Statistics of Ship Collisions

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Cockcroft
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post War

FOR traffic proceeding in random directions on a plane surface the frequency of collisions, if no avoiding action is taken, is approximately proportional to the square of the traffic density and directly proportional to the size and speed of the craft. Avoiding action is normally taken and the rate of collisions is therefore also governed by additional factors such as the visibility, the effectiveness of the collision-avoidance rules, the competence of personnel, the manoeuvrability of the craft and the efficiency of radar and other equipment.In the post-war years there has been a considerable increase in the number of merchant ships. The number of vessels of ioo tons gross and upwards increased from less than 30,000 in 1948 to over 65,000 in 1976. When considering the population of ships at risk it is necessary to deduct special types of non-trading vessels and ships laid up. The number of trading ships in service has increased by approximately 100 per cent since 1950 (Fig. 1) and the greatest increase has been for large ships. The average length of trading ships has increased by approximately 40 per cent in the same period and there has also been an appreciable increase in the mean speed of ships.

The Safety of UK Fishing Vessels 1961–80

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. J. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post War ◽  
Sustained Increase

Retrospective analysis of the Total Loss and Serious Casualty Rate (TL/SC Rate) for UK registered deep-sea and inshore fishing vessels over a twenty-year period (1961–80) revealed a gradual and sustained increase.The mean TL/SC rate for 1971–80 (6·041/1 000 vessels at risk) was almost 70 percent higher than the corresponding mean for the previous decade (3·79/1000 vessels at risk) and this difference was statistically significant (p< 0·05).Subsequent examination of vessel losses and casualties by cause indicate that 64 per cent of this detected increase was due to a concomitant increase in vessels lost or damaged due to foundering (particularly inshore vessels) and that the mean vessel age at loss from this cause was 24 years old. Synthesis of available evidence relating to the onset of this increase (1971); mean age at loss due to foundering (24 years); and the current age structure of the fleet, supports the hypothesis that the increase in founderings in the early 1970s may be explained partly by a cohort effect resulting from the uncontrolled fleet rebuilding programme almost a quarter of a century earlier in the immediate post-war period.Current combined risks of fishing vessel loss and casualty are about twice as great overall as those with which the Committee of Inquiry into Trawler Safety (1969) was concerned and over which it expressed deep concern.

Pilonidal Sinus: How to Choose Between Excision and Open Granulation Versus Excision and Primary Closure?

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perruchoud ◽  
Vuilleumier ◽  
Givel
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Pilonidal Sinus ◽  
Primary Closure ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Incision And Drainage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Primary Healing

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate excision and open granulation versus excision and primary closure as treatments for pilonidal sinus. Subjects and methods: We evaluated a group of 141 patients operated on for a pilonidal sinus between 1991 and 1995. Ninety patients were treated by excision and open granulation, 34 patients by excision and primary closure and 17 patients by incision and drainage, as a unique treatment of an infected pilonidal sinus. Results: The first group, receiving treatment of excision and open granulation, experienced the following outcomes: average length of hospital stay, four days; average healing time; 72 days; average number of post-operative ambulatory visits, 40; average off-work delay, 38 days; and average follow-up time, 43 months. There were five recurrences (6%) in this group during the follow-up period. For the second group treated by excision and primary closure, the corresponding outcome measurements were as follows: average length of hospital stay, four days; average healing time, 23 days; primary healing failure rate, 9%; average number of post-operative ambulatory visits, 6; average off-work delay, 21 days. The average follow-up time was 34 months, and two recurrences (6%) were observed during the follow-up period. In the third group, seventeen patients benefited from an incision and drainage as unique treatment. The mean follow-up was 37 months. Five recurrences (29%) were noticed, requiring a new operation in all the cases. Discussion and conclusion: This series of 141 patients is too limited to permit final conclusions to be drawn concerning significant advantages of one form of treatment compared to the other. Nevertheless, primary closure offers the advantages of quicker healing time, fewer post-operative visits and shorter time off work. When a primary closure can be carried out, it should be routinely considered for socio-economical and comfort reasons.

