scholarly journals Shigella infection in children under 5 years old in western French Guiana

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (8) ◽  
pp. 980-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parisot ◽  
N. Parez ◽  
R. Boukhari ◽  
S. Breurec ◽  
A. Jolivet
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quadrivalent Vaccine ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
As Species ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractFrench Guiana, a tropical country, is characterised by a young and multi-ethnic population. Difficulties in accessing safe water sources lead to outbreaks of gastroenteritis. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the microbiological profile of shigella strains isolated in western French Guiana, including antimicrobial susceptibility and the distribution of strains in terms of species and serotypes and (2) to estimate the incidence of shigellosis in children under 5 years old. A retrospective observational study was conducted of 213 cases of shigellosis diagnosed in the biology department of the hospital centre for western French Guiana between 2000 and 2012 in children under 5 years old. The serogroups (formerly known as species) that predominates in French Guiana wasShigella flexneri. No resistance was observed to fluoroquinolones or to third-generation cephalosporins. The average incidence of shigellosis in children under 5 years old in western French Guiana was estimated at 189.6 cases per 100 000 inhabitants per year. Shigellosis is a public health problem in western French Guiana. These infections suggest the difficulties in accessing safe water sources and the lack of public sanitation. A quadrivalent vaccine containingShigella sonneiand three serotypes ofS. flexneri(S. flexneri2a, 3a and 6) could provide broad coverage against shigella infections.

scholarly journals Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Use of Safe Water Sources: A Case of Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude District, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
Chanelle Mulopo ◽  
Chester Kalinda ◽  
Moses J. Chimbari
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Regulation Model

Background: Schistosomiasis is a public health problem that affects over 240 million people worldwide. It is mostly prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas among communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study was conducted in uMkhanyakude District in rural South Africa, where water resources are limited. In this community, individuals frequently come into contact with freshwater bodies for various reasons. The objective of the study was to identify critical contextual and psychosocial factors for behaviour change to reduce risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude district. Methods: Structured household interviews were held with 57 primary caregivers to assess their thoughts and attitudes towards collecting water from a safe source. We used the Risk, Attitude, Norm, Ability, and Self-regulation model (RANAS) to estimate the intervention potential for each factor by analysing differences in means between groups of current performers and nonperformers who use safe water sources. Results: The subscale vulnerability belonging to the risk factor on the RANAS was scored as low. Furthermore, attitudinal factors towards the use of safe water sources were found to be low. Ability factors (confidence in performance and confidence in recovery) towards the use of safe water sources were low as well, indicating that these factors should be the target of the intervention in the study area. Discussion: Based on this study, it is recommended that a community-based empowerment intervention strategy it appropriate. The strategy should prompt behavioural practice and public commitment, use persuasive language to boost self-efficacy and target younger low-income caregivers between 18 and 35 years of age.

scholarly journals Molecular Modeling of the Shigella flexneri Serogroup 3 and 5 O-Antigens and Conformational Relationships for a Vaccine Containing Serotypes 2a and 3a

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Jason Hlozek ◽  
Sara Owen ◽  
Neil Ravenscroft ◽  
Michelle M. Kuttel
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Quadrivalent Vaccine ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Work Support ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
The Common ◽  
O Antigens ◽  
Chain Conformations ◽  
Shared Epitopes

The pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexneri is a leading global cause of diarrheal disease. The O-antigen is the primary vaccine target and distinguishes the 30 serotypes reported. Except for serotype 6, all S. flexneri serotypes have a common backbone repeating unit (serotype Y), with variations in substitution creating the various serotypes. A quadrivalent vaccine containing serotypes 2a and 3a (as well as 6 and Shigella sonnei) is proposed to provide broad protection against non-vaccine S. flexneri serotypes through shared epitopes and conformations. Here we model the O-antigen (O-Ag) conformations of serogroups 3 and 5: a continuation of our ongoing systematic study of the S. flexneri O-antigens that began with serogroup 2. Our simulations show that S. flexneri serogroups 2, 3, and 5 all have flexible O-Ags, with substitutions of the backbone altering the chain conformations in different ways. Our analysis suggests three general heuristics for the effects of substitution on the Shigella O-Ag conformations: (1) substitution on rhamnose C reduces the extension of the O-Ag chain; (2) substitution at O-3 of rhamnose A restricts the O-Ags to predominantly helical conformations, (3) substitution at O-3 of rhamnose B has only a slight effect on conformation. The common O-Ag conformations across serotypes identified in this work support the assumption that a quadrivalent vaccine containing serotypes 2a and 3a could provide coverage against S. flexneri serotype 3b and serogroup 5.

