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

External Factors ◽

Survey Method ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation Strategies

The Impact ◽

Climate change has a real impact on the condition of agriculture in developing countries, including Indonesia. Irrigated paddy farmers are the ones really feeling the impact of climate change. Therefore, we need to understand the perceptions, mitigation and adaptation strategies of irrigated paddy farmer community to face climate change. The study is conducted in Indramayu and Tasikmalaya Regency in West Java by using descriptive survey method, regression analysis and path analysis through Structural Equation Modelling approach with Lisrel TM 8.5. The results showes that: (1) changes to climate variability affects the productivity of rice; (2) perception of irrigated paddy farmer community on climate change and its affects are influenced by internal and external factors; and (3) adaptation strategy are influenced by internal and external factors, whereas no mitigation strategy. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation strategies with site specific location are very necessary improving climate information services, increasing empowerment of farmers through field schools, and providing the provision of facilities that are practical and adaptive to climate.

The Intention of Using Cell Phones In Digital Banking Service Base on External Factors and Internal Factors

International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education ◽

10.24036/00201za0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Winny Puspasari Thamrin ◽

Kristiana Dewayani ◽

Feny Fidyah

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Cell Phones ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Equation Model ◽

External Factors ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Banking Services ◽

Banking Service ◽

And Behavior

The growing of digital services in the world of banking and the use of cellular telephones by customers, banks provide services in the form of phone and SMS banking that makes it easier for customers to transaction. The existence of digital banking makes it easy and saves time in making transactions. The purpose of this study was to examine the intention of using cell phones in digital banking services base on external factors (easiness, benefit, trust and risk) and internal factors (self efficacy and locus of control). This research model is prepared based on the concept of risk perception and behavior. Respondents in this study were 98 respondents that consist of students and employees. The sampling technique is non-random sampling. SEM model analysis techniques (structural equation model) with the help of the Lisrell 8.7 program. The results of this study indicate that the data obtained in accordance with the proposed model for both internal and external factors influence the intention of using cell phones for digital banking services.

Environmental Versus Firm-level Determinants of Firm Growth: A Structural Equation Modelling for Micro-level Analysis of Business Group Firms

Global Business Review ◽

10.1177/0972150920923078 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 097215092092307

Author(s):

Matilde Bini ◽

Leopoldo Nascia ◽

Alessandro Zeli

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Firm Growth ◽

Business Group ◽

Equation Model ◽

External Factors ◽

Group Affiliation ◽

Firm Level ◽

Organization Model ◽

Business Group Affiliation ◽

The study of the determinants of firms’ growth should consider both internal and external factors: these are the firms’ organizational features and the external competitive environment, which is also named market type, in which the firm operates. Among the internal factors, the organization model is the most important one. Among the factors that define the influence of market structure on a firm’s performance, there is business group affiliation, market concentration and business group heterogeneity. The aim of this study is to determine, in the context of business group affiliated firms, if there exists an influence of these internal and external factors. Using the structural equation model approach, results showed that a firm’s growth is influenced by both factors, and that the internal ones are prevalent.

Kinerja Penyuluhan di Nusa Tenggara Timur

Jurnal Penyuluhan ◽

10.25015/penyuluhan.v5i1.9799 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jelamu Ardu Marius ◽

Sumardjo Sumardjo ◽

Margono Slamet ◽

Pang S Asngari

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Organization Structure ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Research Area ◽

External Factors ◽

Extension Education ◽

Extension Agents ◽

Internal Factors ◽

The Individual ◽

The objectives of this research were to portray the influence of internal and external factors to the performance of the agricultural extension. The individual characrterization of the agricultural extension agents were the internal factors which assumed to influence toward the performance of agricultural extension and those other i.e the non formal extension education (diklat), the milieu, and the extension organization structure were the external factors. The respondents were selected by the random and purposive sampling method in the three regency as research area. Data analysis was done by using descriptive and Linear Structural Relationship (LISREL) program 8.72 by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) models. The results of the research showed that the non formal extension education and the extension organization structure were influenced positively and significantly to the performacen of extension (external factors), but those other were not.

Pengaruh Faktor Internal dan Eksternal Terhadap Perilaku Kewirausahaan dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kinerja Usaha Petani Anggrek (Effect of Internal and External Factors Towards the Enterpreneurial Behavior of Orchid Growers)

Jurnal Hortikultura ◽

10.21082/jhort.v28n2.2018.p299-310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 299

Author(s):

NFN Puspitasari ◽

Rita Nurmalina ◽

Anna Fariyanti ◽

Adhitya Marendra Kiloes

Keyword(s):

Achievement Motivation ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Business Performance ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

