Three-Dimensional (3D) Analysis of Inclusions in Structural Alloys with Automated Serial Sectioning

Abstract X-ray tomography is a promising technique that can provide micron level, internal structure, and three dimensional (3D) information of an integrated circuit (IC) component without the need for serial sectioning or decapsulation. This is especially useful for counterfeit IC detection as demonstrated by recent work. Although the components remain physically intact during tomography, the effect of radiation on the electrical functionality is not yet fully investigated. In this paper we analyze the impact of X-ray tomography on the reliability of ICs with different fabrication technologies. We perform a 3D imaging using an advanced X-ray machine on Intel flash memories, Macronix flash memories, Xilinx Spartan 3 and Spartan 6 FPGAs. Electrical functionalities are then tested in a systematic procedure after each round of tomography to estimate the impact of X-ray on Flash erase time, read margin, and program operation, and the frequencies of ring oscillators in the FPGAs. A major finding is that erase times for flash memories of older technology are significantly degraded when exposed to tomography, eventually resulting in failure. However, the flash and Xilinx FPGAs of newer technologies seem less sensitive to tomography, as only minor degradations are observed. Further, we did not identify permanent failures for any chips in the time needed to perform tomography for counterfeit detection (approximately 2 hours).

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Three-dimensional assessment of the anterior and inferior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve using computed tomography images in patients with and without mandibular asymmetry

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01424-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jae-Young Kim ◽

Michael D. Han ◽

Kug Jin Jeon ◽

Jong-Ki Huh ◽

Kwang-Ho Park

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Symmetry Group ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Mandibular Asymmetry ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mandibular Body

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in configuration and dimensions of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve (ALIAN) in patients with and without mandibular asymmetry. Method Preoperative computed tomography images of patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery from January 2016 to December 2018 at a single institution were analyzed. Subjects were classified into two groups as “Asymmetry group” and “Symmetry group”. The distance from the most anterior and most inferior points of the ALIAN (IANant and IANinf) to the vertical and horizontal reference planes were measured (dAnt and dInf). The distance from IANant and IANinf to the mental foramen were also calculated (dAnt_MF and dInf_MF). The length of the mandibular body and symphysis area were measured. All measurements were analyzed using 3D analysis software. Results There were 57 total eligible subjects. In the Asymmetry group, dAnt and dAnt_MF on the non-deviated side were significantly longer than the deviated side (p < 0.001). dInf_MF on the non-deviated side was also significantly longer than the deviated side (p = 0.001). Mandibular body length was significantly longer on the non-deviated side (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in length in the symphysis area (p = 0.623). In the Symmetry group, there was no difference between the left and right sides for all variables. Conclusion In asymmetric patients, there is a difference tendency in the ALIAN between the deviated and non-deviated sides. In patients with mandibular asymmetry, this should be considered during surgery in the anterior mandible.

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Three-dimensional in situ morphometrics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection within lesions by optical mesoscopy and novel acid-fast staining

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78640-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Robert J. Francis ◽

Gillian Robb ◽

Lee McCann ◽

Bhagwati Khatri ◽

James Keeble ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Large Field ◽

Staining Procedure ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Novel Approach

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) preclinical testing relies on in vivo models including the mouse aerosol challenge model. The only method of determining colony morphometrics of TB infection in a tissue in situ is two-dimensional (2D) histopathology. 2D measurements consider heterogeneity within a single observable section but not above and below, which could contain critical information. Here we describe a novel approach, using optical clearing and a novel staining procedure with confocal microscopy and mesoscopy, for three-dimensional (3D) measurement of TB infection within lesions at sub-cellular resolution over a large field of view. We show TB morphometrics can be determined within lesion pathology, and differences in infection with different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mesoscopy combined with the novel CUBIC Acid-Fast (CAF) staining procedure enables a quantitative approach to measure TB infection and allows 3D analysis of infection, providing a framework which could be used in the analysis of TB infection in situ.

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Dimensional Accuracy of Dental Models for Three-Unit Prostheses Fabricated by Various 3D Printing Technologies

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1550

Author(s):

Soo-Yeon Yoo ◽

Seong-Kyun Kim ◽

Seong-Joo Heo ◽

Jai-Young Koak ◽

Joung-Gyu Kim

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Accuracy ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Digital Light Processing ◽

Test Models ◽

Reference File ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Jet Printing ◽

3D Printed

Previous studies on accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) printed model focused on full arch measurements at few points. The aim of this study was to examine the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed models which were teeth-prepped for three-unit fixed prostheses, especially at margin and proximal contact areas. The prepped dental model was scanned with a desktop scanner. Using this reference file, test models were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP), Multi-Jet printing (MJP), and stereo-lithography apparatus (SLA) techniques. We calculated the accuracy (trueness and precision) of 3D-printed models on 3D planes, and deviations of each measured points at buccolingual and mesiodistal planes. We also analyzed the surface roughness of resin printed models. For overall 3D analysis, MJP showed significantly higher accuracy (trueness) than DLP and SLA techniques; however, there was not any statistically significant difference on precision. For deviations on margins of molar tooth and distance to proximal contact, MJP showed significantly accurate results; however, for a premolar tooth, there was no significant difference between the groups. 3D color maps of printed models showed contraction buccolingually, and surface roughness of the models fabricated by MJP technique was observed as the lowest. The accuracy of the 3D-printed resin models by DLP, MJP, and SLA techniques showed a clinically acceptable range to use as a working model for manufacturing dental prostheses

