Syllable duration changes during babbling: a longitudinal study of French infant productions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1227
Author(s):  
Mélanie CANAULT ◽  
Naomi YAMAGUCHI ◽  
Nikola PAILLEREAU ◽  
Jennifer KRZONOWSKI ◽  
Johanna-Pascale ROY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Syllable Position

AbstractAt the babbling stage, the syllable does not have the temporal characteristics of adult syllables because of the infant's limited oro-motor skills. This research aims to further our knowledge of syllable duration and temporal variability and their evolution with age as an indicator of the development of articulatory skills. The possible impact of syllable position, as well as that of type of intrasyllabic associations and intersyllabic articulatory changes on these parameters has also been tested. Oral productions of 22 French infants were recorded monthly from 8 to 14 months. 11 261 Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables were annotated and temporally analyzed. The mean duration varied according to syllable position, but not to the intrasyllabic or intersyllabic articulatory changes. Moreover, the syllable duration decreased significantly from the age of 10 months onwards, whereas the temporal variability remained the same.

scholarly journals Temporal Variations of the Turbulence Profiles at the Sayan Solar Observatory Site

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem Shikhovtsev ◽  
Pavel Kovadlo ◽  
Vladimir Lukin
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Turbulence ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Solar Observatory ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Atmospheric Disturbances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

The paper focuses on the development of the method to estimate the mean characteristics of the atmospheric turbulence. Using an approach based on the shape of the energy spectrum of atmospheric turbulence over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, the vertical profiles of optical turbulence are calculated. The temporal variability of the vertical profiles of turbulence under different low-frequency atmospheric disturbances is considered.

The Role of Intraseasonal Variability in the Nature of Asian Monsoon Precipitation

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4402-4424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos D. Hoyos ◽  
Peter J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
Monsoon Rainfall ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Monsoon Precipitation ◽  
The West ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rainfall Estimates

Abstract The structure of the mean precipitation of the south Asian monsoon is spatially complex. Embedded in a broad precipitation maximum extending eastward from 70°E to the northwest tropical Pacific Ocean are strong local maxima to the west of the Western Ghats mountain range of India, in Cambodia extending into the eastern China Sea, and over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal (BoB), where the strongest large-scale global maximum in precipitation is located. In general, the maximum precipitation occurs over the oceans and not over the land regions. Distinct temporal variability also exists with time scales ranging from days to decades. Neither the spatial nor temporal variability of the monsoon can be explained simply as the response to the cross-equatorial pressure gradient force between the continental regions of Asia and the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, as suggested in classical descriptions of the monsoon. Monthly (1979–2005) and daily (1997–present) rainfall estimates from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), 3-hourly (1998–present) rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (TMI) estimates of sea surface temperature (SST), reanalysis products, and satellite-determined outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data were used as the basis of a detailed diagnostic study to explore the physical basis of the spatial and temporal nature of monsoon precipitation. Propagation characteristics of the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) and biweekly signals from the South China Sea, coupled with local and regional effects of orography and land–atmosphere feedbacks are found to modulate and determine the locations of the mean precipitation patterns. Long-term variability is found to be associated with remote climate forcing from phenomena such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but with an impact that changes interdecadally, producing incoherent responses of regional rainfall. A proportion of the interannual modulation of monsoon rainfall is found to be the direct result of the cumulative effect of rainfall variability on intraseasonal (25–80 day) time scales over the Indian Ocean. MISOs are shown to be the main modulator of weather events and encompass most synoptic activity. Composite analysis shows that the cyclonic system associated with the northward propagation of a MISO event from the equatorial Indian Ocean tends to drive moist air toward the Burma mountain range and, in so doing, enhances rainfall considerably in the northeast corner of the bay, explaining much of the observed summer maximum oriented parallel to the mountains. Similar interplay occurs to the west of the Ghats. While orography does not seem to play a defining role in MISO evolution in any part of the basin, it directly influences the cumulative MISO-associated rainfall, thus defining the observed mean seasonal pattern. This is an important conclusion since it suggests that in order for the climate models to reproduce the observed seasonal monsoon rainfall structure, MISO activity needs to be well simulated and sharp mountain ranges well represented.

scholarly journals Contributions of the nursing intervention in primary healthcare for the promotion of breastfeeding

