Effect of driver behaviour, driving events and road type on the stability and resting behaviour of sheep in transit

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Cockram ◽  
E. M. Baxter ◽  
L. A. Smith ◽  
S. Bell ◽  
C. M. Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Influence ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Driver Behaviour ◽  
Driver Training ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Road Type ◽  
The Stability ◽  
In Transit

AbstractThe aim of this project was to examine the relationships between driver behaviour and driving events during a journey and the behavioural responses of sheep to these events. Driving style can have a major influence on the welfare of the animals by affecting the risk of injury and by disturbing the ability of the sheep to rest. Two drivers each drove groups of 10 sheep in a 5·5-tonne, single-deck, non-articulated livestock vehicle on five 7-h road journeys consisting of minor roads, main single carriageways and a motorway. The driver, the driver’s view through the windscreen, the speedometer and the sheep were video recorded. Differences in driving style were identified as differences in vehicle speed, rapid braking and the number of corners taken with high cornering g-force. Differences in driving style had a slight effect on the frequency of losses of balance by the sheep and a more significant effect on the degree of disturbance to the sheep and on their ability to rest during the journey. Losses of balance were common, but falls were rare. About 80% of the losses of balance could have been caused by driving events, such as acceleration, braking, stopping, cornering, gear changes and uneven road surfaces. Only about 22% of driving events were followed by a loss of balance. It is likely that driving events were also responsible for many interruptions to both lying behaviour and rumination. Clear benefits of motorway driving compared with single carriageway driving were fewer losses of balance, more lying down, more rumination and fewer disturbances amongst the sheep. This study provides evidence that would be useful for driver training and education to promote careful driving as a means of ensuring the welfare of animals in-transit. The quality of the journey experienced by sheep during transport is dependent upon a number of factors that can be influenced by the driver of the vehicle.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Effects of Vibration on Medicines in Transit Caused by Fixed-Wing and Multi-Copter Drones

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Andrew Oakey ◽  
Tim Waters ◽  
Wanqing Zhu ◽  
Paul G. Royall ◽  
Tom Cherrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Uv Spectra ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Vibration Measurements ◽  
British Pharmacopoeia ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
The Stability ◽  
In Transit

The concept of transporting medical products by drone is gaining a lot of interest amongst the medical and logistics communities. Such innovation has generated several questions, a key one being the potential effects of flight on the stability of medical products. The aims of this study were to quantify the vibration present within drone flight, study its effect on the quality of the medical insulin through live flight trials, and compare the effects of vibration from drone flight with traditional road transport. Three trials took place in which insulin ampoules and mock blood stocks were transported to site and flown using industry standard packaging by a fixed-wing or a multi-copter drone. Triaxial vibration measurements were acquired, both in-flight and during road transit, from which overall levels and frequency spectra were derived. British Pharmacopeia quality tests were undertaken in which the UV spectra of the flown insulin samples were compared to controls of known turbidity. In-flight vibration levels in both the drone types exceeded road induced levels by up to a factor of three, and predominant vibration occurred at significantly higher frequencies. Flown samples gave clear insulin solutions that met the British Pharmacopoeia specification, and no aggregation of insulin was detected.

An experimental study of the stability of mass standards in transit

Metrologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Fen ◽  
E C Morris
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
The Stability ◽  
In Transit

scholarly journals Drivers Training based on Data from Accelerometer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Driver Training ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Mems Accelerometers ◽  
Transport Experiment

In the article, the application of modern MEMS accelerometers to evaluate driver training is discussed. Data from a transport experiment with Tatra 815 on a training polygon consisting of 4 types of surfaces were used, and the driver completed 4 individual laps. The tested parameters showed statistically significant differences between selected laps and surfaces (sections) depending on the driving style and the average speed. It is clear from the evaluation of the ride that the driver is gradually improving when driving on the polygon, as assumed. However, from a certain moment the magnitude of generated shocks exceeds normatively determined values. The design part determines specific requirements on driving characteristics of a driver during a driver training.

