Civil society, municipal government and the state: enshrinement, empowerment and legitimacy. Scotland, 1800–1929

Urban History ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Morton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Formal Mechanism ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTCivil society remains the most challenging and all-pervading of concepts, yet too rarely is it examined empirically. The potential of civil society is that it better allows understanding of local political structures as well as cross-class associational activity. Its alternatives, while many, are principally ‘public life’ and ‘influence’, both of which have their own highly respected traditions. It is argued here that civil society offers a powerful analysis of structure and action in the urban world, and that it is one mediated by municipal government. To operationalize this definition, this article will introduce three further concepts: ‘enshrinement’, ‘empowerment’ and ‘legitimacy’. Each of these is linked to the relationship of the municipal state with that at Westminster, the formal mechanism through which the stability of civil society in nineteenth-century Britain was negotiated.

Citizens’ Satisfaction with Government in a Highly Corrupt Public Life: Role of Trust in Democracy and Civil Society Participation in Somalia

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-779
Author(s):  
Santap Sanhari Mishra ◽  
Mohamud Mohamed Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Civil Society Participation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Death Knell

Corruption is the biggest obstacle in the way of human development. In a highly corrupt public life, citizens’ satisfaction seems to be a mirage. But can citizens’ satisfaction be possible even if there is less chance of sounding the death knell for corruption? To investigate this, this study examines the mediating effect of trust in democracy and civil society participation in the relationship of corruption and citizens’ satisfaction in the context of Somalia, considered to be the most corrupt country in the world. Using a survey, a total of 205 valid responses from public service users in Somalia were put into confirmatory factor analysis. The empirical results show the partial mediation of civil society participation and trust in democracy; however, civil society participation is more effective than trust in democracy in mediating the relationship of corruption and citizens’ satisfaction, because of less negative indirect effect.

scholarly journals Plato and Fichte: education as an engine of political changes

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Petr V. Klenin
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Education System ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Project ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the historical and philosophical examination of the educational concepts by Plato and Fichte. The philosophers selected for comparative studies present a view of education as an engine of political changes, that`s why the article emphasizes philosophical explication of their positions. Plato’s and Fichte’s views on the problem of education are different as they both lived in different époques, but they were times of crisis. However, their loyalty to the societal ideal, the purpose of rethinking the value of education in the state, make it possible to compare their teachings. Education in Plato’s philosophy aims to change the state fundamentally, when education in Fichte’s philosophy contributes to its transformation. The specific pedagogical procedures established by both philosophers are in focus of this article and are important for understanding the relationship of philosophy and education. Thus, Plato proposes to divide pedagogical tasks in accordance with inequality of social estates, while Fichte considers education as a national project for civil society. The relevance of this problem stems from modern appeals to reform the education system depending on political and social problems, but philosophers approach this issue from а different point of view and it is important to trace the peculiarities of this approach in light of history of Philosophy.

scholarly journals La garantía de los estándares de derechos humanos y fundamentales ante las nuevas amenazas que generan los particulares y los actores extranjeros

2015 ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Magdalena Pöschl
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Internet Communities ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Classical Conception ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