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Carlos Carvalho da Graça ◽  
Maria do Céu Barbiéri Figueiredo ◽  
Maria Teresa Caetano Carreira Conceição
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Individual Consultation

This study aimed to analyze the contributions of the Primary Healthcare nursing interventions, with primiparae in the promotion of breastfeeding. This is a quasi-experimental, longitudinal study, with a sample consisting of 151 primiparae, who had less than 28 weeks of pregnancy, with the child living for at least six months after the birth, performed between 15 October 2007 and 29 February 2008. Almost all the women initiated breastfeeding, with a sharp decline verified in the prevalence at six months. The mean duration of breastfeeding was 123.8±68.9 days. The intervention that began in the prepartum and continued into the postpartum period, using various strategies (individual consultation, preparation courses for parenting/childbirth, and domicile visits) and intervention contexts (health services and domicile) had significant effects on the duration of breastfeeding, which was not verified in the prevalence.

scholarly journals A Five Year Longitudinal Study of the Educational Environment in a Newly Integrated Medical Curriculum

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Syed I. Shehnaz
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Traditional Curriculum ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Course Of Study

Objectives: The College of Medicine at Gulf Medical University (GMU), Ajman, United Arab Emirates, was subjected to a curricular reform, which shifted the institution from a traditional curriculum to a hybrid, studentcentred, integrated curriculum. There are no previous studies analysing the consequences of such a curricular modification on the educational environment (EE). Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the EE of a pioneer cohort of the innovative curriculum over their five-year course of study. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted between September 2009 and September 2013 at the College of Medicine. The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure questionnaire was completed by a pioneer cohort of students at the start of each academic session for five consecutive years. The mean overall, subscale and individual statement scores were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon-rank sum tests. Results: A total of 178 responses were collected (response rate: 90.4%). The mean overall score throughout the five years of study was 130/200. A significant difference in the scores (P <0.05) was observed as the students proceeded through the course. The overall and subscale scores were significantly higher in the first and final years of study. Analysis of the statements recognised the medical knowledge of the teachers’ and students’ awareness of empathy and social interactions as persistent strengths of the college over the entire course of study. A curricular overload, a want for support systems for stressed students, students’ waning interest levels and assessment strategies emerged as areas that warranted further attention. Conclusion: The pioneer cohort of the new curriculum rated their EE as positive throughout their five years of study at GMU. An examination of individual statements revealed the programme’s strengths and areas for improvement for the institution.Keywords: Curriculum; Environment; Longitudinal Study; Medical Students; Perception; Undergraduate Medical Education; United Arab Emirates.

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE URINARY EXCRETION OF INDIVIDUAL STEROIDS IN CHILDREN FROM 3 TO 7 YEARS OLD

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gupta ◽  
W. A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Trend ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

ABSTRACT A longitudinal study was made of the daily urinary excretion, on or near each birthday, of a number of C19 and C21 steroids in 9 healthy girls and 5 healthy boys aged 3 to 7 years. The amount of androsterone excreted by each individual increased slowly during the period of study but the absolute amounts varied greatly between individuals. The excretion of aetiocholanolone was greater than that of androsterone, contrary to reported findings in older children. Small amounts of DHA were found. Testosterone was found in only about 40% of samples; epitestosterone in 70 % and 11β-OH-androsterone in only 62 %. Cortisol metabolites were excreted in amounts which increased with age and all three metabolites of corticosterone were present in most specimens. 11-Deoxycortisol was found in about 50 % of the samples and THS in 63 %. The mean trend in the ratio of glucuronides to sulphates of the 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids decreased with increasing age, but the 11-deoxy-11-oxy ratio of 17-oxosteroids increased as did the 5α/5β ratio of the C19 and C21 steroids. No sex differences were observed. The excretion of cortisol metabolites showed a positive correlation with height and weight. 11-Deoxy-17-oxosteroids were positively correlated with the weight. No significant relationships between steroid excretion and skeletal maturity were found.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of fitness to drive in patients with brain metastases

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-489
Author(s):  
Cristina Valencia-Sanchez ◽  
Vanessa C Gorelkin ◽  
Maciej M Mrugala ◽  
Akanksha Sharma ◽  
Sujay A Vora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Neurologic Examination ◽  
Fitness To Drive ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Driving Fitness ◽  
Ability To Drive