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Application of serial sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction to the study of taste bud ultrastructure and organization

Microscopy Research and Technique ◽

10.1002/jemt.1070290508 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 381-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Suzanne M. Royer ◽

John C. Kinnamon

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Taste Bud ◽

Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Serial Sectioning ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction

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Combining Serial Sectioning, EBSD Analysis, and Image-Based Finite Element Modeling

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/mrs2008.124 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 597-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

G. Spanos ◽

D.J. Rowenhorst ◽

A.C. Lewis ◽

A.B. Geltmacher

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Modeling ◽

Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Research Area ◽

Polycrystalline Materials ◽

Serial Sectioning ◽

3D Fem ◽

Element Modeling ◽

The Status

AbstractThis article first provides a brief review of the status of the subfield of three-dimensional (3D) materials analyses that combine serial sectioning, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and finite element modeling (FEM) of materials microstructures, with emphasis on initial investigations and how they led to the current state of this research area. The discussions focus on studies of the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials where 3D reconstructions of the microstructure—including crystallographic orientation information—are used as input into image-based 3D FEM simulations. The authors' recent work on a β-stabilized Ti alloy is utilized for specific examples to illustrate the capabilities of these experimental and modeling techniques, the challenges and the solutions associated with these methods, and the types of results and analyses that can be obtained by the close integration of experiments and simulations.

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An automated three-dimensional internal structure observation system based on high-speed serial sectioning of steel materials

Precision Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.precisioneng.2011.12.001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kazuhiro Fujisaki ◽

Norio Yamashita ◽

Hideo Yokota

Keyword(s):

Internal Structure ◽

High Speed ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Observation System ◽

Serial Sectioning ◽

Structure Observation

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Elevation angles and attenuation of gravity waves in the ionosphere

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-866 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jaroslav Chum ◽

Kateřina Podolska ◽

Jiri Base ◽

Jan Rusz

Keyword(s):

Gravity Waves ◽

Solar Minimum ◽

Rest Frame ◽

Solar Maximum ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Mean Value ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Doppler Shifts ◽

Wind Velocities ◽

One Year

&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Characteristics of gravity waves (GWs) are studied from multi-point and multi-frequency continuous Doppler sounding in the Czech Republic. Three dimensional (3D) phase velocities of GWs are determined from phase shifts between the signals reflecting from the ionosphere at different locations that are separated both vertically and horizontally; the reflection heights are determined by a nearby ionospheric sounder located in Pr&#367;honice. Wind-rest frame (intrinsic) velocities are calculated by subtracting the neutral wind velocities, obtained by HWM-14 wind model, from the observed GW velocities. In addition, attenuation of GWs with height was estimated from the amplitudes (Doppler shifts) observed at different altitudes. A statistical analysis was performed over two one-year periods: a) from July 2014 to June 2015 representing solar maximum b) from September 2018 to August 2019 representing solar minimum.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; The results show that the distribution of elevation angles of wave vectors in the wind&#8211;rest frame is significantly narrower than in the Earth frame (observed elevations). Possible differences were also found between the wind&#8211;rest frame elevation angles obtained for the solar maximum (mean value (around -24&#176;) and solar minimum (mean value round -37&#176;). However, it is demonstrated that the elevation angles partly depended on the daytime and day of year. As the distribution of the time intervals suitable for the 3D analysis in the daytime&#8211;day of year plane was partly different for solar maximum and minimum, no reliable conclusion about the possible dependence of elevation angles on the solar activity can be drawn.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; It is shown that the attenuation of GWs in the ionosphere was in average smaller at the lower heights. This is consistent with the idea that mainly viscous damping and losses due to thermal conductivity are responsible for the attenuation.&#160;&#160;

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Comparative Study of the Trueness of the Inner Surface of Crowns Fabricated from Three Types of Lithium Disilicate Blocks

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9091798 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1798 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Son ◽

Yu ◽

Yoon ◽

Lee

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Lithium Disilicate ◽

Correction Method ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Angular Region ◽

Second Molar ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Inner Surface ◽

Aided Design

This study set out to compare the three-dimensional (3D) trueness of crowns produced from three types of lithium disilicate blocks. The working model was digitized, and single crowns (maxillary left second molar) were designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. To produce a crown design model (CDM), a crown design file was extracted from the CAD software. In addition, using the CDM file and a milling machine (N = 20), three types of lithium disilicate blocks (e.max CAD, HASS Rosetta, and VITA Suprinity) were processed. To produce a crown scan model (CSM), the inner surface of each fabricated crown was digitized using a touch-probe scanner. In addition, using 3D inspection software, the CDM was partitioned (into marginal, axis, angular, and occlusal regions), the CDM and CSM were overlapped, and a 3D analysis was conducted. A Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05) was conducted with all-segmented teeth with the root mean square (RMS), and they were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U-test and the Bonferroni correction method as a post hoc test. There was a significant difference in the trueness of the crowns according to the type of lithium disilicate block (p < 0.001). The overall RMS value was at a maximum for e.max (42.9 ± 4.4 µm), followed by HASS (30.1 ± 9.0 µm) and then VITA (27.3 ± 7.9 µm). However, there was no significant difference between HASS and VITA (p = 0.541). There were significant differences in all regions inside the crown (p < 0.001). There was a significantly high trueness in the angular region inside the crown (p < 0.001). A correction could thus be applied in the CAD process, considering the differences in the trueness by the type of lithium disilicate block. In addition, to attain a crown with an excellent fit, it is necessary to provide a larger setting space for the angular region during the CAD process.

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