scholarly journals Effect of Road Profile on Suspension System of Heavy Truck

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Salem F. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Steering System ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Profile ◽  
Road Roughness ◽  
Road Type ◽  
Heavy Truck ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability

All vehicles are affected by the type of the road they are moving on it.  Therefore the stability depends mainly on the amount of vibrations and steering system, which in turn depend on two main factors: the first is on the road type, which specifies the amount of vibrations arising from the movement of the wheels above it, and the second on is the type of the used suspension system, and how the parts connect with each other. As well as the damping factors, the tires type, and the used sprungs. In the current study, we will examine the effect of the road roughness on the performance coefficients (speed, displacement, and acceleration) of the joint points by using a BOGE device.

Advances in Ambient Temperature Creep Deformation Behavior of Two-Phase Titanium Alloys

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 779-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jaworski ◽  
Sreeramamurthy Ankem
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Creep Deformation ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Creep Resistance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Beta Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Strength Difference ◽  
The Stability

In recent years, significant advances have been made in regard to the creep deformation behavior of two phase titanium alloys. It has been shown that the creep resistance depends on a number of factors, including the shape of the component phases, the strength difference between the phases, and the stability of the beta phase. For example, in two-phase materials with a similar volume fraction and morphology of phases, if the beta phase is less stable, then the creep resistance is lower. These developments will be reviewed and the reasons for such effects will be suggested.

Stability of Controlled Road Vehicles: A Preliminary Fundamental Study

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio della Rossa ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Giampiero Mastinu ◽  
Carlo Piccardi ◽  
Giorgio Previati
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Positive Effect

A comparison of the lateral stability behaviour between an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle with driver and a vehicle without driver (fixed steering wheel) is made by introducing a simple mathematical model of a vehicle running on even road. The mechanical model of the vehicle has two degrees of freedom and the related equations of motion contain the nonlinear tyre characteristics. The driver is described by a well-known model proposed in the literature. The autonomous vehicle has a virtual driver (robot) that behaves substantially like a human, but with its proper reaction time and gain. The road vehicle model has been validated. The study of vehicle stability has to be based on bifurcation analysis and a preliminary investigation is proposed here. The accurate computation of steady-state equilibria is crucial to study the stability of the three kinds of vehicles here compared. The stability of the bare vehicle without driver (fixed steering wheel) is studied in a rather complete way referring to a number of combinations of tyre characteristics. The (known) conclusion is that the understeering vehicle is stable at each lateral acceleration level and at each vehicle speed. The additional (partially unknown) conclusion is that the vehicle (model) with degradated tyres may exhibit a huge number of different bifurcations. The driver has many effects on the stability of the vehicle. One positive effect is to eliminate the many possible different equilibria of the bare vehicle and keep active one single equilibrium only. Another positive effect is to broaden the basin of attraction of stable equilibria (at least at relatively low speed). A negative effect is that, even for straight running, the driver seem introducing a subcritical Hopf bifurcation which limits the maximum forward speed of some understeering vehicles (that could run faster with fixed steering wheel). Both the mentioned positive and negative effects appear to be applicable to autonomous vehicles as well. Further studies could be useful to overcome the limitations on the stability of current autonomous vehicles that have been identified in the present research.

scholarly journals Ice Streams of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C.M. Winsborrow ◽  
Chris D. Clark ◽  
Chris R. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Spatial Organisation ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Fast Ice ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Ice streams had a major influence on the configuration and the stability of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Their identification is crucial for an understanding of ice sheet behaviour and their importance is reflected by the recent increase in paleo-ice stream research. This paper provides a synopsis of Laurentide paleo-ice streams, compiled from published sources and our mapping from satellite imagery and aerial photography. In total, 49 hypothesised ice streams are reviewed, and categorised according to the strength of evidence for streaming and knowledge of their extent. A map of Laurentide paleo-ice streams is presented, along with tables documenting the nature of evidence on which streaming behaviour has been invoked. The distribution of ice streams demonstrates the spatial organisation of fast ice flow, and overlapping imprints document major changes in ice flow during retreat. We note that Laurentide paleo-ice streams exhibit a much greater range in size than those currently operating in Antarctica.

