Where do pre-service teachers' educational psychological misconceptions come from?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Cordelia Menz ◽  
Birgit Spinath ◽  
Eva Seifried
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Educational Psychological

Abstract. Previous research has found a high prevalence of some (educational) psychological misconceptions (i.e., incorrect but often popular assumptions that contradict results from psychological research) among (pre-service) teachers. However, the number of topics that have been investigated is limited. Additionally, knowing the sources of misconceptions might be helpful for rebutting them. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence has been found to be important for informing (pre-service) teachers' practice, but personal experiences also are among the main sources of misconceptions. Therefore, we hypothesized that pre-service teachers would predominantly view sources of anecdotal evidence as the origin of their educational psychological beliefs in general and the main source of their misconceptions in particular. In an online survey (with correlational and quasi-experimental elements) of N = 836 pre-service teachers, we found that educational psychological misconceptions were less prevalent than expected but that pre-service teachers indeed mainly based their beliefs on sources of anecdotal evidence (personal experiences and narratives from other people) and that these nonscientific sources turned out to be the main sources of their misconceptions (comparison with scientific sources: d = 0.19 and d = 0.23). Furthermore, referring more to sources of anecdotal than scientific evidence (research and lectures) was associated with undesirable aspects, that is, more misconceptions ( d = 0.21) and less reduction of misconception endorsement through empirical refutation-style information ( d = 0.30) but not with a lower judgment of the view that it is possible to examine educational psychological topics scientifically. In sum, our results indicate that basing one's beliefs more on sources of anecdotal than scientific evidence is associated with outcomes that stand in contrast to evidence-based education. Future research should investigate why pre-service teachers concentrate on sources of anecdotal evidence, how to make sources of scientific evidence more tempting, and whether counteracting misconceptions by showing the downside of nonscientific sources is effective.

An Evidence-Based Review of Antitussive Herbs Containing Essential Oils in Traditional Persian Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayda Hosseinkhani ◽  
Bijan Ziaeian ◽  
Kamran Hessami ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas ◽  
Ali Kashkooe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Persian Medicine ◽  
Troublesome Symptom ◽  
Traditional Persian Medicine

Background: Cough is one of the most common medical symptoms for which medical advice is sought. Although cough is a protective reflex responsible for clearing the airways from secretions and foreign bodies, it can be a troublesome symptom that causes discomfort to patients. Due to the increasing interest in herbal remedies in the both developed and developing countries, in the current study, we aimed to overview medicinal herbs containing essential oils used as antitussive agents according to the Traditional Persian Medicine [TPM] textbooks. We summarized the relevant scientific evidence on their possible pharmacological actions. Methods: To collect the evidence for treatment of cough or “seaal” [cough in ancient books] from TPM sources, five main medicinal Persian manuscripts were studied. The antitussive herbs were listed and their scientific names were identified and authenticated in accordance with botanical reference books. ScienceDirect and PubMed online databases were searched for related mechanisms of action of the reported medicinal plants. Results: The number of 49 herbs containing essential oils were recommended in TPM for the treatment of cough; 21 of them had at least one known mechanism of action for cough suppression in the scientific literature. According to this review, most of the cited medicinal plants were assessed for either nitric oxide inhibitory or antitussive/expectorant activities. Conclusion: In addition to advantageous effects of antitussive herbs noted by TPM, the present review highlighted some recent evidence-based data on these promising candidates that could be used as an outline for future research on their medicinal use.

Self-Management of Arthritis

2017 ◽  
pp. 171-196
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Brooks ◽  
Kanako Iwanaga ◽  
Fong Chan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Arthritis is ranked among the top causes of disability in the United States and worldwide. Despite recent improvements in medications and medical treatment, there is no known cure for arthritis. Providing evidence-based psychoeducation and counseling services to people with arthritis lessens the impact of pain-related symptoms and disability on the individual and society. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the most common arthritic conditions, co-occurring physical conditions, and psychosocial factors associated with arthritis. Barriers to self-management and existing self-management programs are also discussed along with the current state of scientific evidence. The chapter concludes with some questions for future research.

scholarly journals Current therapy for the upper limb after stroke: a cross-sectional survey of UK therapists

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e030262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Stockley ◽  
Rosemary Peel ◽  
Kathryn Jarvis ◽  
Louise Connell
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Constraint Induced Movement Therapy ◽  
Therapy Interventions ◽  
The Uk

