The Peasant and the State

1991 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 493-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Ash
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Production Team ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Agricultural Organization

The institutional framework of agriculture defines the context in which the relationship between the peasant and the state is enacted. In China from the mid-1950s until 1979 that framework was characterized by a collectivist and interventionist ethos. The state–peasant relationship weighed heavily in favour of the state. The three tiers of agricultural organization–commune, brigade and production team – facilitated control of the economic activities of individual peasants by the government, whether at central or local level. Individual initiative was largely limited to those activities which could be carried out in spare time or on private plots. The relationship between effort and reward was frequently tenuous and distribution was guided by egalitarian principles.

scholarly journals The Control of The Kadi and The Muhtesib on The Urban Guilds in The Ottoman Empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-247
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hefni
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Craft Guilds ◽  
The Relationship

Success of the Ottoman empire as one of the greatest, most extensive, and longest-lasting empires in the history of the world could not be released from the efforts of the government to organize the state throught establishment various institutions. Among them are judicials instititution such as kadi courts and Hisbah institutions which was led by a muhtesib. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship and the interaction between the kadi and the muhtesib in the Ottoman empire, and their historical roots in the periods before. The position of a kadi and a muhesib has existed in periods before the Ottoman empire. A kadi has existed since the Prophet Muhammad pbuh period. While, a muhtesib historically has began in the Greco-Roman agoranomos. In the Ottoman empire, both became important governmental functions. They had the power to pronounce decisions on everything connected with the sharî'a and the Sultanic law. They played roles in controlling urban life, its economic activities in particular. All the production and manufacturing activities in the cities that were carried out within the framework of the guild organization was under the control of the kadi and the muhtesib. For example a craft guilds and a creditor guilds.  

scholarly journals Powerful Custom, Dominated Country: Domination of functionary Custom over Village Government in Kerinci

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Rio Yusri Maulana ◽  
Makmun Wahid ◽  
Dori Efendi ◽  
Moh. Arif Rakhman ◽  
M. Yusuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
New Order ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
The Government ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

The discussion on the power relationship between the state and adat or customs is always exciting because although adat is most likely getting tension from the state through various regulations, it keeps signifying its existence. An interesting phenomenon that happened after the downfall of the New Order regime and the expansion of the Regional Autonomy System’s implementation was adat power’s reappearance at the local level. For instance, Adat Functionary in the Kerinci Regency signified their dominance over the village government. The studies about the relationship between adat and the state tend to put adat as an identity and spirit for gaining support, power, and fund also tools to deal with the government. This study begins with the fact that adat is dominant over the village government in decision-making. This study found in the Kerinci regency obtained a new government structure by the returning of adat power in governance, and affected the stability of the village administration, also used it as the solidarity mechanism of the community in Kerinci Regency to resolve various conflicts. Thus, the meaning of domination, which is commonly interpreted as something negative, is turning out to be a contrary one since it makes the community more solid through adat.

Cultural Policies and the Islamic Republic: Cinema and Book Publication

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sussan Siavoshi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Government ◽  
Iranian State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Book Publication

The evolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the dynamics of the relationship between the Iranian state and society can be explored by examining the postrevolutionary regime's policies toward intellectuals, particularly as expressed in its regulation of cinema and book publication. This relationship—at least in the period from the early 1980s to the early 1990s—was complex and nuanced. Factionalism within the regime provided an opportunity for intellectuals to engage the state in a process of negotiation and protest, cooperation and defiance, in pushing the boundaries of permitted self-expression. The degree of their success depended in part on which faction controlled the government and its regulatory agencies during particular phases in the evolution of the postrevolutionary regime.

