Controlling the Law: Legal Pluralism in China's South-West Minority Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 1154-1174
Author(s):  
Katherine P. Kaup
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
State Law ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
South West ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Minority Regions

AbstractMillions of China's ethnic minority citizens remain subject to competing legal standards, even as state officials strive to strengthen a unified notion of state law. Minority customary law continues to bind many minority citizens in both civil and criminal arenas and often conflicts directly with state law. What happens when these laws conflict? Based on fieldwork in Yunnan, this article shows how local officials and communities navigate legal pluralism and what legal and policy provisions guide them. Granting local judges discretionary authority to set aside state law in favour of customary law, although seemingly undermining law enforcement, may in the long run be the best path to strengthening rule of law in China's minority regions.

scholarly journals EKSISTENSI OTONOMI DESA PAKRAMAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF PLURALISME HUKUM

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Istri Ari Atu Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
State Law ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Local Regulation ◽  
Traditional Institution ◽  
The Republic

The purpose of this research is to discover the existence of autonomy of Desa Pakraman in legal pluralism perspective. Related with that purpose, there are two issues that will be discussed, first, how does the existence of the autonomy of Desa Pakraman in Indonesia’s legal system?,Second, how does the existence of the autonomy of Desa Pakraman in legal pluralism perspective?. The research method is normative legal research using statue approach, concept approach and analytical approach and law analysis by using legal interpretation. Based on the problems, the results of discussion are : first, the existence of the autonomy of Desa Pakraman within the Indonesia’s legal system has regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, national and local Regulations. In the Constitution, specifically Article 18 B of paragraph (2), declare that the states recognizes Desa Pakraman and their traditional rights. In regulation of Law No.5 of 1960 concerning basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), regulation of Human Rights, and regulation of Desa (Village) are clearly recognize Desa Pakraman as traditional institution has traditional rights, one of it is the autonomy of Desa Pakraman. At the local regulation, autonomy Desa Pakraman has regulated in Local Regulation about Desa Pakraman. Second, that existence of autonomy Desa Pakraman in perspective legal pluralism is that the existence autonomy Desa Pakraman is a weak legal pluralism. In perspective weak legal pluralism the state law as a superior and the customary law as an inferior, its position in the hierarchy under State law. As a theory, the semi-autonomous social field from Sally Falk Moore perspectives that Desa Pakraman is semi-autonomous. Desa Pakraman has capacity to hold their village based on the customary law and outomaticly Desa Pakraman to be in framework of state law.

Navigating Diffuse Jurisdictions

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Helen Quane
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
State Law ◽  
System P ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time

This chapter studies the jurisdictional boundaries between state and non-state law with specific reference to religious, or customary, law. The determination of these regulatory forms as state law depends on the extent to which they perform prescriptive, adjudicative, or enforcement functions. Indeed, the boundaries between state and non-state law are not as stable as they may appear, as they are liable to shift according to circumstances and over time. The chapter then argues that the issue of classification acquires resonance in cases where legal pluralism occurs as the character and scope of a state’s exercise of jurisdiction becomes far more ambiguous in such situations. This can create uncertainty about the jurisdiction of the respective systems, the status of norms from one system that are given effect in another, and how these norms should be interpreted and applied given their concurrent existence within more than one legal system.

scholarly journals POLA HARMONISASI BUDAYA DALAM SISTEM KOMUNIKASI HUKUM SEBAGAI USAHA PENEGAKAN HUKUM

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
Fitriati Fitriati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
State Law ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Local Norms

Conflict and lawlessness often occurs in the community due to the inability to communicate the problems that occur in the middle of them and the lack of legal knowledge. The method used is qualitative research. The results showed the rule of law in a pluralistic society is still oriented to the planting of the value of local norms. Society tends to adhere to local rules that exist with diversity than comply with state law. Harmonization of pattern formation in the culture of communication systems for law enforcement can be done with a mixture of culture in a pluralistic society. Effect seen with the pattern of cultural harmonization is the use of legal communications become more effective in terms of law enforcementKonflik dan pelanggaran hukum kerap terjadi pada masyarakat dikarenakan ketidakmampuan  untuk mengkomunikasikan masalah yang terjadi di tengah mereka dan kurangnya pengetahuan hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian  kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan penegakan hukum pada masyarakat pluralistik  masih berorientasi pada penanaman nilai norma lokal. Masyarakat cenderung mematuhi aturan lokal yang ada dengan keberagamannya dibandingkan mematuhi hukum negara. Pembentukan pola harmonisasi budaya dalam sistem komunikasi hukum guna penegakan hukum dapat dilakukan dengan perbauran budaya pada masyarakat pluralistik. Pengaruh yang terlihat  dengan adanya  pola harmonisasi budaya adalah pengunaan komunikasi hukum menjadi lebih efektif  dalam hal penegakan hukum