Discriminant Validation of the Test of Reading Performance (TORP) for Identifying Children at Risk of Reading Difficulties

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padeliadu Susana ◽  
Georgios D. Sideridis
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Low Achievers ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
School Students ◽  
Students At Risk ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean

Abstract This study investigated the discriminant validation of the Test of Reading Performance (TORP), a new scale designed to evaluate the reading performance of elementary-school students. The sample consisted of 181 elementary-school students drawn from public elementary schools in northern Greece using stratified random procedures. The TORP was hypothesized to measure six constructs, namely: “letter knowledge,” “phoneme blending,” “word identification,” “syntax,” “morphology,” and “passage comprehension.” Using standard deviations (SD) from the mean, three groups of students were formed as follows: A group of low achievers in reading (N = 9) including students who scored between -1 and -1.5 SD from the mean of the group. A group of students at risk of reading difficulties (N = 6) including students who scored between -1.5 and -2 SDs below the mean of the group. A group of students at risk of serious reading difficulties (N = 6) including students who scored -2 or more SDs below the mean of the group. The rest of the students (no risk, N = 122) comprised the fourth group. Using discriminant analyses it was evaluated how well the linear combination of the 15 variables that comprised the TORP could discriminate students of different reading ability. Results indicated that correct classification rates for low achievers, those at risk for reading problems, those at risk of serious reading problems, and the no-risk group were 89%, 100%, 83%, and 97%, respectively. Evidence for partial validation of the TORP was provided through the use of confirmatory factor analysis and indices of sensitivity and specificity. It is concluded that the TORP can be ut ilized for the identification of children at risk for low achievement in reading. Analysis of the misclassified cases indicated that increased variability might have been responsible for the existing misclassification. More research is needed to determine the discriminant validation of TORP with samples of children with specific reading disabilities.

scholarly journals Groups and Individuals: Optical Flow Patterns of Broiler Chicken Flocks Are Correlated with the Behavior of Individual Birds

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Sabine G. Gebhardt-Henrich ◽  
Ariane Stratmann ◽  
Marian Stamp Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Water Test ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean

Group level measures of welfare flocks have been criticized on the grounds that they give only average measures and overlook the welfare of individual animals. However, we here show that the group-level optical flow patterns made by broiler flocks can be used to deliver information not just about the flock averages but also about the proportion of individuals in different movement categories. Mean optical flow provides information about the average movement of the whole flock while the variance, skew and kurtosis quantify the variation between individuals. We correlated flock optical flow patterns with the behavior and welfare of a sample of 16 birds per flock in two runway tests and a water (latency-to-lie) test. In the runway tests, there was a positive correlation between the average time taken to complete the runway and the skew and kurtosis of optical flow on day 28 of flock life (on average slow individuals came from flocks with a high skew and kurtosis). In the water test, there was a positive correlation between the average length of time the birds remained standing and the mean and variance of flock optical flow (on average, the most mobile individuals came from flocks with the highest mean). Patterns at the flock level thus contain valuable information about the activity of different proportions of the individuals within a flock.

