Do the adiponectin and leptin levels in preterm and term breast milk samples relate to infants’ short-term growth?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betul Kocaadam ◽  
Eda Koksal ◽  
Kudret Ebru Ozcan ◽  
Canan Turkyilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Term Infants

AbstractAdiponectin and leptin are involved in appetite control and body weight regulation. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between breast milk adipokine levels and short-term growth of preterm and term infants. Thirty-one preterm (median=35.3 weeks) and 34 term (median=38.7 weeks) infants were enrolled. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect adipokines in mature milk. Infant growth was followed during the first 3 months. Although weight gain in the first month was insufficient, positive linear growth was observed in the following months for preterm infants, while term infants had positive steady linear growth. The median level of adipokines was found to be higher in preterm infants (P>0.05). Adiponectin showed significant negative correlations with some anthropometric measurements of term infants. However, in preterm infants, adiponectin was negatively correlated with length increment and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) increment in the second–third month. In addition, leptin was negatively associated with the head circumference at birth in preterm infants and the triceps skinfold thickness increment in the first–second month term infants (P<0.05). In linear regression models, while gestational age, adiponectin and leptin were not related, maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI had effects on body weight increment in 0–1 months (P<0.05). In conclusion, adiponectin may affect short-term growth, while leptin has no important effect. It would be beneficial to carry out longitudinal studies to evaluate the effects of these adipokines on the growth of infants.

scholarly journals Changes in Antisecretory Factor in Human Milk During the Postpartum and Length of Gestation

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110213
Author(s):  
Anna Gustafsson ◽  
Ewa Johansson ◽  
Ewa Henckel ◽  
Stefan Lange ◽  
Kajsa Bohlin
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Donor Human Milk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Antisecretory Factor

Background Preterm infants are more susceptible to inflammatory complications than term infants. Human milk contains numerous bioactive components protecting the newborn infant. Antisecretory factor, a protein regulating secretory and inflammatory processes by complex binding with complement factors, is present in human milk. Research Aims To describe antisecretory factor (1) in mother’s own milk in term and preterm infants; and (2) in donor milk before and after Holder pasteurization. Methods The study was prospective, longitudinal, explorative, and descriptive. Antisecretory factor-compleasome was determined using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in longitudinal human milk samples over 12 weeks from mothers ( N = 87) of term ( n = 41) and of preterm ( n = 46) infants and 20 anonymized donor human milk samples before and after Holder pasteurization. Results Antisecretory factor-compleasome was overall higher in colostrum versus mature milk ( p < .001) and no difference was found in term or preterm colostrum ( p = .82). In mature milk, compleasome was higher and more variable in the preterm group ( p = .01). After Holder pasteurization, compleasome levels increased ( p < .001). Conclusion Antisecretory factor followed the pattern of other immunological factors with high levels in colostrum. After preterm birth, levels of antisecretory factor were higher and more variable in mature milk. Holder pasteurization did not degrade antisecretory factor, indicating preserved anti-inflammatory properties in donor human milk.

scholarly journals Prediction of school outcome after preterm birth: a cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Odd ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Alan M Emond
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Early Schooling ◽  
Educational Assessments ◽  
Educational Journal ◽  
Gestational Group ◽  
School Outcome

ObjectiveTo identify if the educational trajectories of preterm infants differ from those of their term peers.DesignThis work is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Educational measures were categorised into 10 deciles to allow comparison of measures across time periods. Gestational age was categorised as preterm (23–36 weeks) or term (37–42 weeks). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models were derived to examine the trajectories of decile scores across the study period. Gestational group was added as an interaction term to assess if the trajectory between educational measures varied between preterm and term infants. Adjustment for possible confounders was performed.SubjectsThe final dataset contained information on 12 586 infants born alive at between 23 weeks and 42 weeks of gestation.Main outcome measuresUK mandatory educational assessments (SATs) scores throughout educational journal (including final GCSE results at 16 years of age).ResultsPreterm infants had on average lower Key Stage (KS) scores than term children (−0.46 (−0.84 to −0.07)). However, on average, they gained on their term peers in each progressive measure (0.10 (0.01 to 0.19)), suggesting ‘catch up’ during the first few years at school. Preterm infants appeared to exhibit the increase in decile scores mostly between KS1 and KS2 (p=0.005) and little between KS2 and KS3 (p=0.182) or KS3 and KS4 (p=0.149).ConclusionsThis work further emphasises the importance of early schooling and environment in these infants and suggests that support, long after the premature birth, may have additional benefits.