Abstract Background Guidelines to provide recommendations about driving restrictions for patients with brain metastases are lacking. We aim to determine whether clinical neurologic examination is sufficient to predict suitability to drive in these patients by comparison with an occupational therapy driving assessment (OTDA). Methods We prospectively evaluated the concordance between neurology assessment of suitability to drive (pass/fail) and OTDA in 41 individuals with brain metastases. Neuro-oncology evaluation included an interview and neurological examination. Participants subsequently underwent OTDA during which a battery of objective measures of visual, cognitive, and motor skills related to driving was administered. Results The mean age of patients who failed OTDA was age 68.9 years vs 59.3 years in the group members who passed (P = .0046). The sensitivity of the neurology assessment to predict driving fitness compared with OTDA was 16.1% and the specificity 90%. The 31 patients who failed OTDA were more likely to fail Vision Coach, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Trail Making B tests. Conclusions There was poor association between the assessment of suitability to drive by neurologists and the outcome of the OTDA in patients with brain metastases. Subtle deficits that may impair the ability to drive safely may not be evident on neurologic examination. The positive predictive value was high to predict OTDA failure. Age could be a factor affecting OTDA performance. The results raise questions about the choice of assessments in making recommendations about driving fitness in people with brain metastases. OTDA should be strongly considered in patients with brain metastases who wish to continue driving.

Variability in echocardiography and MRI for detection of cancer therapy cardiotoxicity

Heart ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 817-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Lambert ◽  
Mariana Lamacie ◽  
Babitha Thampinathan ◽  
Mustafa A Altaha ◽  
Maryam Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Global Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Intraobserver Variability ◽  
2D Echocardiography ◽  
The Mean

ObjectivesTo compare variability of echocardiographic and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) measured left ventricular (LV) function parameters and their relationship to cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD).MethodsWe prospectively recruited 60 participants (age: 49.8±11.6 years), 30 women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer (15 with CTRCD and 15 without CTRCD) and 30 healthy volunteers. Patients were treated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab. Participants underwent three serial CMR (1.5T) and echocardiography studies at ~3-month intervals. Cine-CMR for LV ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial tagging for global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS), two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography for strain and LVEF and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography for LVEF measurements were obtained. Temporal, interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated as the coefficient of variation and as the SE of the measurement (SEM). Minimal detected difference (MDD) was defined as 2xSEM.ResultsPatients with CTRCD demonstrated larger mean temporal changes in all parameters compared with those without: 2D-LVEF: 4.6% versus 2.8%; 3D-LVEF: 5.2% vs 2.3%; CMR-LVEF: 6.6% versus 2.7%; 2D-GLS: 1.9% versus 0.7%, 2D-GCS: 2.5% versus 2.2%; CMR-GCS: 2.7% versus 1.6%; and CMR-GLS: 2.1% versus 1.4%, with overlap in 95% CI for 2D-LVEF, 2D-GCS, CMR-GLS and CMR-GCS. The respective mean temporal variability/MDD in healthy volunteers were 3.3%/6.5%, 1.8%/3.7%, 2.2%/4.4%, 0.8%/1.5%, 1.9%/3.7%, 1.8%/3.6% and 1.4%/2.8%. Although the mean temporal variability in healthy volunteers was lower than the mean temporal changes in CTRCD, at the individual level, 2D-GLS, 3D-LVEF and CMR-LVEF had the least overlap. 2D-GLS and CMR-LVEF had the lowest interobserver/intraobserver variabilities.ConclusionTemporal changes in 3D-LVEF, 2D-GLS and CMR LVEF in patients with CTRCD had the least overlap with the variability in healthy volunteers; however, 2D-GLS appears to be the most suitable for clinical application in individual patients.

scholarly journals Energetic Potential Assessment of Wind-Driven Waves on the South-Southeastern Brazilian Shelf

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Phelype Oleinik ◽  
Eduardo de Paula Kirinus ◽  
Cristiano Fragassa ◽  
Wiliam Marques ◽  
Juliana Costi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Wave Power ◽  
The South ◽  
Power Rate ◽  
The Mean