ObjectivesTo survey the reported content, frequency and duration of upper limb treatment provided by occupational and physiotherapists for people after stroke in the UK.DesignA cross-sectional online survey was used. Description and analysis of the data were based on items from the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (Who, Where, What and How much).SettingThe online survey was distributed via professional and social networks to UK-based therapists.ParticipantsRespondents were occupational or physiotherapists currently working clinically in the UK with people after stroke. Over the 6 week data collection period, 156 respondents opened the survey, and 154 completed it. Respondents comprised 85 physiotherapists and 69 occupational therapists.ResultsRespondents reported treating the upper limb a median of three times a week (range: 1 to 7) for a mean of 29 min (SD: 18). Most (n=110) stated this was supplemented by rehabilitation assistants, family and/or carers providing additional therapy a median of three times a week (range 1 to 7). Functional training was the most commonly reported treatment for people with mild and moderate upper limb deficits (>40%). There was much less consistency in treatments reported for people with severe upper limb deficits with less than 20% (n=28) reporting the same treatments.ConclusionsThis study provides a contemporaneous description of reported therapy in the UK for people with upper limb deficits after stroke and a detailed template to inform standard therapy interventions in future research. Several evidence-based therapies were reported to be used by respondents (eg, constraint induced movement therapy), but others were not (eg, mental imagery). The findings also highlight that the current reported provision of upper limb therapy is markedly less than what is likely to be effective. This underlines an urgent need to configure and fund services to empower therapists to deliver greater amounts of evidence-based treatment for people with upper limb deficits after stroke.

Self-Directed Approaches to the Treatment of Depression

2016 ◽  
pp. 468-477
Author(s):  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Annet Kleiboer
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
The Common

This article examines self-directed approaches to the treatment of depression. It first considers some of the reasons why the uptake of mental health services by depressed people is low, despite the high prevalence of depressive disorders and the availability of evidence-based treatments. It then looks at the role of self-management in increasing access to evidence-based treatments for depression. It also defines what self-directed treatments are and goes on to discuss the different types of self-directed therapy, the common components of self-directed interventions for depression, Internet-based interventions for depression, and the advantages and disadvantages of self-directed interventions. Finally, it summarizes the findings from research on self-directed interventions for depression and suggests directions for future research and development in this area. Some titles of self-help books that can be used in self-directed interventions are presented.

scholarly journals Utilisation of evidence-based practices by ASD early intervention service providers

Autism ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M Paynter ◽  
Sarah Ferguson ◽  
Kathryn Fordyce ◽  
Annette Joosten ◽  
Sofia Paku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Evidence Based Practices ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Intervention Service

A number of autism intervention practices have been demonstrated to be effective. However, the use of unsupported practices persists in community early intervention settings. Recent research has suggested that personal, professional and workplace factors may influence intervention choices. The aim of this research was to investigate knowledge and use of strategies, organisational culture, individual attitudes, sources of information and considerations informing intervention choices by early intervention providers. An online survey was completed by 72 early intervention providers from four organisations across Australia. Providers reported high levels of trust and access of information from internal professional development, therapists and external professional development. A range of considerations including child factors, family values and research were rated as important in informing intervention choices. Participants reported greater knowledge and use of evidence-based and emerging practices than unsupported. Levels of use were linked to levels of knowledge, as well as some organisational and attitudinal factors. Areas for future research and implications are discussed.

O-215 How common is add-on use and how do patients decide whether to use them? A national survey of IVF patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lensen ◽  
K Hammarberg ◽  
A Polyakov ◽  
J Wilkinson ◽  
S Whyte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Oocyte Donation ◽  
Patient Recall ◽  
Effectiveness Factors ◽  
Ivf Failure ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Registration Number

Abstract Study question How common is IVF add-on use in Australia, and what drives the use? Summary answer Most women (82%) had used one or more IVF add-ons and more than half (54%) first learned about the add-ons from their fertility specialist. What is known already IVF add-ons are procedures, techniques or medicines which may be considered nonessential to IVF, usually used in attempts to improve the probability of conception and live birth. Despite widespread concern about unproven IVF add-ons, information about the prevalence of their use is limited because these data are not available in national registries or datasets. Study design, size, duration Women who had undergone IVF in Australia since 2017 were recruited via social media. Women were excluded if they were gestational surrogates, had used a surrogate, or underwent IVF for oocyte donation or elective oocyte cryopreservation only. Eligible women completed an online survey which was open from 21st June to 14th July 2020. Participants/materials, setting, methods Survey questions included demographics, IVF and medical history, and questions specifically about IVF add-ons such as: the type of add-ons used, information sources consulted, and where participants first heard about add-ons. Women also responded to questions about the importance of scientific evidence regarding safety and effectiveness, factors considered in decision-making around add-on use and the presence of any decision regret. Main results and the role of chance A total of 1,590 responses were analyzed after excluding 287 ineligible responses. Participants were generally representative of women who undergo IVF in Australia in terms of age, indication for IVF, and use of ICSI for fertilisation. Most women had used at least one add-on (82%), and these were usually associated with an additional fee (72%). It was most common to first learn about IVF add-ons from the fertility specialist (54%), and most women reported that they and their specialist contributed equally to the decision to use add-ons. Women viewed scientific evidence for safety and effectiveness as very important on a scale from 0-100, an importance score over 90 was selected by more than half of the participants. Additionally, many (49%) assumed that add-ons were risk-free. Most women experienced regret at the decision to use IVF add-ons (66%), and this regret was greatest among women who experienced IVF failure when using add-ons (83%) and those who believed that the specialist drove the decision to use the add-ons (75%). Limitations, reasons for caution This was a retrospective survey of IVF patients, therefore it may suffer from bias due to patient recall. It does not consider the perspective of the IVF clinic or fertility specialist. Certain questions may be more prone to biased responses, such as those regarding who contributed to decision making. Wider implications of the findings The high prevalence of add-on use is likely generalizable to other settings where IVF treatment is largely private. Although women viewed scientific evidence as very important, most had used unproven IVF add-ons. This might suggest that women were not aware of the lack of robust evidence to support their use. Trial registration number Not applicable