Reliability in the structure of professional and personal qualities of a specialist of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Stanislav N. Savinkov ◽  
Nina A. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Development ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Training Support ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Pedagogical Literature

In the modern conditions of fulfilling professional duties, the issue of studying the personal and professional qualities of specialists of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia has a special importance. Today, issues related to the study of the specifics of the professional qualities of specialists of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia within the framework of scientific issues of modern psychology are of increasing importance. This is due to a number of factors, both the need for a deeper study of the principles of the formation of special skills and abilities, professionally important personal qualities of specialists of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia, and insufficient scientific development, which puts these issues among the most relevant. We carried out analytical understanding of psychological and pedagogical literature on the topic. The theoretical and methodological analysis of the reliability problem indicates that it is not considered as an independent problem and is not established in the traditionally existing systems of selection, training, support of specialists. We considered the structure of reliability in the context of professional and personal qualities of specialists of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia working in conditions involving danger to life. We gave an analysis of factors affecting the professional and personal reliability of a specialist of the Russian Emergencies Ministry. Personal and professional reliability of a specialist of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia is a characteristic of personal features and qualities that determine the stability of reference normative behavior by indicators of personal reliability in professional activity. At the same time, another important parameter of personal-professional reliability is the moral and moral qualities of the specialist, his spiritual and moral maturity. We presented the results of research on the study of personal and professional qualities conducted with specialists of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia.

Training Effectiveness: How Does Driving Simulator Fidelity Influence Driver Performance?

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (25) ◽  
pp. 2201-2205 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Park ◽  
R. Wade Allen ◽  
Theodore J. Rosenthal ◽  
Dary Fiorentino
Keyword(s):  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Training Trial ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Driver Training ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
The Difference

Driver performance effects were compared between two configuration types: 1) a low-cost, three-monitor, 135 degree field-of-view (FOV), PC desktop with PC gaming steering wheel controls and 2) a medium-cost, fixed-based, projected image, 135 degree FOV, instrumented vehicle cab. The experiment was part of a larger novice driver training experiment with teenage drivers who had yet to receive their license to drive (Allen, Park, et al. 2003). Participants drove a minimum of six training trial runs on either the three-monitor configuration (N = 180) or the vehicle cab configuration (N = 143). A 2 times 6 (configuration type x training trial runs) analysis of variance was performed for a variety of performance measures as well as a one-way analysis of variance to assess the graduation rates between the two configurations. Significant differences were found for certain performance measures suggesting that handling behaviors (i.e. braking and steering) were largely affected by the difference in controls while lane position, vehicle speed, time-to-collision, and simulator sickness ratings were largely affected by the difference in graphical display. However, non-significant differences in certain performance measures (e.g. total accidents and graduation rates) suggested that the three-monitor configuration may be as useful of a tool for driver training, assessment, and research as a higher fidelity vehicle cab.

Factors Contributing to the Occurrence of Emerging Infectious Diseases

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felissa R. Lashley
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
The Stability

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have been receiving increasing attention for more than two decades. Such attention has resulted from observations of increasing resistance of microorganisms to the usual antibiotics, the identification of formerly unknown disease agents and the diseases they cause, and the realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease agents formerly confined to small, endemic, or remote areas. Sadly, in the fall of 2001, the potential for using microbial agents as instruments of terror and destruction became obvious with the incidents of anthrax spread in the United States, mainly through the mail, although chemical and biological agents had already been used in this way in the past century. The relationship between infectious diseases and social, political, and economic change from the earliest times to the present has been well documented. Emerging infectious diseases and their basic causes present a threat to the stability of nations and indeed the world. Reasons for the emergence/reemergence of infectious diseases are complex and interrelated. The global village provides global economic and social opportunities but also opportunities for disease emergence and transmission. Although characteristics of microorganisms such as genetic adaptive changes are important in the emergence of infectious diseases, factors under human control play a large role. Behavioral and lifestyle choices are also a major influence on the emergence and spread of many EIDs and require attention. Factors contributing to the appearance of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are discussed.

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