Changes in body composition of sheep selected for high and low backfat thickness, during periods of ad libitum and maintenance feeding

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Afonso ◽  
J. M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Fat

AbstractCoopworth sheep from the high and low backfat selection lines and from one random-bred line developed at Invermay, New Zealand, were used to examine the interaction between the degree offatness of sheep and a period of maintenance feeding (from 20 to 35 weeks of age), in terms of total fat, carcass lean tissue, bone and viscera weights, relative to the empty body weight measured in computer-aided tomography scans. A similar study was done for weights of subcutaneous, intermuscular and internal (abdominal) fat partitions relative to total fat weight. During two a d libitum feeding periods (front 10 to 20 and from 35 to 43 weeks of age) changes in the same components relative to the ‘whole’ (empty body weight or total fat, depending on the case) were expressed in allometric terms.Only the allometric growth coefficient for total fat weight was significantly affected by the period of restricted feeding, decreasing after this period. No line or sex effect was observed on any growth coefficient. As a result, there were no changes in differences between treatments over the ad libitum feeding periods, with fat animals and females having significantly higher proportions of fat, while females also had a significantly lower proportion of intermuscular fat.During maintenance feeding, line and sex differences in dissectible component weights did not change significantly, except in terms of intermuscular fat, with the males showing an increasingly larger proportion than the females.

scholarly journals The influence of food restriction versus ad libitum feeding of chow and purified diets on variation in body weight, growth and physiology of female Wistar rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moraal ◽  
P P A M Leenaars ◽  
H Arnts ◽  
K Smeets ◽  
B S Savenije ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum

Ad libitum (AL) supply of standard chow is the feeding method most often used for rodents in animal experiments. However, AL feeding is known to result in a shorter lifespan and decreased health as compared with restricted feeding. Restricted feeding and thus limiting calorie intake prevents many health problems, increases lifespan and can also increase group uniformity. All this leads to a reduced number of animals needed. So-called standard chows are known to be prone to variation in composition. Synthetic foods have a more standard composition, contributing to group uniformity which, like diet reduction, may decrease the number of animals necessary to obtain statistical significance. In this study, we compared the effects of AL versus restricted feeding (25% reduction in food intake) on standard chow versus synthetic food of three different suppliers on body weight (BW), growth, several blood parameters and organ weights in growing female Wistar rats over a period of 61 days. Diet restriction led to a decreased growth and significantly reduced variation in BW and growth as compared with AL feeding. AL feeding on synthetic diets caused a significantly higher BW gain than on chow diets. Due to experimental design, this same effect occurred on food restriction. Blood parameters and organ weights were affected neither by diet type nor by amount. Incidentally, variations were significantly reduced on food restriction versus AL, and on synthetic diets versus chow diets. This study demonstrates that food restriction versus AL feeding leads to a significantly reduced variation in BW and growth, thereby indicating the potential for reduction when applying this feeding schedule.

Effect of body weight on the attainment of puberty and reproductive performance of Galway and Fingalway female lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Quirke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTGroups of spring-born Galway (G) and Fingalway (F) ewe lambs were fed a concentrate diet either ad libitum (H) or at a restricted level (L) during the period 25 July to 16 October 1974 in order to induce differences in body weight at the start of the breeding season. The mean live weights of the GL, GH, FL and FH groups on 16 October 1974 were 37·8 ± 1·3, 44·6 ± 1·3, 35·1 ± 1·1 and 41·9 ± 1·2 kg respectively. More than 95% of the lambs in all four groups attained puberty before 28 February 1975. Galway ewe lambs reached puberty later in the breeding season and were older and heavier at puberty than Fingalways. Animals fed ad libitum were heavier at puberty and attained puberty earlier in the season and at a younger age than those on the restricted feeding regime.Both conception rate and litter size were lower in Galways than Fingalways. There was no evidence of any effect of the nutritional treatments on conception rate or litter size. The mean body weights at puberty for ewes which lambed and those which were barren were 41·9 ± 0·49 and 41·5 ± 0·78 kg respectively. The birth weight and growth rate of the progeny of the ewe lambs was similar for the two breeds and was not influenced by the previous nutritional treatment of the dams. The total lamb mortality between birth and weaning was 40·3%, and 72% of all deaths occurred within 48 h of birth. Losses among twins (48%) were particularly heavy.