scholarly journals Evaluation of molecular characterization and phylogeny for quantification of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria fowleri in various water sources, Turkey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256659
Author(s):  
Mehmet Aykur ◽  
Hande Dagci
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Important Public Health Problem

Free-living amoeba (FLA) is widely distributed in the natural environment. Since these amoebae are widely found in various waters, they pose an important public health problem. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of Acanthamoeba, B. mandrillaris, and N. fowleri in various water resources by qPCR in Izmir, Turkey. A total of (n = 27) 18.24% Acanthamoeba and (n = 4) 2.7% N. fowleri positives were detected in six different water sources using qPCR with ITS regions (ITS1) specific primers. The resulting concentrations varied in various water samples for Acanthamoeba in the range of 3.2x105-1.4x102 plasmid copies/l and for N. fowleri in the range of 8x103-11x102 plasmid copies/l. The highest concentration of Acanthamoeba and N. fowleri was found in seawater and damp samples respectively. All 27 Acanthamoeba isolates were identified in genotype level based on the 18S rRNA gene as T4 (51.85%), T5 (22.22%), T2 (14.81%) and T15 (11.11%). The four positive N. fowleri isolate was confirmed by sequencing the ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S rRNA regions using specific primers. Four N. fowleri isolates were genotyped (three isolate as type 2 and one isolate as type 5) and detected for the first time from water sources in Turkey. Acanthamoeba and N. fowleri genotypes found in many natural environments are straightly related to human populations to have pathogenic potentials that may pose a risk to human health. Public health professionals should raise awareness on this issue, and public awareness education should be provided by the assistance of civil authorities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the quantitative detection and distribution of Acanthamoeba and N. fowleri genotypes in various water sources in Turkey.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma domestica, Val.) terhadap Bakteri Usus secara in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Didiek Hardiyanto Soegiantoro ◽  
Gregory Hope Soegiantoro ◽  
Intan Selvyanti Waruwu ◽  
Yanti Octavia Theressia
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Turmeric Extract ◽  
Diarrhea Disease

The use of turmeric rhizome to treat diarrhea is written in the original Indonesian medicinal manuscript. Diarrhea disease is still a public health problem in Indonesia, because of its high morbidity and mortality. The morbidity survey conducted by Indonesian Ministry of Health shows an increasing incidence trend. One of the causes of diarrhea is an uncontrolled increase in the number of intestinal bacteria and infection by intestinal pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of the turmeric rhizome preparation process, both traditionally and by extraction method by maceration and soxhletation on antibacterial activity, especially intestinal bacteria, so that it can be applied by the traditional medicine industry as well as traditional herbal medicine sellers (“jamu gendong”). The research method used was to test the antibacterial activity of fresh turmeric juice, pre-dried turmeric juice, turmeric extract by maceration using 95% ethanol, and turmeric extract by soxhletation at 100°C using 95% ethanol. The intestinal bacteria used in this study were Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterolitica, Vibrio nonagglutinable, and Shigella flexneri. The results of this study indicate that the treatment process using the traditional method, both fresh turmeric juice and pre-dried turmeric juice, does not show any antibacterial activity. Turmeric extract by maceration showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. Turmeric extract by soxhletation showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. The conclusion of this study is that the most appropriate method used to process turmeric rhizome as a medicine for diarrhea caused by bacteria is the extraction method by maceration or soxhletation. The greatest antibacterial effect is against the Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance of DiarrheagenicEscherichia coli Isolated from Children under the Age of 5 Years from Ifakara, Tanzania

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 3022-3024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Vila ◽  
Martha Vargas ◽  
Climent Casals ◽  
Honorato Urassa ◽  
Hassan Mshinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance ◽  
Children Under 5

ABSTRACT Diarrhea caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria is an important public health problem among children in developing countries. The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of diarrheagenicEscherichia coli in 346 children under 5 years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania, were studied. Thirty-eight percent of the cases of diarrhea were due to multiresistant enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, or enteropathogenicE. coli. Strains of all three E. colicategories showed high-level resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol but were highly susceptible to quinolones. Guidelines for appropriate use of antibiotics in developing countries need updating.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women at Cayenne maternity, French Guiana

