Effects of Ultra-low Volume Application on Herbicide Efficacy Using Oil Diluents as Carriers

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daren R. Bohannan ◽  
Thomas N. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Water Field ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
Petroleum Oil

The efficacy of postemergence herbicide applications was evaluated in the greenhouse and the field in 1993 and 1994, using variables of carrier volume and diluent type. Ultra-low volume (ULV) applications of herbicides using an air-assisted sprayer calibrated at a volume of 9.4 L/ha were compared to 94 and 187 L/ha applications with a conventional hydraulic system. In greenhouse studies, reduced rates of sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop-P, and quizalofop were used to compare the effects of carrier types and volumes on their efficacy to yellow foxtail. All herbicides applied in oil diluents at 9.4 L/ha, with the exception of fluazifop-P and quizalofop applied in soybean oil, provided better yellow foxtail control than when applied in water at 94 and 187 L/ha. Sethoxydim and clethodim applied at 25 and 16% of the recommended rate, respectively, provided over 90% control in both petroleum oil and methylated seed oil. Reduced rates of glyphosate in petroleum oil or soybean oil were more effective at reducing bermudagrass growth than in water or methylated seed oil. Activity of glyphosate in methylated seed oil was no more effective than in water. Field experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of ULV applications of sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop-P, imazethapyr, and bentazon. Rates of the postemergence grass herbicides could be reduced by applying them at ULV in oil diluents while maintaining annual grass control equal to that achieved with higher herbicide rates in larger volumes of water. Control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds with bentazon and imazethapyr applied at ULV were inconsistent and did not provide acceptable weed control. This may be partially due to the poor suspension of these herbicides in oil carriers.

Soybean Oil Used as an Alternative Pesticide on Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485d-485
Author(s):  
A.L. Lancaster ◽  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
C.D. Pless ◽  
D.C. Fare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Water Control ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blue Star ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Japanese Garden ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Fine Spray ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Research was conducted to determine if soybean oil sprays may substitute for petroleum oil for control of insects on nursery crops. Dormant field-grown `Globe' arborvitae shrubs infested with Fletcher scale were sprayed on 9 Mar. 1997 with 0%, 2%, 3%, or 4% soybean oil. One hundred scales per plant were evaluated on 4 Apr. 1997. Spraying 2% to 4% soybean oil on dormant arborvitae caused ≥97% mortality of Fletcher scale compared to only 7% mortality on untreated plants. of white pine, viburnum, `Anthony Waterer' spirea, `Green Beauty' boxwood, western red cedar, `Blue Star' juniper, `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and arborvitae plants in trade gallon pots and `Densiformus' yew and dwarf `Alberta' spruce in trade quart pots were sprayed with 0% (water control), 1%, or 2% soybean oil (emulsified with Latron B-1956) or 2% SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray oil on 26 Aug. 1997 for phytotoxicity evaluation. No phytotoxicity occurred on western cedar, spirea, boxwood, yew, arborvitae, or viburnum. Spraying Sunspray or soybean oil caused initial loss of blue color on blue junipers and white pine. Spraying 1 or 2% soybean oil or 2% SunSpray caused phytotoxicity to `Blue Star' juniper. The `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and Alberta spruce were slightly damaged by 2% but not by 1% soybean oil.

Postemergence Grass Control with Herbicides Applied at ULV in Paraffinic Oil

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester G. McWhorter ◽  
William L. Barrentine ◽  
James E. Hanks
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Paraffinic Oil

Variables affecting ultra-low-volume (ULV) application of herbicides for postemergence grass control in soybeans were evaluated in field experiments from 1988 to 1990. Air-assist applications of clethodim at 2.3 and 4.7 L ha–1were compared with 94 and 187 L ha–1applications with a conventional hydraulic sprayer. Rate of herbicide, volume of diluent, type of diluent, air pressure, and four other herbicides were evaluated. Clethodim at 28, 56, and 112 g ha–1applied in paraffinic oil at 2.3 L ha–1controlled johnsongrass better 10 wk after treatment than equivalent rates applied at 2.3 or 187 L ha–1in water. At 2.3 L ha–1, barnyardgrass control was improved by applying clethodim in paraffinic oil rather than water. Johnsongrass control 10 wk after treatment was better with clethodim at 28 g ha–1applied in paraffinic oil than when applied in soybean oil, cottonseed oil, No. 2 diesel fuel, kerosene, or jet A fuel. Low air pressures of 14 or 28 kPa resulted in better control of johnsongrass and barnyardgrass than higher pressures of 56 and 112 kPa. Clethodim, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, quizalofop, or sethoxydim were more effective on johnsongrass and barnyardgrass when applied in paraffinic oil than in water at 2.3 and 4.7 L ha–1with an air-assist sprayer.

