Securitizing Xinjiang: Police Recruitment, Informal Policing and Ethnic Minority Co-optation

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 ◽  
pp. 324-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Zenz ◽  
James Leibold
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Maintenance Strategy ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The World ◽  
Party State ◽  
Official Police ◽  
Police Recruitment

AbstractFollowing a series of high-profile attacks in Beijing, Kunming and Urumqi by Uyghur militants, the Chinese party-state declared a “war on terror” in 2014. Since then, China's Xinjiang region has witnessed an unprecedented build-up of what we describe as a multi-tiered police force, turning it into one of the most heavily policed regions in the world. This article investigates the securitization of Xinjiang through an analysis of official police recruitment documents. Informal police jobs, which represent the backbone of recent recruitment drives, have historically carried inferior pay levels. Yet, advertised assistant police positions in Xinjiang now offer high salaries despite low educational requirements, thereby attracting lesser-educated applicants, many of whom are ethnic minorities. Besides co-opting Uyghurs into policing their own people, the resulting employment is in itself a significant stability maintenance strategy. While the known numbers of violent attacks have subsided, China's heavy-handed securitization approach risks alienating both minority and Han populations.

Ethnic Minorities and the Challenge of Police Recruitment

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Waters ◽  
Nick Hardy ◽  
Domonique Delgado ◽  
Simone Dahlmann
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Recent Policy ◽  
Police Recruitment

This article considers some of the barriers to ethnic minority recruitment into the police, as well as those factors that would encourage interest in a police officer career. In addition to reviewing recent policy, the article incorporates results from research conducted on behalf of one UK police force. The research revealed a considerable degree of hostility towards the police among some ethnic minority respondents, many of whom would never consider pursuing a police officer career. The importance of securing a fully representative police service has been emphasised by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, and the Macpherson Inquiry (1999) added urgency to this aim. To encourage police recruitment, it is concluded that the quality of service to local ethnic minority communities is probably as important as any special police recruitment campaign.

scholarly journals Han and Tibetan Residential Patterns in Lhasa

1991 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 814-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
The World ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Minority Regions

Ethnic conflict remains surprisingly persistent throughout the world. The persistence is particularly surprising in socialist countries, where one might have thought that the narrowing of income gaps between all ethnic groups, the favoured investment projects in ethnic minority regions, the official emphasis on equal education and occupational opportunity (often in favour of minority groups), and affirmativeaction programmes to ensure that ethnic minorities were well-represented in national congress and official positions would have provided significant new contacts and created new relationships among ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Ethnic minority media: Between hegemony and resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alicia Ferrndez Ferrer ◽  
Jessica Retis
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Public Sphere

Traditionally outside the mainstream, ethnic minorities have been active in developing their own media outlets throughout the world. Introducing ethnic minorities in the public sphere where social and political issues are articulated and negotiated, and struggles over hegemonic meanings take place these media have become empowering tools to struggle against cultural hegemony, exclusion and discrimination. In this regard, the potential of ethnic minority media as platforms for the expression, discussion and exchange of generally marginalised collectives must be recognised. However, a more thorough analysis of minority media compels us to be prudent, as also in this specific field there are tensions and contradictions arising from the multiple forces that influence media production, which can limit their counterhegemonic potential. This article invites scholars to analyse ethnic minority media in a critical way, highlighting both resistance to hegemonic discourses and the limits imposed by political and economic forces, as complexity is an inherent characteristic of the media field.

PSYCHOLOGY, AWARENESS OF THE ETHNIC GROUPS IN NEW RURAL CONSTRUCTION IN ETHNIC MINORITY AND MOUNTAINOUS AREAS TODAY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Duy Dung
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Target Program ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
New Rural Construction

New rural construction is one of the key tasks identified by the Party and State as the national target program until 2020. Many documents of the Party and the State have been issued expressing political will to implement the tasks of building new rural areas, over 6 years of implementation, the National Target Program for new rural construction has achieved certain achievements, the appearance of rural areas of ethnic minorities and mountainous areas has gradually changed dramatically, contributing significantly to promoting socio-economic and cultural development. Many provinces and cities throughout the whole country have built some new rural models that meet nineteen criterias and arrive on time.

BUILDING THE MODEL OF INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN CONSERVATION AND PROMOTION OF THE IDENTITY VALUE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES CULTURE IN ETHNIC MINORITY BOARDING GENERAL SCHOOLS, ETHNIC MINORITY SEMI-BOARDING GENERAL SCHOOLS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES THROUGH LANGUAGE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngo Quang Son ◽  
Nguyen Thi Phuong
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Communication Efficiency ◽  
History Of

Traditional culture of ethnic minorities is the material and spiritual values that are accumulated and preservedin the whole history of ethnic minority development. In thatcommon cultural flow, every ethnic minorities group in ourcountry has its own characteristics in traditional culture.That identity is expressed firstly in language. Language is animportant element of the ethnic minorities character, therefore,the loss of language is the loss of a great asset, thereby leadingto the erasure of art literature, religious beliefs and the custom,customary law.Therefore, in the context of modern life, preserving andpromoting the cultural and linguistic identity of ethnicminorities is an urgent task. In particular, pay specialattention to the method of cultural preservation through thedevelopment of Information, Education and CommunicationModel in ethnic minorities languages in schools and localcommunities.