Laws in Conflict: Legacies of War, Gender, and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (04) ◽  
pp. 667-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egor Lazarev
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
State Building ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Mobilization ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
State Law ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractHow do legacies of conflict affect choices between state and nonstate legal institutions? This article studies this question in Chechnya, where state law coexists with Sharia and customary law. The author focuses on the effect of conflict-induced disruption of gender hierarchies because the dominant interpretations of religious and customary norms are discriminatory against women. The author finds that women in Chechnya are more likely than men to rely on state law and that this gender gap in legal preferences and behavior is especially large in more-victimized communities. The author infers from this finding that the conflict created the conditions for women in Chechnya to pursue their interests through state law—albeit not without resistance. Women’s legal mobilization has generated a backlash from the Chechen government, which has attempted to reinstate a patriarchal order. The author concludes that conflict may induce legal mobilization among the weak and that gender may become a central cleavage during state-building processes in postconflict environments.

scholarly journals “ANTI-CORRUPTION” RESTRICTIONS FOR PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO PERFORM THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE OR LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: THE REALITIES OF THE USE OF THE “FILTER” OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN UKRAINE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
T. O. Kolomoiets
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Broad Approach

The article substantiates the expediency of considering “anti-corruption restrictions” in relation to persons authorized to perform the functions of the state or local self-government in the aspect of compliance with the requirements of legal certainty in the use of their resource. Legal certainty (juridical security) is considered as an integral component of the rule of law, which combines the “substantive” (“quality” of the regulatory framework for using the resource of “anti-corruption” restrictions) and “procedural” (“quality” of law enforcement with respect to relevant restrictions) components that only collectively shape the phenomenon of legal certainty of “anti-corruption” restrictions. We consider appropriate to use a “broad” approach to understanding the legal certainty of “anti-corruption” restrictions, which combines the “substantive” and “procedural” legal certainty of corresponding restrictions, and enhancing the “quality” of anti-corruption legislation in terms of defining “anti-corruption” restrictions and the “quality” of its application practice makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of these restrictions as an anti-corruption “tool”. The “defects” of the “substantive” and “procedural” legal certainty of domestic “anti-corruption” restrictions are distinguished and compared with the “quality” of the corresponding components of the legal certainty of “anti-corruption” restrictions in foreign countries. Specific proposals are formulated to improve the “quality” of anti-corruption legislation in terms of fixing “anti-corruption” restrictions, the “quality” of anti-corruption enforcement practices (in terms of the terminological framework, the use of valuation concepts, techniques and technologies of anti-corruption rulemaking in the part of “anti-corruption” restrictions, law enforcement unification). The article substantiates the expediency of prudent borrowing of positive, tested by time and practice foreign experience of anti-corruption rulemaking and anti-corruption enforcement in the use of the resource of “anti-corruption” restrictions (minimization of evaluation provisions, extended conceptual series, duplication of criteria for determining limits of restrictions, minimization of blanket and referral standards, clarity and transparency of regulations, thematic generalizations of law enforcement practices) by which it is possible to ensure compliance of the “quality” of legal certainty of “anti-corruption” restrictions in Ukraine with international legal standards, consistency with foreign analogues as an effective anti-corruption “tool”.

scholarly journals Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Pencurian Hewan Ternak Menurut Hukum Adat Masyarakat Kecamatan Alas Kota Madya Manufahi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Acacio Fernandes Vassalo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Modes Of Operation ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Article 59

Theft is related to the possession of other property without the permission of the owner, with various ways and modes of operation. The role of customary law in the settlement of criminal theft (livestock) is the implementation of state duties in combating criminal acts. This is a manifestation of Article 2 paragraph (3) and Article 59 paragraph (4) of the RDTL Constitution. The application of customary law in the Alas District (Posto Administrativo) is a positive response to the high desire of the community about a peaceful and serene life in their environment. Therefore, the term law enforcement is closely related to the idea of the rule of law or legal principles as the supreme power in the rule of law and democracy in East Timor.

scholarly journals PLURALISME HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI TAPANULI SELATAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Ikhwanuddin Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
State Law ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Religious Law ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Marital Law