Absorption and Activity of Nicosulfuron and Primisulfuron in Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) as Affected by Adjuvants

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Bruce ◽  
Donald Penner ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to examine foliar absorption and activity of nicosulfuron and primisulfuron by quackgrass with various adjuvants. Foliar absorption of14C-nicosulfuron and14C-primisulfuron plus petroleum oil adjuvant (POA) was completed by 4 h after application. Absorption of nicosulfuron plus POA and primisulfuron plus POA increased from 11 and 2% of applied, respectively, to 51 and 12% with the addition of urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer (UAN). At least 83% of the absorbed14C from either herbicide penetrated the leaf epicuticular waxes. Absorption of14C-labeled herbicides was greatest with the following adjuvants: POA + UAN > nonionic surfactant (NIS) + UAN = methylated seed oil. The addition of UAN to either NIS or POA significantly increased14C-herbicide uptake. In greenhouse studies, nicosulfuron and primisulfuron applied with POA plus UAN provided greater quackgrass control than with POA alone. Despite the differences in foliar uptake in the greenhouse, few differences were observed between these adjuvants in 1989 or 1990 field efficacy trials. Quackgrass control was reduced by the addition of atrazine to nicosulfuron plus POA in 1989 and to primisulfuron plus POA in 1990. Combinations with atrazine did not reduce14C-nicosulfuron or14C-primisulfuron uptake by quackgrass.

Small Grain and Grass Weed Response to BAS-514 with Adjuvants

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Manthey ◽  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Edward F. Szelezniak
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and the field to determine the influence of various oil adjuvants on small grain and grass weed susceptibility to foliarly applied BAS-514 OO H (BAS-514). Barnyardgrass, green foxtail, and yellow foxtail were more susceptible to BAS-514 at 0.56 kg ai ha-1applied with than without an oil adjuvant. Shoot fresh weight reductions of barnyardgrass, green foxtail, and yellow foxtail were greater when BAS-514 at 0.56 kg ha-1was applied with a methylated seed oil than with a petroleum oil adjuvant in the greenhouse. Differences in the effectiveness among oil adjuvants in enhancing BAS-514 phytotoxicity were more evident in greenhouse than in field experiments. Oil adjuvant enhancement of BAS-514 varied with plant species. Oats, hard red spring wheat, and winter wheat tolerated BAS-514 at 1.1 kg ha-1foliarly applied with or without an oil adjuvant in the greenhouse. BAS-514 at 0.56 kg ha-1applied with oil adjuvants caused less than 5% injury to wheat in the field.

Interference of Three Annual Grasses with Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
J. D. Green ◽  
Wan M. Wanyahaya ◽  
David L. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, and Texas panicum were evaluated in field experiments over 3 yr to measure their duration of interference and density on grain sorghum yield. When grain yield data were converted to a percentage of the weed-free control, linear regression predicted a 3.6% yield loss for each week of weed interference regardless of year or grass species. Grain sorghum grown in a narrow (61-cm) row spacing was affected little by full-season interference; however, in wide (91-cm) rows, interference increased as grass density increased. Data from the wide-row spacing were described by linear regression following conversion of grain yield to percentages and weed density to log10. A separate nonlinear model also was derived which could predict the effect of weed density on grain sorghum yield.