CURRENT SITUATION OF MANAGEMENT OF LIFE SKILLS EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES TO RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND PREVENTION OF DISASTER FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN THE ETHNIC MINORITIES BOARDING HIGH SCHOOLS OF THE NORTHWESTERN AREA AND ISSUES HAS BEEN POSED

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thi Thu Trang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Northwestern Region

Through survey results on the status of management of life skills education activities to cope with climate change and disaster prevention for the sustainable development of local communities in the ethnic minority boarding high schools in the Northwestern region from 2013 to 2018, the author deeply analyzed and assessed the strengths, weaknesses, causes of strengths and weaknesses of the management of education activities on life skills to cope with climate change and disaster prevention for the sustainable development of local communities for ethnic minority students at boarding high schools for ethnic minorities in the Northwestern region in the present period and the issues raised.

INADEQUACIES IN HUMAN RESOURCES OF ETHNIC MINORITIES WITH SPARSE POPULATION AT PRESENT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Thi Hao ◽  
Nguyen Thi Huong
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Great Role ◽  
International Integration ◽  
Specific Culture ◽  
Sparse Population

Despite of a small proportion, human resources of ethnic minority with sparse population plays a great role in the process of national construction and defense.It is an important factor in preservation and promotion of ethnic group’s specific culture and identity; contribution of the industrialization, modernization and international integration of the country. However, the human resources of ethnic minority with sparse population is inadequate and limited. Thus, solutions to reduce these shortcomings are required to focus on implementing.

DATABASE DESIGN FOR E-GOVERNANCE APPLICATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS OF THE VIETNAM COMMITTEE FOR ETHNIC MINORITY AFFAIRS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Viet Hung ◽  
Phan Van Hung ◽  
Be Trung Anh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information System ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Base System ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Competency Based

Data mode “good governance” developed in the last century for process of sustainable base system, providing basic information and on-line services, supports the development, challenges and opportunities in the context of globalization and integration. In this paper I discuss a framework for the design of e-Local Governance (eLG) that integrates Information System (IS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Atlas with focus on ethnic minorities in Vietnam. The design framework is based on various classifications such categories as sex, age, ethnic group, education background and income. The database system is built to enhance the Committee for Ethnic Minority Affairs (CEMA) capabilities in the planning and decision making process by providing the authorities with data, internet GIS, internet communication and some ecological economic models to disseminate results to the ethnic minorities. The unique feature of the CEMADATA using GIS is that it helps users not only to improve the public services and to provide information and encourage ethnic minorities to participate in decision making processes, but also to support the competency-based training for IT staff

Gene-environment Interaction on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Ethnic Minority Populations Living in Europe and North America: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Zafarmand ◽  
Parvin Tajik ◽  
René Spijker ◽  
Charles Agyemang
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
North America ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment

Background: The body of evidence on gene-environment interaction (GEI) related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) has grown in the recent years. However, most studies on GEI have sought to explain variation within individuals of European ancestry and results among ethnic minority groups are inconclusive. Objective: To investigate any interaction between a gene and an environmental factor in relation to T2D among ethnic minority groups living in Europe and North America. Methods: We systematically searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the published literature in English up to 25th March 2019. The screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by reviewers independently. Results: 1068 studies identified through our search, of which nine cohorts of six studies evaluating several different GEIs were included. The mean follow-up time in the included studies ranged from 5 to 25.7 years. Most studies were relatively small scale and few provided replication data. All studies included in the review included ethnic minorities from North America (Native-Americans, African- Americans, and Aboriginal Canadian), none of the studies in Europe assessed GEI in relation to T2D incident in ethnic minorities. The only significant GEI among ethnic minorities was HNF1A rs137853240 and smoking on T2D incident among Native-Canadians (Pinteraction = 0.006). Conclusion: There is a need for more studies on GEI among ethnicities, broadening the spectrum of ethnic minority groups being investigated, performing more discovery using genome-wide approaches, larger sample sizes for these studies by collaborating efforts such as the InterConnect approach, and developing a more standardized method of reporting GEI studies are discussed.

War and Terror

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Paliwal
Keyword(s):  
War On Terror ◽  
Global War On Terror ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Global War

The Taliban’s destruction of the Bamiyan Buddha in March 2001 outraged India (and the world). It killed any scope for conciliation with the Taliban. In this context, the US decision to take military action in Afghanistan after the 9/11 attacks was welcomed by many in India. However, Washington’s decision to undertake such action without UN approval (which came only in December 2001) sparked another round of debate between the partisans and the conciliators. As this chapter shows, the former were enthusiastic about supporting the US in its global war on terror, but the latter advocated caution given Washington’s willingness to partner with Islamabad. Despite the global trend to ‘fight terrorism’, the conciliators were successful in steering India away from getting involved in Afghanistan militarily.

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