scholarly journals Cycle length of nonsustanied ventricular tachycardias among ICD patients: implications on subsequent appropriate therapies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Jiménez-Candil ◽  
Olga Duran ◽  
Armando Oterino ◽  
Jendri Pérez ◽  
Juan Carlos Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Beta Blocker ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ventricular Tachycardias ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background ICD patients with episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardias (NSVT) are at risk of appropriate therapies. However, the relationship between the cycle length (CL) of such NSVTs and the subsequent incidence of appropriate interventions is unknown. Methods 416 ICD patients with LVEF < 45% were studied. ICD programming was standardized. NSVT was defined as any VT of 5 or more beats at ≥ 150 bpm occurred in the first 6 months after implantation that terminated spontaneously and was not preceded by any appropriate therapy. The mean follow-up was 41 ± 27 months. Results We analyzed 2201 NSVTs (mean CL = 323 ms) that occurred in 250 patients; 111 of such episodes were fast (CL ≤ 300 ms). Secondary prevention (HR = 1.7; p < 0.001), number of NSVT episodes (HR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.04–1.07; p < 0.001) and beta-blocker treatment (HR = 0.7; p = 0.04) were independent predictors of appropriate interventions; however, the mean CL of NSVTs was not (p = 0.6). There was a correlation between the mean CL of NSVTs and the CL of the first monomorphic VT: r = 0.88; p < 0.001. This correlation was especially robust in individuals with > 5 NSVTs (r = 0.97; p < 0.001), with an agreement between both values greater than 95%. Patients with any fast NSVT experienced a higher incidence of VF episodes (26%) compared to those without NVSTs (3%) or with only slow NSVTs (7%); p < 0.001. Conclusions Unlike the burden, the CL of NSVTs is not a predictor of subsequent appropriate interventions. However, there is a close relationship between the CL of NSVTs and that of arrhythmias that will later lead to appropriate therapies.

Influence of Blood Group and Secretor Status on Carbohydrate Structures in Human Gastric Mucins: Implications for Peptic Ulcer

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Sidebotham ◽  
J. H. Baron ◽  
J. Schrager ◽  
J. Spencer ◽  
J. R. Clamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Secretor Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbohydrate Chains

1. The content and distribution of carbohydrate was examined in mucus glycopolypeptides from human antral mucosae. 2. The mean amount of carbohydrate per 1000 amino acid residues was found to be similar in glycopolypeptides with A, B or H activity. It was slightly, though significantly, less in glycopolypeptides lacking these determinants, because carbohydrate chains were of a shorter average length than in the A-, B- or H-active preparations. This difference was reflected in the sizes of oligosaccharide—alcohols released from representative glycopolypeptides with alkaline borohydride. 3. Differences between A-, B- or H-active and non-secretor glycopolypeptides in terms of the mean number of carbohydrate chains per 1000 amino acid residues were found to be small, and without significance. 4. The average number of peripheral monosaccharide units per 1000 amino acid residues was greater in A-active than in H-active, and least in non-secretor, glycopolypeptides. This order was reversed for monosaccharide units incorporated into skeletal (core plus backbone) structures. The difference in each case was statistically significant. 5. These findings suggest that the increased risk of peptic ulcer associated with blood group O and non-secretor status is unlikely to be attributable to an inherent deficiency in the protective mucus layer, linked to differences between mucins that are associated with A, B or H activity. Other hypotheses linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori are examined.

scholarly journals Case series: Transplantation of kidneys from donors with renal artery aneurysm

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. E307-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alameddine ◽  
Zhobin Moghadamyeghaneh ◽  
Giselle Guerra ◽  
Mahmoud Morsi ◽  
Mohammed Osman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Graft Function ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Renal Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Antibody Mediated Rejection ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: With the present disparity between organ availability and recipient demands, we reported our experience in transplanting kidneys with renal artery aneurysm after back-table reconstruction.Methods: Four patients were identified. The repair consisted of excision of the aneurysm with ostial closure, and for one of the cases, an ovarian vein patch was used. We reviewed the safety and outcomes of this procedure. All donors were asymptomatic before surgery and were diagnosed incidentally during living donor evaluation. The nephrectomies performed were hand-assisted laparoscopic approaches. All recipients had followup renal function and ultrasound duplex of renal artery at six and 12 months and then annually.Results: The mean age of the recipients was 28.7 years (range 3‒45). The mean size of the aneurysm was 7.4 ± 2.7 mm. All patients had immediate graft function with median serum creatinine of 1.9 ± 1.5 mg/dL at discharge. The average length of hospital stay was 6.25 ± 2.6 days. They also maintained good renal function with an average estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 102.8 mL/min/1.73m2 (range 53.4‒199 mL/min/1.73m2) and patent vessels at one year. One patient suffered from acute antibody-mediated rejection and lost his graft (medication non-compliance). One patient had two simultaneous benign renal cysts that were resected. Three of the kidneys were right-sided and one left. Mean cold ischemia time was 86 ± 18 minutes. No deaths have been recorded.Conclusions: Transplanting kidneys with a renal artery aneurysm after ex-vivo repair is safe and the outcomes are encouraging. Also, it may play an important role in