<p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Pluralisme hukum merupakan fenomena universal yang dialami oleh semua bangsa. Ia mencakup berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia seperti hukum, politik, dan ekonomi. Pluralisme hukum adalah keniscayaan yang harus diterima. Dalam bingkai pluralisme hukum, masyarakat dihadapkan pada berbagai pilihan hukum, yaitu hukum adat, hukum agama dan hukum negara, tidak terkecuali masyarakat Tapanuli Selatan Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Masyarakat di daerah ini juga mengalami pluralisme hukum dalam bidang perkawinan. Paling tidak, tiga sistem hukum bisa menjadi pilihan mereka atau bahkan dengan melakukan kombinasi antar hukum yang ada. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologis untuk melihat bentuk relasi antar hukum yang hidup di tengah-tengah masyarakat Tapanuli Selatan. Temuan penelitian ini mendeskripsikan bahwa pada level tertentu, secara umum, keragaman hukum perkawinan merupakan sebuah harmonisasi, di mana masyarakat menggunakan dua sistem hukum bahkan lebih pada saat yang bersamaan. Namun ada kalanya pada situasi tertentu, keragaman hukum ini berubah menjadi “ketegangan”.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Legal Pluralism on Marriage in South Tapanuli. Legal pluralism is an universal phenomenon experienced by all nations. He covers various aspects of human life, such as law, politics and economics. Legal pluralism is a necessity that must be accepted. In the framework of legal pluralism, people are faced with a variety of legal choices, namely customary law, religious law and state law. No exception is the South Tapanuli community of North Sumatra Province. Communities in this area also experience legal pluralism in the field of marriage. At least, there are three legal systems that can be choosed or by combining existing laws. This research was conducted with a phenomenological qualitative approach to see the form of inter-legal relations that lived in the midst of the community of South Tapanuli. The findings of this study describe that at a certain level, in general, the diversity of marital law is a harmonization, in which people use two legal systems even more at the same time. But sometimes in certain situations, the legal pluralism turns into “tension”.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> pluralisme hukum, perkawinan, Mandailing, Tapanuli Selatan</p>

scholarly journals State Recognition of Customary Law in the South Pacific

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Campbell McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
State Law ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Fresh Impetus

This thesis examines the recognition by the state of the customary law of indigenous peoples by reference to a comparative study of Commonwealth South Pacific Jurisdictions. It aims both to Illuminate the process of recognition as a contribution to the comparative theory of legal pluralism and to describe distinctive elements of the experience with recognition In the Pacific.<br><br>The Pacific case shares many of the features of the Introduction of Western law into non-Western societies generally, but the absence of complex plural legal systems during the colonial period and the contemporary vitality of traditionalism have required a reworking of the policy basis and techniques for recognition.<br><br>This task is approached from four propositions. 'The persistent fact of pluralism' envisages recognition as informed by an acknowledgement that legal pluralism exists and persists as a factual phenomenon, regardless of the extent of accommodation afforded to custom in the state legal system. The nature of this phenomenon and the options open to the state are explored in Chapter 'Legal pluralism and legal theory'. 'A legacy of colonial misconceptions' argues that the dominant paradigm for recognition is colonial and therefore requires critical re-examination. Chapter 11 'The colonial experience and the idea of customary law' discusses the status de jure of customary law in the Pacific during the colonial period and evaluates the impact of colonialism on custom and approaches to its recognition.<br><br>Independence and the reassertion of the indigenous identity of Pacific peoples has created a fresh impetus for recognition. 'The implications of a reassertion of autochthonous values' are explored in three chapters on contemporary reforms: Chapter III, 'custom as a source of underlying law' on the general incorporation of custom; Chapter V, 'Disputes: custom as process' on local-level 'customary courts'; and Chapter VI on 'Land: custom as title'. <br><br>Finally, the fourth proposition, 'justice and group identity', sees recognition as justified by the requirements of justice in relation to Indigenous groups within the nation state. Chapter IV, 'Human rights and cultural relativism', evaluates the scope for group Identity within a framework of non-discrimination and the protection of individuals' human rights.<br><br>The thesis concludes by contrasting the changing ideological role of custom with the realities of recognition and by contrasting recognition by the incorporation of custom into state law with recognition by the adjustment of state law to acknowledge the separate sphere of custom.

scholarly journals SUPREMASI HUKUM DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Qamar
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The State ◽  
State Law ◽  
State Administration