Productivity and carcass composition of Friesian, Meuse-Rhine-Issel (MRI) × Friesian and Belgian Blue × Friesian steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Total Muscle

AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers, comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Meuse-Rhine-lssel (MRI) × Friesians (MR), and 40 Belgian Blue × Friesians (BB) were reared together from 3 weeks of age to the start of their second winter. During the second winter there was a 3 (FR, MR and BB breed types) × 2 (3 kg and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (96- and 220-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments (10 animals per subgroup). Carcass weights and grades were recorded after slaughter at the end of the second winter, and one side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per subgroup) was dissected into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat. A sample of m. longissimus from the 10th rib was chemically analysed. Slaughter weights and carcass weights per day from arrival to slaughter were 796, 813 and 828 (s.e.d. 11·7) g and 419, 440 and 457 (s.e.d. 7·1) g for FR, MR and BB, respectively. Corresponding carcass weights were 314, 329 and 342 (s.e.d. 4·5) kg. BB had better conformation than both FR and MR. BB also had a lower carcass fat score, lower proportions of bone, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, a higher proportion of muscle and muscle with higher proportion of moisture and a lower proportion of lipid than FR and MR. The higher level of concentrates increased side iveight by 8 kg, but the overall effects on carcass composition were small. The longer finishing period increased side weight by 25 kg and was associated with significantly reduced proportions of bone and muscle and an increased proportion of fat. Allometric regression coefficients for carcass weight on slaughter weight, and for bone, muscle and fat weights on side weight were 1·19, 0·39, 0·80 and 2·16, respectively. It is concluded that despite the better carcass conformation of MR, there was little difference in carcass and muscle composition between FR and MR. BB, in addition to having a higher growth rate and better carcass conformation than FR, also had more muscle in the carcass, more of the total muscle in the higher value joints and a lower proportion of lipid in the muscle. It was calculated that FR, MR and BB would have similar proportions of separable fat in the carcass at approximate carcass weights of 300, 320 and 400 kg, respectively.

THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN EWE AND RAM LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Total Fat

Sixteen ewes and 22 rams (crossbred lambs) were grouped by sex and fed a diet based on grain and hay. All animals were slaughtered over a 4-wk period to give a range of slaughter weights (24.0–61.8 kg). After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into the four primal wholesale cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) with the rest of the carcass discarded as trim. The four wholesale cuts were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), kidney fat (KF) and body cavity fat (BCF)) muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in the carcass was investigated using the allometric equation with side weight and side fat weight as the independent variables. Total rate of fat deposition relative to side weight was higher in ewes than rams, and ewes had more total fat than rams when comparisons were made at the same side weight (10.03 kg). However, growth coefficients for depot fat accumulation in a side and in the wholesale cuts relative to side fat were homogeneous between sexes indicating that sex did not affect the relative accumulation of fat. SF, however, had the highest growth coefficient (1.23) and IF the lowest (0.74). At equal total side fat ewes had significantly more IF in a side than rams, but overall the differences in the distribution of fat in the wholesale cuts were minor and commercially unimportant. It was concluded that the ewes had a faster rate of fat deposition than rams but both sexes followed the same pattern of differential fat accumulation, and that the distribution of fat was dependent mainly on the total amount of fat in a carcass. Key words: Fat, lambs, carcass

scholarly journals Effect of 4-h time restricted feeding on body weight, leptin concentration and lipid profile in healthy non-obese male Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Olamoyegun ◽  
Folasade O. Ajao ◽  
Marcus O. Iyedupe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Obese Male