Effect of water stress and NaCl triggered changes on yield, physiology, biochemistry of broad bean (Vicia faba) plants and on quality of harvested pods

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Ouzounidou ◽  
Ilias Ilias ◽  
Anastasia Giannakoula ◽  
Ioanna Theoharidou
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Simultaneous Exposure ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSalinity and drought are the most important abiotic stresses affecting crop yield. Broad bean was chosen as model plant for assessing the impact of salt stress and its interaction with drought in the field experiments. The factors examined in the experiments were the two irrigation rates (normal watering — NW with 3 L plant−1 and drought — D) and three salinity rates imposed by foliar application (0, 50, 100 mg L−1 NaCl). Highest NaCl level with normal water irrigation caused maximum reduction in plant height and production, which it was due to photosynthetic disturbances. Salt injuries were alleviated by increasing water stress. The control plants exposed to NaCl lost their ability over water control. The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 indicate the prevalence of oxidative stress due to salinity. The levels of proline and carbohydrates were higher under salinity alone than under simultaneous exposure to drought and NaCl. The protein concentration of immature and mature broad bean pods was more inhibited more by NaCl supply than by drought alone. The combination of drought and NaCl resulted in a significant increase in proteins, glucose, fructose and sucrose content. Overall, the ameliorative effect of drought under NaCl supply was quantified.

Annual Grass Control in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with Postemergence Graminicides

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 938-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field experiments were conducted during 1982 to 1988 in Virginia to evaluate BAS 517, CGA 82725, clethodim, cloproxydim, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, paraquat, quizalofop, SC-1084, sethoxydim, sethoxydim plus thifensulfuron, and terbacil for control of annual grasses in alfalfa. Herbicides were applied to alfalfa and grasses 2 to 30 cm in height after the first and/or second cuttings. Overall, the herbicides were highly effective in controlling fall panicum, giant foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass. Alfalfa yields were not increased with herbicide treatments in several experiments. Only paraquat, applied later than recommended after cutting in one experiment, and sethoxydim plus thifensulfuron at one location reduced alfalfa yields.

Effect of Spray Components on Glyphosate Toxicity to Annual Grasses

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Orvin C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Carrier Volume

Field and greenhouse research was conducted during 1980 and 1981 to evaluate the effects of carrier volume, surfactant concentration, and treatment date on glyphosate [N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine] toxicity to annual-grass weeds and volunteer small grains. Glyphosate phytotoxicity increased as carrier volume was decreased from 190 to 24 L/ha. The presence of a surfactant in the spray solution did not influence grass control when glyphosate was applied in a carrier volume of 24 L/ha. When glyphosate was applied in 48 or 95 L/ha, the presence of surfactant resulted in better grass control than glyphosate without surfactant. When applied in 190 L/ha, glyphosate with 0.5% (v/v) surfactant gave better grass control than glyphosate alone or commercially formulated glyphosate. When glyphosate was applied to plants under water stress, little control was achieved regardless of plant growth stage. Glyphosate application to grass after head initiation also resulted in reduced control. Maximum weed control with glyphosate was attained when applications were made to seedlings growing actively because of adequate soil moisture and favorable temperatures.

scholarly journals THE AUTHENTICATION OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL FROM GRAPE SEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OIL USING FTIR SPECTROSCOPY AND CHEMOMETRICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDUL ROHMAN ◽  
YAAKOB BIN CHE MAN ◽  
MD. EAKUB ALI
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Multivariate Calibration ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Grape Seed Oil

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of multivariate calibration and discriminant analysis (DA) for the authentication of virgin coconut oil (VCO) from grape seed oil (GSO) and soybean oil (SO). Methods: FTIR spectra of VCO, GSO, SO and its binary mixture of VCO-SO, and VCO-GSO were scanned at mid-infrared region (4000-650 cm-1) using attenuated total reflectance technique. The wavenumbers were selected based on its capability to provide the best prediction models for quantification and classification of adulterants in VCO assisted by multivariate calibrations and DA, respectively. Results: The results showed that partial least square (PLS) calibration using absorbance values at combined wavenumbers of 1200-900 and 3027-2985 cm-1 revealed reliable method for quantification of GSO in VCO, as indicated by high value of coefficient of determination (R2) and low value of root mean square of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). PLS using FTIR spectra at the combined wavenumbers of 1200-1000 and 3025-2995 cm-1 was suitable for quantitative analysis of SO in VCO. DAwas also successfully used for classification of VCO and VCO added with adulterants of GSO and SO. Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of multivariate calibration and DA offered effective tools for the authentication of VCO

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