scholarly journals Merebaknya Intoleransi (Hate Speech dan Hate Crime) dalam Politik Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Munandzirul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Order ◽  
New Order ◽  
The People ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Democracy provides a place for us to learn to live with the enemy because only democracy allows tension and paradox, which comes from freedom, to occur in society. In contrast to the New Order era, we can now enjoy freedom of opinion and association. This freedom can in turn produce tension. The relationship between elements of society with one another, or the relationship between the state and elements of society, can be tense because of differences in interests in regulating social and political order. Meanwhile, Indonesian society witnessed the paradox which also originated from freedom. This, for example, is shown by the emergence of intolerant groups such as the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) and Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI). Even organizations such as HTI are of the view that democracy is not in accordance with the teachings of Islam in terms of sovereignty in the hands of the people, what should determine that is the preogrative right of Allah SWT. The government in the view of HTI only implements sharia and determines administrative technical issues.

scholarly journals To the question of the relationship between the government and the population through the prism of history

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Lilia Alekseyeva ◽  
Svetlana Mayorova
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Real ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the study of the development of political and legal thought, devoted to the problem of the relationship between power and the state, as well as the real implementation of these concepts.

scholarly journals The History of Cultural Policy in Indonesia 1900s-2000s

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Wildan Sena Utama
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This book investigates how culture, particularly national culture, in Indonesia has been shaped by the government policies from the Dutch colonial period in 1900s to the Reformation era in 2000s. It is an attempt to show the relationship between the state and culture around the process of production, circulation, regulation and reception of cultural policy through different regimes. Although this book discusses government policy, the author has realized that the book needs to overcome contradictions and confusions of cultural discourse by incorporating people as explanatory element. Many aspect of culturality may be influenced by the state, but according to Jones, “it is a field that is not stable and easy to shift that facilitates resistance, and is able to turn against the state, market and other institutions” (p. 31). Jones employs two postcolonial cultural policy tools to review the history of cultural policy in Indonesia: authoritarian cultural policy and command culture. The first means that the state has assumption if majority of citizen do not have capability to inspirit a responsible citizenship and need a state’s direction in the choice of their culture. On the contrary, command culture shows that the cultural idea that is planned in fact always been placing the state as center in planning, creating policy and revising cultural practice.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): Policy Response for Revival

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
Minaketan Behera ◽  
Sanghamitra Mishra ◽  
Niharika Mohapatra ◽  
Alok Ranjan Behera
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Market Linkage ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The outburst of COVID-19 has not only distressed the economic and social activities of Indian economy but also the world economy as a whole. Out of different economic activities, the micro, small and medium Enterprises (MSMEs) affected a lot. This article attempts to measure the contribution of MSMEs towards Indian economy and also attempts to find out the challenges and problems in pre- and during COVID period. We have used different descriptive statistics to measure the impacts of MSMEs and also use of correlation and co-integration to measure the relationship among the variables such as number of MSMEs, investment amount, employment and output. This pandemic is an exceptional shock for MSMEs. It is evident that there is a high degree of significant positive correlation among the variables. Johansen’s co-integration analysis resulted in the rejection of the null hypothesis signifying the existence of long-run co-integrating relationship. Given the extensive COVID-19 chaos, the government needs to establish an ongoing monitoring system and declare urgent relief steps to improve the MSMEs sector’s confidence. E-market linkage for MSMEs should be promoted, and fiscal stimulus should increase for this sector. The Government of India should take various measures to improve Indian MSMEs and achieve the vision of Self-reliant India.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Osama Sami AL-Nsour
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society .The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted.This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept . The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

An Overview of Good Governance

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Henk Addink
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Administrative Legislation ◽  
The Government

Good governance is needed because of legislative gaps, prevention of corruption, maladministration, and mismanagement, and fragmentation of administrative law norms. The concept of good governance has been developed in addition to aspects which can already be found in the rule of law and democracy concepts but are also related to the institutional framework of the government. The term ‘government’ is used for all the powers in the state; the administration is only one of these powers. These powers must fulfil certain norms, principles which sometimes are unwritten and developed by the judiciary or the ombudsman but more and more codified in the frame of the general (administrative) legislation. All the institutions of the government are involved in the development of these principles of good governance. There is not only a separation between the powers of the state, but more and more there are interactions between these powers in the development of principles of good governance and, hence, there is a balance between these principles. Therefore, there are different producers and sources of good governance.

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