scholarly journals Circulating Peptide YY Concentrations Are Higher in Preterm than Full-Term Infants and Correlate Negatively with Body Weight and Positively with Serum Ghrelin Concentrations

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2131-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Siahanidou ◽  
Helen Mandyla ◽  
Maria Vounatsou ◽  
Dimitris Anagnostakis ◽  
Ioannis Papassotiriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Serum Ghrelin

Abstract Background: Peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin are gastrointestinal tract–derived hormones that play roles in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Negative energy balance often occurs in hospitalized preterm infants. Methods: To measure serum concentrations of PYY in preterm and full-term infants and to investigate their correlations with anthropometric characteristics, food intake, and serum ghrelin concentrations, we measured serum PYY and ghrelin concentrations by RIA in 62 healthy preterm infants [mean (SD) gestational age, 32.0 (2.1) weeks; postnatal age, 40.9 (14.8) days] and 15 healthy full-term infants of comparable postnatal age. All of the infants were formula-fed every 3 h. Results: PYY concentrations were significantly higher in preterm [1126.2 (215.4) ng/L] than in full-term infants [825.3 (234.4) ng/L; P &lt;0.001]. In the entire study population, serum PYY concentrations correlated negatively with gestational age and anthropometric measurements (birth weight, body weight, body length, body mass index, and head circumference) and positively with serum ghrelin concentrations, whereas there was no significant correlation between PYY concentration and caloric intake or weight gain. Multiple regression analysis, after correction for prematurity, revealed that serum PYY concentrations correlated independently with serum ghrelin concentrations and infant body weight or body mass index. Conclusions: Circulating concentrations of PYY may increase in preterm infants to compensate for the negative body-weight balance. The physiologic mechanisms behind the correlation between PYY and ghrelin remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk—How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3815
Author(s):  
Anna Shunova ◽  
Katrin A. Böckmann ◽  
Michaela Minarski ◽  
Axel R. Franz ◽  
Cornelia Wiechers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Free Choline ◽  
Choline Intake

Choline/phosphatidylcholine concentrations are tightly regulated in all organs and secretions. During rapid organ growth in the third trimester, choline requirement is particularly high. Adequate choline intake is 17–18 mg/kg/day in term infants, whereas ~50–60 mg/kg/day is required to achieve fetal plasma concentrations in preterm infants. Whereas free choline is supplied via the placenta, other choline carriers characterize enteral feeding. We therefore quantified the concentrations and types of choline carriers and choline-related components in various infant formulae and fortifiers compared to breast milk, and calculated the supply at full feeds (150 mL/kg/day) using tandem mass spectrometry. Choline concentration in formula ranged from values below to far above that of breastmilk. Humana 0-VLB (2015: 60.7 mg/150 mL; 2020: 27.3 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil (2020: 34.7 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil HA (2020: 37.6 mg/150 mL) for preterm infants with weights < 1800 g, and Humana 0 (2020: 41.6 mg/150 mL) for those > 1800 g, comprised the highest values in formulae studied. Formulae mostly were rich in free choline or phosphatidylcholine rather than glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine (predominating in human milk). Most formulae (150 mL/kg/day) do not supply the amounts and physiologic components of choline required to achieve fetal plasma choline concentrations. A revision of choline content in formulae and breast milk fortifiers and a clear declaration of the choline components in formulae is required to enable informed choices.

scholarly journals Responses to a Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine in Preterm Infants Immunized at 2, 3, and 4 Months of Age

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1810-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Moss ◽  
A. C. Fenton ◽  
J. A. Toomey ◽  
A. J. Grainger ◽  
J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Type B ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Second Year