scholarly journals Counteraction to Gangsterism in Ukraine in the First Post-war Years (1945-1946)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Practical Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Post War ◽  
Social Organizational

In 1945-1946 the considerable increase of criminality was marked in a republic. The complex of reasons of political, social, organizational, economic and psychological character influenced on it. An author set that factors, that entailed this criminal phenomenon, were, : post-war devastation, enormous scarcity of goods of daily necessity, presence of far of weapon, that was in a population (as a result of battle actions), hunger that began in 1946, full unstrength of organs of militia, insufficient professionalism of her employees, mass migration of population, is demobilization of millions of servicemen, return of far of people from evacuation, captivity, concentration camps, psychological consequences of war, that formed at certain part of population habit to violence. Did not assist the improvement of work of militia also an erroneous criminal law doctrine, that dominated in jurisprudence of time of the Stalin totalitarian mode that criminality is vestige of the past, not inherent socialism and that is why her increase, - only a defect in-process militia. To the article the far of facts that testify to complication of criminogenic situation in an investigated period and frequent displays of gangsterism in the different regions of republic is driven. The features of the normatively-legal providing of activity of organs of law and order are exposed ; character of changes is educed in organization and skilled composition of militia of Ukrainian SSR in 1945-1946. Basic directions and features of practical activity of organs of internal affairs are analysed in a fight against criminality, the results of counteraction to the militia of gangsterism are shown in an indicated period. An author marks that to the fight against criminality considerable enough attention was spared in this period, activity of militia got better gradually, but on the whole this job performances substantially influenced on reduction of displays to gangsterism some later.

scholarly journals Association between Nutritional Status Determined By Mini Nutritional Assessment and Serum Marker Levels in Older Adults at Eldercare Facilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel G Hilerio Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Mini Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Serum Marker ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Malnutrition in the older adult is an ongoing situation in Mexico and is most apparent in individuals that reside in hospitals, nursing homes, and retirement homes. For that reason, it is necessary to evaluate the nutritional status of these adults by means of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and levels of three serum indicators that are commonly ordered when making malnutrition diagnosis. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 older adults residing in eldercare facilities. Nutritional status was evaluated by means of the MNA and three serum indicators (albumin, ferritin, and hemoglobin). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sociodemographic characteristics, and a Student’s t test, based on gender and reference values, was used to compare mean values of the three serum indicators.  A Chi-square test was used to compare proportions in individuals, based on gender, who had normal nutritional status or were malnourished, and who were at-risk of malnutrition.  A One-way ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc test was used to identify the association between serum indicators and nutritional status of older adults. Of the 100 older adults studied, 53% were men and 47% were women. The mean age was 85±0.7 years. According to the MNA, 20% had normal nutritional status, 55% were at-risk of malnutrition, and 25% were malnourished. The mean indicator values were: albumin 4.7±0.04 g/dL, ferritin 74.2±8.7 ng/mL, and hemoglobin 13.0±0.1 g/dL. No significant association was found between serum indicators and each MNA classification; however, when the same indicators were compared between the sexes, hemoglobin showed a significant difference (P=0.037). Women had lower values but those values did not extend beyond the established physiological range for this population. There was a 55% prevalence of risk of malnutrition in the nutritional status of older adults living in Mexican eldercare facilities in a Mexican province and it was even more frequent in women. 

scholarly journals Skor prediksi sindrom disfungsi multi-organ pada pasien multitrauma

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Rendy ◽  
Heber B. Sapan ◽  
Laurens T. B. Kalesaran ◽  
Julius H. Lolombulan
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
The Mean