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Duclau ◽  
Fanny Abad ◽  
Antoine Adenis ◽  
Malika Leneuve-Dorilas ◽  
Mathieu Nacher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
P Value ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies

Abstract Background Involved in physical and brain development, immune system functioning and various metabolic processes, micronutrients have profound health effects. The nutritional status of the pregnant woman is a major determinant of fetal health. French Guiana has the highest annual population growth rate. Social inequalities, cultural practices and parasitoses in French Guiana could affect the prevalence of these deficiencies. The main objective was to estimate the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women in French Guiana. The secondary objective was to identify socio-demographic, dietary, obstetric and neonatal risk factors associated with deficiencies.Methods Pregnant woman over 22 weeks of pregnancy hospitalized for delivery at the Obstetrical Emergency Department of the Hospital Center in Cayenne from May 2018 to March 2019. A socio-demographic and food questionnaire was administered. Medical data were collected from the medical records. Blood and urine samples were taken. The descriptive analysis used the Student and Chi2 tests. Prevalence ratios were obtained a Poisson regression.Results A total of 341 women were included. The majority were born in Haiti (39%) and French Guiana (34%). At least one micronutrient deficiency was documented in 81% of women. Women receiving State Medical Aid had a 35% greater risk of deficiency during pregnancy compared to those with both normal and complementary health insurance. (PR=1.35 95% CI (1.12;1.63) p-value=0. 002)Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women in French Guiana are a real public health problem, a fact that was previously overlooked in a context of rising obesity. A varied and balanced diet remains the most effective solution to prevent these deficiencies. In French Guiana, a region where precariousness and obesity are widespread, nutritional care seems urgent.

scholarly journals Prevalence of intestinal parasite among patients attending two hospitals in French Guiana: A 6-year retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0009087
Author(s):  
Alolia Aboikoni ◽  
Manon Allaire ◽  
Dominique Louvel ◽  
Denis Blanchet ◽  
Thong Dao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Giardia Intestinalis ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis ◽  
Pathogenic Parasite ◽  
Equatorial Climate ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Common Parasite ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Children Under 5

Introduction Intestinal parasitic diseases are a global health problem. Due to its equatorial climate, vast territory with isolated areas and the precariousness of its population, intestinal parasitosis is considered to be a major issue in French Guiana but only few data are available and these mainly focus on specific population. We aimed at determining the parasitic index and at describing the characteristics of these infections in order to develop preventive strategies. Material and methods We retrospectively analysed all the parasitological samples recorded in the register of the two main laboratories of French Guiana between 2011 and 2016. The parasitic index was the percentage of parasitised patients in comparison with the total number of subjects studied. A patient who underwent several positive parasitological examinations was considered only once in the analysis at the time of the first sampling. Results A total of 15,220 parasitological samples of 9,555 patients were analysed and 2,916 were positive in 1,521 patients. The average infestation rate and parasitic index were 19.2% and 16.0%, respectively. The parasitic index remained stable between 2011 (18.2%) and 2016 (18.3%). The patients were mainly men (66.4%), with a median age of 33.0 years (26.3% of patients were under 18 years of age) and lived mainly in the Central Agglomeration (48.2%) and in West Guiana (37.4%). Hookworms were the most common parasite (25.2%) followed by Entamoeba coli (13.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (10.9%) and Giardia intestinalis (10.8%). Among the infected patients, 31.0% presented mixed infections and 67.5% of them had at least one pathogenic parasite. The patients aged from 0 to 18 years presented significantly more polyparasitism (30.9%) than monoparasitism (24.3%, p<0.001). Ancylostoma sp and Strongyloides stercoralis were mainly diagnosed during the rainy season (59.5% and 64.7% respectively), in men (78.6% and 81.1% respectively) and in patients aged from 18 to 65 years (86.6% and 76.6% respectively) whereas, Giardia intestinalis infected mostly children under 5 years (59.5%) of age. Conclusion Although it may not be representative of the entire Guyanese population, the parasitic index remained high and stable from 2011 and 2016 and it justifies the need for an active prevention program as it was already done in the other French overseas departments such as Martinique and Guadeloupe.

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