La concepción clásica de los derechos fundamentales responde a tres premisas: la relación de los derechos fundamentales es bipolar, entre Estado y ciudadano; el Estado monopoliza la fuerza frente a la que nos protegen los derechos fundamentales; el Estado la ejerce en su propio territorio. Hoy, las tres premisas están puestas en cuestión. Junto al Estado aparecen, como sujetos de una posible injerencia sobre los derechos fundamentales, híbridos privado-estatales, poderosos actores privados y figuras difusas como las comunidades de internet. Los instrumentos de poder también se extienden y descentralizan, y junto a la coacción hay que tener en cuenta el dinero y el poder de la información. En tercer lugar, el escenario de los derechos fundamentales es el mundo entero. Todo ello dificulta la vigencia de los derechos fundamentales, pero tres reglas siguen siendo válidas. El enemigo del ciudadano puede no ser el Estado, pero debe tener rostro y resultar accesible, pues en otro caso no será posible dirigirse contra él. El poder no se ejerce solo mediante la coacción, pero el ciudadano ha de saber si está sujeto a dominio y con qué medios se ejerce el mismo, por lo que debe reducirse el ámbito de lo secreto. Finalmente, las actuaciones transfronterizas sólo pueden enfrentarse con ingenio y capacidad de experimentación, no solo mediante el derecho, sino también mediante la implicación de la sociedad civil.The classical conception of fundamental rights responds to three premises: the relationship of fundamental rights is bipolar, between state and citizen; the state monopolizes the force and against this force citizens are protected by the fundamental rights; the state holds the force in his own territory. Today, the three premises are being questioned. The state is not the only one who can interfere on fundamental rights, but also hybrid private-state subjects, private actors and diffuse powerful figures such as Internet communities. The power instruments also extend and decentralized themselves, and include not only coercion, but also money and power of information. Third, the scene of fundamental rights is the whole world. All of this hinder the effectiveness of fundamental rights, but three rules are still valid. Although the enemy of citizens would not be the state, he must have a face and be accessible, since otherwise it would not be possible to go against him. The power is not exercised only through coercion, but the citizen has to know whether it is subject to control and how it is exercised, so the scope of secrets must be reduced. Finally, cross-border actions can only deal with cleverness and experimentation, not only with the law but also through the engagement of the civil society.

scholarly journals Source of Life or Kiss of Death: Revisiting State-Civil Society Dynamics in India during COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Tandon ◽  
Ram Aravind
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Civic Space

Abstract As COVID-19 spread through India, Civil Society Organizations (CSO)s mobilized resources to support the efforts of the Government by playing the role of an active partner in providing social and economic welfare to the affected population. This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the response of civil society to the pandemic situation at the grassroots and policy level. Further, the authors discuss the paradox in demonstrated efficiency and commitment of civil society, which follows a crackdown on civil society organizations by the state through silencing voices of dissent and regulating the shrinking civic space. The strained relationship between the government and civil society organizations in India is also examined against the backdrop of draconian legislation and policies framed during the time of COVID-19, proscribing debate, review or consultations. In the context of the pandemic and the subsequent phase of recovery, such actions of the Government will have deleterious effects on the relationship of trust between civil society and the state. Through this paper, the authors argue for a more tolerant and co-operative approach to the functions of civil society organizations by the Government, thus effectively reducing mistrust and suspicion in the intentions of the state.

A FORECAST OF PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF HOLSTEIN COWS BY INDIRECT SIGNS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.С. САНОВА
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Group I ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

В статье представлены материалы о взаимосвязи продолжительности продуктивного использования коров с характеристикой устойчивости к деградации, с возрастом отела и удоем. В исследованной, разнородной по происхождению, группе животных для прогноза продуктивного периода коров, обусловленного устойчивостью к деградации и возрастом первого отела, пригодно уравнение регрессии, аргументами в котором являются индекс устойчивости, возраст первого отела в первой и второй степенях. Коэффициент корреляции межу предсказанными значениями продуктивного периода и его фактическими величинами в I группе составляет 0,502, во II - 0,604. При этом крайние варианты прогнозируются со статистическими ошибками 5 мес при оценке индекса устойчивости по 2 лактациям и 4,1 мес по 3, а средние варианты, соответственно, 1,6 и 1,51 мес. Индекс устойчивости к процессу старения является важной характеристикой биологических особенностей коров, определяющий их продуктивное долголетие. Его оценка по первым 2 и 3 лактациям имеет прямолинейную связь с продуктивным периодом (r=0,4109 и r=0,5270), соответственно. Зависимость продуктивного периода от возраста первого отела криволинейная — с увеличением возраста первого отела сокращается срок продуктивного использования, при возрасте первого отела более 1400 дней срок продуктивного использования колеблется от 1,33 до 1,41 лактации. Коэффициент корреляции между этими характеристиками коров составляет - 0,2164 в I и - 0,2620 во II группах. The article presents materials about the relationship of the duration of productive use of cows with the characteristic of resistance to degradation, with the age of calving and milk yield. In the studied group of animals, which is heterogeneous in origin, the regression equation is suitable for predicting the productive period of cows due to resistance to degradation and the age of the first calving, the arguments of which are the stability index, the age of the first calving in the first and second degrees. The correlation coefficient between the predicted values of the productive period and its actual values in group I is 0.502, in group II - 0.604. At the same time, the extreme variants are predicted with statistical errors of 5 months when evaluating the stability index for 2 lactations and 4.1 months for 3, and the average variants, respectively, are 1.6 and 1.51 months. The index of resistance to the aging process is an important characteristic of the biological characteristics of cows, which determines their productive longevity. Its estimate for the first 2 and 3 lactations has a direct relationship with the productive period (r=0.4109 and r=0.5270), respectively. The dependence of the productive period age at first calving curvilinear with increasing age at first calving reduces the time to productive use, while age at first calving of more than 1400 days, the period of productive use ranges from 1.33 to 1.41 lactation. The correlation coefficient between these characteristics of cows is-0.2164 in I and-0.2620 in II groups.