Abstract: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in patients with major trauma remains to be frequent and devastating complication during clinical course in emergency department and intensive care unit (ICU). The ability to easily and accurately identify patients at risk for MODS postinjury especially in multitrauma cases would be very valuable. This study aimed to construct an instrument for prediction of the development of MODS in adult multitrauma patients using clinical and laboratory data available in the first day at prahospital and emergency department (hospital) setting. This was a prospective study. Samples were adult multitrauma patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, aged 16-65 years old, admitted to 4 academic Level-I trauma center from September 2014 to September 2015. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was used to determine MODS during hospitalization. A risk score created from the final regression model consisted of significant variables as MODS predictor. The results showed that there were 98 multitrauma patients as samples. The mean age was 35.2 years old; mostly male (85.71%); the mean of ISS was 23.6; mostly (76.53%) were caused by blunt injury mechanism. MODS was encountered in 43 patients (43.87%). The prediction risk score consists of Revised Trauma Score (RTS) (<7.25) and serum lactate level ≥2 mmol/L. This study also verified several independent risk factors for post multitrauma MODS, such as ISS >25, presence of SIRS, shock grade 2 or more, and white blood cell count >12,000/mm3. Conclusion: We derived a novel, simple, and applicable instrument to predict MODS in adult following multitrauma. The use of this scoring system may allow early identification of multitrauma patients who are at risk for MODS and result in more aggressive targeted resuscitation and better referral allocation based on regional trauma system.Keywords: MODS, multitrauma, emergency department, MODS prediction scoreAbstrak: Sindrom disfungsi multi-organ (MODS) merupakan komplikasi buruk yang sering terjadi sepanjang perjalanan klinis pasien trauma mayor di Unit Gawat Darurat (UGD) maupun di ruang perawatan intensif. Suatu nilai patokan yang dapat memprediksi MODS pascatrauma secara akurat sejak dini tentunya sangat berharga bagi tatalaksana pasien terutama pada kasus multitrauma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu instrumen yang dapat memrediksi perkembangan MODS pada pasien dewasa multitrauma dengan menggunakan data klinis dan laboratorium yang tersedia pada 24 jam pertama pasca trauma pada seting fase prahospital maupun di fase hospital sejak di UGD. Jenis penelitian ini prospektif, mengumpulkan pasien multitrauma dengan Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, rentang usia 16-65 tahun, di 4 pusat trauma level-1 rumah sakit pendidikan selama 1 tahun (September 2014-2015). Dilakukan pencatatan data klinis dan laboratorium sesuai perkembangan pasien. Skor sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) digunakan untuk menentukan adanya MODS selama perawatan. Skor prediksi dibuat dengan membangun model regresi logistik yang signifikan untuk memrediksi terjadinya MODS pasca multitrauma. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 98 sampel multitrauma yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan rerata usia 35,2 tahun, sebagian besar laki-laki (85,71%) dengan rerata ISS 23,6, dan disebabkan oleh trauma tumpul (76,53%). MODS terjadi pada 43 pasien (43,87%). Skor prediksi terdiri dari RTS dengan (cut off point 7,25) dan kadar laktat serum (cut off point 3,44 mmol/mL). Penelitian ini juga memverifikasi beberapa faktor risiko individual terjadinya MODS pasca multitrauma yaitu ISS>25, adanya SIRS, syok derajat 2 atau lebih, dan leukositosis >12.000. Simpulan: Kami melaporkan instrumen baru yang praktis untuk memrediksi MODS pada pasien multitrauma dewasa. Skor ini memungkinkan identifikasi dini pasien trauma yang berisiko akan mengalami MODS sehingga dapat menjadi tanda alarm dilakukannya resusitasi yang lebih agresif dan tepat serta alokasi rujukan pasien yang lebih efisien berdasarkan sistem trauma regional.Kata kunci: MODS, multitrauma, UGD, skor prediksi MODS

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document