Abstract Background: Obesity greatly increases the risk of metabolic diseases and preventive approaches for obesity are often inadequate to effectively prevent and manage the diseases. Altering feeding time strategy intervention decreases caloric intake without calorie counting and may be an effective therapy. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of 4-h time restricted feeding on body weight, leptin concentration and lipid profile in healthy non-obese male Wistar rats. Methods: Rats placed on time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimen had freely access to food for 4 hour per day at designated periods. Twenty four rats divided into four groups (n=6) were used. Group I animals were placed on a 4 hour per day TRF between 8am-12noon. Group II rats were also placed on a 4 hour per day TRF between 12noon-4pm. Group III rats also placed on a 4 hour per day TRF between 8pm-12 midnight while Group IV rats had access food and water ad libitum. This diet strategy resembles taking only breakfast, lunch or dinner once a day. The study lasted for a period of 4 weeks with daily food intake and weekly body weight determined throughout the period. At the end of the experimental period, blood glucose, lipid profile and leptin concentration were assessed. SPSS 21.0 package was used for data analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean values of variables among the groups and bonferroni’s posthoc test was used for significance of pair wise comparisons of mean values among the groups. Significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: In this study, the body weights and leptin concentrations of 8pm – 12am and ad libitum groups significantly increased compared with the 8am - 12noon and 12noon -4pm groups. Dyslipidemia was observed in the ad libitum group when compared with the 8am - 12noon and 12noon - 4pm groups. Conclusion: From this study, 4-hr time restricted feeding has beneficial effects on body weight, blood glucose, lipid profile and leptin concentration. This feeding restriction patterns may be helpful in obesity management and in preventing metabolic diseases development in non obese.

Influence of feeding intensity on the growth, body composition and sexual maturity of male New Zealand White rabbits

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Fodor ◽  
L. Zöldág ◽  
S. Gy. Fekete ◽  
A. Bersényi ◽  
A. Gáspárdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Average Body

An experiment was carried out with young male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits to establish live body weight changes, body measurements, body composition and sexual maturity as a function of feeding intensity. Animals in Group 1 ('AL', n = 10) were fed ad libitum, while those in Group 2 ('RS', n = 10) received restricted feeding corresponding to 70% of the ad libitum level. The starting liveweights were practically the same (0.907 ± 0.146 and 0.911 ± 0.147 kg in Group AL and Group RS, respectively). The feeding trial lasted from 6 to 22 weeks of age. The average body weight was significantly higher in Group AL from 7 to 22 weeks of age. At 22 weeks of age the body weight of RS rabbits was 85.64% of the weight of AL animals (3.22 ± 0.52 kg and 3.76 ± 0.33 kg, respectively). Average body weights of RS males at 8, 9, 11, 19 and 21 weeks of age were similar to those of ad libitum fed (AL) animals at 7, 8, 10, 15 and 16 weeks of age, respectively. The growth of bucks fed restricted tended to be allometric. The most significant difference was found at 16 and 18 weeks of age, while the lowest difference occurred at 6, 12, 15 and 19 weeks of age. It can be stated that low-intensity feeding up to slaughtering weight causes backwardness in rear cannon length and this backwardness remains also after the 15th week, which is well over the optimal slaughtering age. Based on the present data, the 70% restricted feeding cannot be recommended either for the future breeding bucks or for broiler males reared for slaughter. To determine the major chemical components of the body, rabbits were euthanised. Original dry matter and crude fat content of the body significantly (P < 0.05) decreased under restricted feeding (41.42%; 32.48% and 16.73%; 7.35%) while the percentage of protein within the dry matter increased (49.6%; 65.0%) and fat decreased (40.17%; 22.1%) significantly. Libido unambiguously decreases as a consequence of feed deprivation. The most conspicuous difference was found in the level of blood testosterone. Although a few RS bucks produced semen but only much later than the rabbits fed ad libitum. On the other hand, there was no difference in the motility of spermatozoa and ejaculate volume in comparison with AL animals. There was no relationship between the body fat content and the reproductive status of bucks in the present trial.