External Factors ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽

The Government ◽

Perkembangan agribisnis anggrek nasional masih rendah, salah satunya disebabkan kurangnya kompetensi yang dimiliki petani anggrek. Peningkatan perilaku kewirausahaan diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kinerja usaha komoditas anggrek di Indonesia. Penelitian perilaku kewirausahaan petani anggrek dilakukan dengan tujuan menganalisis pengaruh faktor internal dan eksternal terhadap perilaku kewirausahaan petani anggrek dan menganalisis pengaruh perilaku kewirausahaan terhadap kinerja usaha anggrek. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di wilayah Gunung Sindur, Parung, dan Serpong, dengan pertimbangan lokasi tersebut merupakan sebagian besar sentra anggrek di Indonesia. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling, dengan jumlah sampel 115 orang. Data terkumpul dianalisis dengan metode SEM menggunakan program Lisrel 8.3. Hasil pengujian dengan SEM menunjukkan faktor internal, yaitu peningkatan skala usaha, intensi berwirausahatani, motivasi berprestasi dan persepsi terhadap usaha yang tinggi, dan dapat meningkatkan perilaku kewirausahaan. Faktor eksternal yang terdiri atas bahan input, penyuluhan, bantuan modal, promosi, regulasi, kekompakan di antara petani anggrek, dan akses informasi secara signifikan berpengaruh negatif. Perilaku kewirausahaan secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja usaha, artinya bahwa ketekunan, ketanggapan terhadap peluang usaha, inovatif, keberanian mengambil risiko dan kemandirian dalam menjalankan usahatani anggrek berperan penting dalam peningkatan kinerja usaha. Dengan demikian, untuk meningkatkan perilaku kewirausahaan petani anggrek, pemerintah perlu memberikan dukungan berupa fasilitas yang sesuai dengan apa yang dibutuhkan oleh petani, seperti pelatihan untuk perbanyakan dengan kultur jaringan, teknologi untuk mempersingkat masa pemeliharaan, pembangunan pasar untuk memperpendek rantai pasar, dan penyediaan benih berkualitas sesuai dengan preferensi pasar.KeywordsPerilaku kewirausahaan; Kinerja usaha; Petani anggrek; Structural equation models (SEM)AbstractThe performance of Indonesian orchid industry is still low due to the lack of farmers competencies. The improvement of entrepreneurial behavior of orchid farmers could hopely increase the orchid bussiness performance. The study of farmers entrepreneurial behaviour was conducted to analyse the influence of internal and external factors on entrepreneurial behavior, and to analyse the influence of entrepreneurial behavior on bussiness performance. This research used 115 data of orchid farmers. The data were analized by SEM using Lisrel 8.3 programs. The results of testing with SEM showed that internal factors, including increasing the scale of business, entrepreneurial intentions, achievement motivation and high perceptions of business, can enhance entrepreneurial behavior. External factors, which consist of input material, counseling, capital assistance, promotion, regulation, compactness among orchid growers, and access to information have a significant negative effect. Entrepreneurial behavior has a significant and positive effect on business performance, meaning that perseverance, responsiveness to business opportunities, innovation, courage to take risks and independence in running orchid farming play an important role in improving business performance. To improve the entrepreneurial behavior of orchid farmers the government needs to provide support in facilities that are in accordance with farmers need, such as training for propagation by tissue culture, technology to shorten the maintenance period, market development to shorten the marketing chain, and provision of quality seeds according with consumer preferences.

PENGARUH FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL PENYULUH TERHADAP KOMPETENSI PENYULUH DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Jurnal Penyuluhan ◽

10.25015/penyuluhan.v3i2.2155 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jelamu Ardu Marius ◽

Sumardjo Sumardjo ◽

Margono Slamet ◽

Pang S. Asngari

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Formal Education ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Research Area ◽

External Factors ◽

Extension Agents ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Before And After ◽

The Individual ◽

The objectives of this research were to portray the influence of internal and external factors to the competencies of the agricultural extension agents. The individual characrterization of the agricultural extension agents were the internal factors which assumed to influence in creating the competencies, and those other i.e the non formal education (diklat), the milieu, and the extension organization structure were the external factors. The respondents were selected by the random and purposive sampling method in the three regency as research area. Data analysis was done by using descriptive and Linear Structural Relationship (LISREL) program 8.72 by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) models. The results of the research showed that the internal factors were influenced positively and significantly to the competencies of the agricultural extension agents both before and after the autonomy, but those other were not.

Menumbuhkan Jiwa, Perilaku dan Nilai Kewirausahaan Dalam Meningkatkan Kemandirian Bisnis

MBIA ◽

10.33557/mbia.v17i2.340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 23-32

Author(s):

Deddy Hendarwan

Keyword(s):

Small Businesses ◽

Positive Influence ◽

External Factors ◽

Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽

Environmental Pressures ◽

Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽

And Behavior ◽

Ownership Rights ◽

Attitudes And Behavior

Attitudes and behaviors are the unity of a person's character which is formed by habit everyday. Entrepreneurial behavior is influenced by internal and external factors. These factors are ownership rights (property right, PR), abilities / competencies (competency / ability,), and incentives while external factors include the environment thus Attitudes and behavior can be changed by oneself and / or there are environmental pressures / influences. there is an influence from within themselves and from outside the environment to associate then grow indi attitudes and specific behaviors. It is necessary to anticipate small businesses’ difficulties by conducting an empirical study on the entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial values, and assessment of entrepreneurial behavior that may affect the realization of independence efforts. This study aims to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurial values on entrepreneurial behavior to create business independence. The findings show that the entrepreneurial spirit has a direct positive influence on entrepreneurial behavior and positive indirect effect on the business independence.

Constitutionalizing Sophisticated Racism: Israel's Proposed Nationality Law

Journal of Palestine Studies ◽

10.1525/jps.2016.45.3.40 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 40-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Amal Jamal

Keyword(s):

External Factors ◽

Radical Right ◽

The Political ◽

Nation State ◽

Right Wing ◽

Nationality Law

This essay analyzes the political motivations behind the Jewish Nation-State Bill introduced in the Knesset in November 2014, shedding light on the ascendancy of the Israeli political establishment's radical right wing. It argues that there were both internal and external factors at work and that it is only by examining these thoroughly that the magnitude of the racist agenda currently being promoted can be grasped. The essay also discusses the proposed legislation's long history and the implications of this effort to constitutionalize what amounts to majoritarian despotism in present-day Israel.