Global electric energy demand is constantly growing, consequently leading towards the usage of renewable energy sources reducing pollution and increasing sustainability. The ocean is a poorly explored renewable energy source; thus, to evaluate the Brazilian wave energy budget, this study investigated the mean behaviour of the wave power rate on the south-southeastern Brazilian Shelf as well as analysed the temporal variability of the wave power rate at the most energetic locations near the coast. Three locations were examined, namely Laguna, Ilhabela and Farol Island, based on the criteria of high means and small standard deviations. The mean wave power rate was approximately 9 . 08 k W / m on Laguna, 10 . 01 k W / m on Ilhabela and 15 . 93 k W / m on Farol Island. The standard deviation identified in the three locations reached values of 6 . 47 k W / m on Laguna, 7 . 59 k W / m on Ilhabela and 13 . 51 k W / m on Farol Island. Temporal variability analysis was conducted through wavelet analysis. The results show a dominant yearly cycle with a background presence of synoptic cycles, with little deviation between the locations. The El Niño southern oscillation plays a minor role on the energy spectrum of Laguna and does not have a significant influence on Ilhabela and Farol Island.

Acoustic correlates of rhythm in New Zealand English: A diachronic study

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqui Nokes ◽  
Jennifer Hay
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vowel Shift

AbstractThis paper reports on a large-scale diachronic investigation into the timing of New Zealand English (NZE), which points to changes in its rhythmic structure. The Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) was used to measure the mean variation in duration, intensity, and pitch of successive vowels in the speech of over 500 New Zealanders, born between 1851 and 1988. Normalized vocalic PVIs for duration have reduced over time, after allowing for changes in speech rate, supporting existing findings that stressed and unstressed vowels are less differentiated by duration in modern NZE than in other varieties of English. Rhythmically, syllable duration may be playing a reduced role in signalling prominence in NZE. This is supported by the finding that there have been contemporaneous changes in pitch and intensity variation. We discuss external and internal influences on the timing of NZE, including contact with Māori, the emergence of Māori English, and diachronic vowel shift.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of environmental manganese exposure and associations with childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Liu ◽  
Yongjuan Xin ◽  
Qianwen Li ◽  
Yanna Shang ◽  
Zhiguang Ping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Manganese Exposure ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Abstract Background Although prior studies showed a correlation between environmental manganese (Mn) exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children, the results have been inconclusive. There has yet been no consistent biomarker of environmental Mn exposure. Here, we summarized studies that investigated associations between manganese in biomarkers and childhood neurodevelopment and suggest a reliable biomarker. Methods We searched PubMed and Web of Science for potentially relevant articles published until December 31th 2019 in English. We also conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the effects of manganese exposure on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and the correlations of manganese in different indicators. Results Of 1754 citations identified, 55 studies with 13,388 subjects were included. Evidence from cohort studies found that higher manganese exposure had a negative effect on neurodevelopment, mostly influencing cognitive and motor skills in children under 6 years of age, as indicated by various metrics. Results from cross-sectional studies revealed that elevated Mn in hair (H-Mn) and drinking water (W-Mn), but not blood (B-Mn) or teeth (T-Mn), were associated with poorer cognitive and behavioral performance in children aged 6–18 years old. Of these cross-sectional studies, most papers reported that the mean of H-Mn was more than 0.55 μg/g. The meta-analysis concerning H-Mn suggested that a 10-fold increase in hair manganese was associated with a decrease of 2.51 points (95% confidence interval (CI), − 4.58, − 0.45) in Full Scale IQ, while the meta-analysis of B-Mn and W-Mn generated no such significant effects. The pooled correlation analysis revealed that H-Mn showed a more consistent correlation with W-Mn than B-Mn. Results regarding sex differences of manganese associations were inconsistent, although the preliminary meta-analysis found that higher W-Mn was associated with better Performance IQ only in boys, at a relatively low water manganese concentrations (most below 50 μg/L). Conclusions Higher manganese exposure is adversely associated with childhood neurodevelopment. Hair is the most reliable indicator of manganese exposure for children at 6–18 years of age. Analysis of the publications demonstrated sex differences in neurodevelopment upon manganese exposure, although a clear pattern has not yet been elucidated for this facet of our study.

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