Police Records

2019 ◽  
pp. 797-819
Author(s):  
Cristina Vatulescu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Media History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Police Records ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter approaches police records as a genre that gains from being considered in its relationships with other genres of writing. In particular, we will follow its long-standing relationship to detective fiction, the novel, and biography. Going further, the chapter emphasizes the intermedia character of police records not just in our time but also throughout their existence, indeed from their very origins. This approach opens to a more inclusive media history of police files. We will start with an analysis of the seminal late nineteenth-century French manuals prescribing the writing of a police file, the famous Bertillon-method manuals. We will then track their influence following their adoption nationally and internationally, with particular attention to the politics of their adoption in the colonies. We will also touch briefly on the relationship of early policing to other disciplines, such as anthropology and statistics, before moving to a closer look at its intersections with photography and literature.

‘This Romish business’ - Ritual Innovation and Parish Life in Later Nineteenth-Century Lincolnshire

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 384-395
Author(s):  
R. W. Ambler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Holy Communion ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Mixing Water

In February 1889 Edward King, Bishop of Lincoln, appeared before the court of the Archbishop of Canterbury charged with illegal practices in worship. The immediate occasion for these proceedings was the manner in which he celebrated Holy Communion at the Lincoln parish church of St Peter at Gowts on Sunday 4 December 1887. He was cited on six specific charges: the use of lighted candles on the altar; mixing water with the communion wine; adopting an eastward-facing position with his back to the congregation during the consecration; permitting the Agnus Dei to be sung after the consecration; making the sign of the cross at the absolution and benediction, and taking part in ablution by pouring water and wine into the chalice and paten after communion. Two Sundays later King had repeated some of these acts during a service at Lincoln Cathedral. As well as its intrinsic importance in defining the legality of the acts with which he was charged, the Bishop’s trial raised issues of considerable importance relating to the nature and exercise of authority within the Church of England and its relationship with the state. The acts for which King was tried had a further significance since the ways in which these and other innovations in worship were perceived, as well as the spirit in which they were ventured, also reflected the fundamental shifts which were taking place in the role of the Church of England at parish level in the second half of the nineteenth century. Their study in a local context such as Lincolnshire, part of King’s diocese, provides the opportunity to examine the relationship between changes in worship and developments in parish life in the period.

Eine komplexe Friedenstheologie und Friedensethik

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Mierzwa
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethical Approach ◽  
Difficult Question ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Preferential Option ◽  
Religionless Christianity ◽  
The Relationship

Peace has to be thought of in a more complex way, which is mainly stimulated by women from civil society. Many questions can no longer be addressed in a thematically and politically isolated or delimited way; chains of action and challenges are too interwoven. So far, too little attention has been paid to the preferential option for the poor, the approach of religionless Christianity and a feminist-liberation-theological-pacifist approach. Topics that are more marginal, such as a peace-ethical approach to money and the relationship between peace and health, are also addressed. Finally, the difficult question of how far one may still cooperate with the state when one is on the trail of peace is explored.

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