STATUS: POSTPRINTThis article has published in Journal Ishlah Vol.13 No.2 Mei-Aug (2011)Rule of law and law enforcement two things become the main agenda for a state law. This means thatthe organizer of state in a state law must be persuing a policy of the state administration in the broaest sense to stand on principles of law and executed according to the rules of law which is responsives to the interest of the state and its citizen throught law enforcement and law enforcement on the basis of equality before the law.Abdul Manan, 2009, Aspek-Aspek Pengubah Hukum, Kencana, Jakarta. Achmad Ali, 2005, Keterpurukan Hukum di Indonesia, Ghalia Indonesia, Bogor, Bruggink. JJH, Alih Bahasa Arief Sidharta, 1999, Refleksi Tentang Hukum, Citra Adhitya, Bandung.Charles Herma wan, 2003, Hukum Sebagai Panglima, Kompas, JakartaRomby AS, 1974. Oxfarrl Advanced leaner's Dictionary ef Current English, Oxford Jimly Asshiddiqie, 2009, Menuju Negara Hukum yang Demakratis, Bhuana Ilmu, Jakarta Liliana Tedjosaputro, 2003, £ttµi Profosi dun Profesi Hukum, Aneka Ilmu, JakartaMunir Fuady,tt, Alira11 Hukum Kritis, Citra Adhitya, Bandung Nurul Qamar, 2010, Hukum Itu Ada Tapi Harus Ditemukan, Pustaka Refleksi,Makassar Nurul Qamar, 2010, Negara Hukum atau Negara Undang-Undang, Pustaka Refleksi, MakassarNurul Qamar, 2010, Perbandingan Sistem Hukum, Pustaka Refleksi, Makassar Purnadi Purbacaraka, 1977, Penegakan Hukum Dalam MensukseskanPembangunan, Alumni, Bandung Soetandyo Wignjosoebroto, 2002, Hukum Paradigma Metode dan Masalahnya, Elsam, JakartaSoe.rjono.Soekanto, 1983, Penegakan Hukum, BPHN, JakartaSudikno Mertokusumo, 2005, Mengenal Hukum; Liberty, Yogyakarta. Wahyuddin Husein, Hufron, 2008, Hukum Politik dan Kepentingan, Laksbang, Yogyakarta,

scholarly journals DIALEKTIKA PLURALISME HUKUM: Upaya Penyelesaian Masalah Ancaman Keberagaman dan Keberagamaan di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Novita Dewi Masyithoh
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
State Law ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
The Government

<p class="IIABSBARU">Conflict resolution on SARA requires pluralistic approaches. Hence, the presence of legal pluralism becomes a new approach to resolve the problem. This study is a qualitative research that convey three dimensions of legal pluralism, namely natural law, state law and society law. The study used secondary data, with primary and secondary legal materials obtained by documentation resources. Data were analyzed inductively, used the contemporary theories to produce more conceptual and general propositions for conclusions and recommendations. The result shows that there have been 8 cases on SARA conflict in Indonesia during the last three years. To solve these problems, religious leaders can use <em>natural law</em> approach to re-internalize religious values and tolerance. In addition, the government also should understand that those conflicts were a form of <em>society law</em> owing to discreditable law society and religious diversity. Therefore, non penal policy with persuasive appeals is needed to reduce the problems. However, penal policy through law enforcement should also be implemented as a form of <em>state positivism law</em>. In other words, <em>state positivism law</em> should go hand in hand with <em>natural law</em> and <em>society law</em> in order to reach the best decision based on moral and religious ethics as well as social values.</p><p class="IIABSBARU">***</p>Penyelesaian konflik SARA membutuhkan pendekatan-pendekatan yang plural. Oleh karena itu pluralisme hukum hadir sebagai pendekatan baru untuk menyelesaikan tersebut Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum dengan tradisi kualitatif yang berusaha mendialektikakan 3 dimensi dari <em>legal pluralism</em>, yaitu <em>natural law, state law</em> dan <em>law society</em>. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder, dengan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dengan teknik dokumentasi. Data dianalisis secara induktif dengan menggunakan teori-teori yang ada untuk mem­produksi suatu proposisi yang umum, sehingga menghasilkan kesimpulan dan rekomendasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi 8 konflik SARA di Indonesia dalam 3 tahun terakhir. Untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut, para pemuka agama menggunakan pendekatan <em>natural law</em> untuk reinternaliasasi nilai-nilai keluhuran atas agama dan toleransi. Pemerintah seharusnya me­mahami bahwa konflik tersebut adalah bentuk <em>society law </em>karena tercederainya keragaman dan keberagamaan. Perlu kebijakan non penal dengan seruan-seruan persuasif agar persoalan serupa tidak lagi terjadi. Di sisi lain, kebijakan penal melalui penegakan hukum juga harus dilakukan, sebagai bentuk <em>state positivism law</em>. <em>State positivism</em> <em>law </em>harus mampu menggandeng <em>natural law </em>dan<em> law society</em>, agar diperoleh putusan terbaik yang berlandaskan nilai-nilai moral <em>ethic religion</em> dan nilai-nilai sosial kemasyarakatan.

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