Growth rate and its effect on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
Olga Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effect of three different growth rates from 15 to 40 kg live weight on the body composition of lambs was studied. The treatments were: High (H) ad-libitum feed intake, Low (L) restricted feed intake and High–Maintenance–High (HMH) ad-libitum feed intake from 15 to 25 kg followed by a 50-day period during which live weight was maintained constant, which in turn was followed by ad-libitum feeding. The animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted lucerne chaff-cereal grain mixture. Two animals were killed at the start of the experiment (15 kg) and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment) were killed at common live weights of 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg. Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment using the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb.Animals in the H and L treatments had a mean growth rate from 15 kg until slaughter of 0·23 and 0·09 kg/day, respectively. From a live weight of 15 to 25 kg, the HMH group grew at a similar rate as the H group, viz. 0·22 and 0·21 kg/day, respectively. After the 50-day period of maintenance of live weight, the HMH animals killed at 30, 35 and 40 kg showed a marked compensatory growth response to ad-libitum feeding. These HMH animals had a mean growth rate of 0·37 kg/day compared with 0·26 kg/day for H animals over identical live-weight ranges.Empty body weight (EBW) formed a similar proportion of full body weight (FBW) in all three treatments. As a proportion of FBW, hot carcass weight (HCW) was similar in the H and L treatments, while at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights HCW was less in the HMH than in the H treatment. HCW also formed a lower proportion of EBW at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights in the HMH, than in both the H and L treatments. In the L treatment, HCW formed a greater proportion of EBW than in the H treatment, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals.The results of carcass dissection studies showed that, at the same dissected side weight (DSW), the amount of muscle, bone, connective tissue and total side fat (TSF) was similar in the three treatments. Although no differences were found between treatments in TSF, there were significant treatment effects on both the subcutaneous and inter-muscular fat depots. Animals in the H treatment had more and less, respectively, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat than the L animals. The amount of intermuscular fat was also greater in the HMH than in the H treatment.

THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL STATE ON ABILITY OF THE RAT TO SWIM TO EXHAUSTION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton ◽  
V. Feleki
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Swimming Exercise ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Following 9 days' provision of a high-protein (HPD), high-fat (HFD), or high-carbohydrate (HCD) diet (isocaloric), rats were made to swim to exhaustion in water at a temperature of 25–26 °C. Lead weight was strapped to the base of the tail at a level of 6% of body weight to increase the work load and decrease the exhaustion time. Under both ad libitum and restricted feeding conditions, animals fed the HPD had the longest exhaustion time, there being no apparent difference between exhaustion times of animals fed the HFD or HCD. Restriction of food intake increased the time to exhaustion. Provision of a meal just before swimming exercise decreased the time to exhaustion. Daily swimming for 15 minutes (training) prior to the test increased and decreased exhaustion time in HCD- and HPD-fed rats respectively with no significant effect on exhaustion time of HFD-fed rats.

Evaluation of large White and Duroc boars as terminal sires under two different feeding regimes

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Simpson ◽  
A. J. Webb ◽  
S. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

AbstractLarge White and Duroc semen was used to form a three-breed cross from Large White x Norwegian Landrace dams. A pair of sibs from each litter was fed ad libitum and a further pair on a time-based scale at the Meat and Livestock Commission testing station at Stirling, Scotland. A total of 241 litters was tested. At the end of testing the pigs were slaughtered and standard carcass measurements were made. One side of the carcass of each of a sample of 60 pigs was fully dissected. The Duroc progeny grew faster and had better food conversion efficiency than the Large White progeny when fed ad libitum but there was no difference between the breeds when feeding was restricted. The Large White progeny produced a better trimming yield and were slightly longer. There was no significant difference in fat depths. The proportions of lean, fat and bone tissues did not differ greatly between the breeds although the Large White progeny had slightly more lean tissue and the Duroc progeny were more heavily boned and had more intermuscular fat. The Duroc terminal sires gave an economic advantage of £1·70 per pig when fed ad libitum but a loss of £0·35 when fed to a restricted scale. This was primarily due to the superior growth rate and food conversion efficiency of the Duroc progeny when fed ad libitum.

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