ABSTRACT Preterm infants are at an increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease infection and, additionally, have a diminished response to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines. There are little data examining the response of preterm infants to a seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). We examined the responses of preterm infants immunized at 2, 3, and 4 months of age to PCV7. A total of 133 preterm and 54 term infants were immunized with PCV7 and the Neisseria meningitidis group C (MCC), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, and Hib vaccines. Pneumococcal serotype-specific IgG was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) pre- and postimmunization and at 12 months or following a booster of PCV7. Term and preterm responses were compared using linear and logistic regression analyses. Term infants had higher preimmunization geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) for all serotypes. Preterm infants had lower postimmunization GMCs for serotype 23F. Gestational age affected postimmunization GMCs for serotypes 4, 6B, and 23F. Preterm infants were as likely to have levels of ≥0.35 μg/ml as term infants for all serotypes except 23F. The proportions of infants with titers of ≥0.35 μg/ml for all 7 serotypes were comparable between groups. A total of 28 of 29 term infants who received a booster had levels of ≥0.35 μg/ml for all serotypes. One infant had undetectable levels for serotype 6B. Of the 32 preterm infants boosted, 9 had levels of <0.35 μg/ml for 1 serotype, and 1 had levels of <0.35 μg/ml for 2 serotypes. In nonboosted infants, GMCs for all serotypes except 6B had fallen by 12 months of age. These results support the need for a booster dose in the second year of life.

Antioxidant Capacity of Breast Milk of Mothers who Delivered Prematurely is Higher Than That of Mothers who Delivered at Term

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Turhan ◽  
Atıcı ◽  
Muslu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean

Background: The total antioxidant capacity of plasma of preterm infants has been suggested to be lower than that of term infants. The objective of this study was to compare the total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely with that of mothers who delivered at term. Materials and Methods: A total of 71 breast milk samples were collected, 41 from mothers who delivered preterm (27 to 37 weeks) and 30 from mothers who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks). Results: The mean total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely was higher (2.19 ± 0.88 mmol/L) than that of mothers who delivered at term (1.7 ± 0.86 mmol/L) (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Breastfeeding may protect preterm infants against oxidative stress and related disorders in the neonatal period.

Committee Report Needs Clarification

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
H. L. Kafka
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Fortified Cereal ◽  
Breast Fed

McMillan et al. in their article "Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk" (Pediatrics 58:686, November 1976) made it clear that iron from breast milk is better absorbed than iron from any other source, and that it is therefore safe, at least from the point of view of iron deficiency, to breast feed an infant up to 18 months of age. In the same issue (p. 765) the Committee on Nutrition recommends that "iron supplementation from one or more sources should start no later than 4 months of age in term infants and no later than 2 months of age in preterm infants . . ." and a few lines later that ". . . In breast-fed infants the best source [of iron] is iron-fortified cereal, two portions per day. . . ." Yet the Committee states that "the needs of breast-fed infants for supplemental iron require more investigation."

scholarly journals Validation of energy requirement equations for estimation of breast milk consumption in infants

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2309-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Schoen ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo test equations for calculating infants’ energy requirements as a simple and reliable instrument for estimating the amount of breast milk consumed in epidemiological studies where test-weighing is not possible.DesignInfants’ energy requirements were calculated using three different equations based on reference data and compared with actual energy intakes assessed using the 3 d weighed dietary records of breast-fed infants from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study.SettingA sub-sample of 323 infants from the German DONALD Study who were predominantly breast-fed for at least the first four months of life, and who had 3 d weighed dietary records and repeated body weight measurements within the first year of life.SubjectsHealthy, term infants breast-fed for at least 4 months, 0–12 months of age.ResultsThe overall differences between measured energy intake and calculated energy requirements were quite small, never more than 10 % of total energy intake, and smaller than the mean variance of energy intake between the three days of recording. The equation of best fit incorporated body weight and recent growth, while the worst fit was found for the equation not considering body weight.ConclusionsBreast milk consumption in fully and partially breast-fed infants can be reasonably quantified by calculating the infants’ individual energy requirements via simple equations. This provides a feasible approach for estimating infant energy intake in epidemiological studies where test-weighing of breast milk is not possible.

Stem-Like Cell Characteristics from Breast Milk of Mothers with Preterm Infants as Compared to Mothers with Term Infants

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie-Ellen Briere ◽  
Todd Jensen ◽  
Jacqueline M. McGrath ◽  
Erin E. Young ◽  
Christine Finck
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Term Infants

scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

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