Training General Practitioners in Evidence-Based Tobacco Treatment: An Evaluation of the Tobacco Treatment Training Network in Crete (TiTAN-Crete) Intervention

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Girvalaki ◽  
Sophia Papadakis ◽  
Constantine Vardavas ◽  
Andrew L. Pipe ◽  
Eleni Petridou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Tobacco Treatment ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Background. Rates of tobacco treatment delivery in primary care are suboptimal. Aims. We report on the effectiveness of the TiTAN Crete intervention on rates of patient-reported 4As (ask, advise, assist, arrange) tobacco treatment and general practitioner’s (GP) knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions. Methods. A quasi-experimental pilot study with pre-post evaluation was conducted in Crete, Greece (2015-2016). GPs ( n = 24) intervention and control group and a cross-sectional sample of their patients ( n = 841) were surveyed before the implementation of the intervention. GPs in the intervention group received training, practice, and patient tools to support the integration of the 4As treatment into clinical routines. Intervention group GPs ( n = 14) and a second cross-sectional sample of patients ( n = 460) were surveyed 4 months following the intervention to assess changes in outcomes of interest. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze data. Results. Among GPs exposed to the intervention, significant increases in knowledge, self-efficacy, and rates of 4As delivery were documented between the pre- and postassessment and compared with those of the control group. Specifically, the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 4As delivery between the pre-and postassessment among GPs exposed to the TiTAN intervention were as follows: Ask AOR 3.66 (95% CI [2.61, 5.14]); Advise AOR 4.21 (95% CI [3.02, 5.87]); Assist AOR 13.10 (95% CI [8.83, 19.42]) and Arrange AOR 4.75 (95% CI [2.67, 8.45]). Conclusion. We found significant increases in rates at which GPs delivered evidence-based tobacco treatment following exposure to the TiTAN intervention. Future research should examine methods for supporting broader dissemination of well-designed training interventions in general practice.

Common Practice Elements for Improving Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Outcomes of Young Elementary School Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Sutherland ◽  
Maureen A. Conroy ◽  
Bryce D. McLeod ◽  
Rachel Kunemund ◽  
Kim McKnight
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Practice Elements ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Students With Ebd

Improving social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes of students with and at-risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) remains a challenge for educators, and it has long been noted that teachers do not consistently use effective instructional practices with students with EBD. Identifying evidence-based practices that address the problems experienced by students with EBD is a priority for the field, but there exist implementation challenges in authentic classroom settings. The purpose of this article is to address one implementation barrier by distilling the common practice elements found in evidence-based programs (EBPs) and practices delivered by teachers designed to target the social, emotional, and behavioral problems in young students. We conducted a systematic review of EBPs and early elementary classroom practices that have been evaluated in randomized group designs, quasi-experimental designs, and single-case experimental designs. A total of 103 articles employing 68 group ( n = 53 randomized group designs, n = 15 quasi-experimental designs) and 35 single-case designs were identified, and an iterative process was used to identify common practice elements. Twenty-five practice elements were identified and submitted to review by experts. After expert review, 24 practice elements remained. Implications for practice and training as well as future research are discussed.

scholarly journals How do we Read Online: The Effect of the Internet on Reading Behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Channa Herath
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Online Reading ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
The Impact

<p>Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore online and offline reading and determine the differences between them while assessing the impact of the Internet and online environment on individuals' reading behaviour. Design/methodology/approach This study followed a sequential mixed-method approach and employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. First, two focus groups were carried out to obtain a range of opinions on the topic and identify unforeseen areas. Subsequently, an online survey was applied to a representative sample of individuals from multiple countries. Findings People used different media for different purposes. They read a range of paper materials throughout the day in various locations to gain knowledge, for pleasure, for mood change, to escape, and out of obligation. They also read a range of online materials due to the availability of a large choice, efficiency, accessibility, low cost, up-to-date nature, and environmental considerations. The different media revealed different reading patterns. With an increasing amount of time spent on reading online, a screen based reading behaviour is emerging. Skim reading, scanning, and speed reading were evident while less time was spent on in depth reading leading to less comprehension and content absorption/recall levels. There was a lower attention span on online materials therefore less concentration was also identified. Reduced relaxation levels were evident therefore the majority of individuals printed online materials to read. Overall, the amount people read had increased over time due to the vast amount of reading materials. Research limitations/ implications Online reading strategies and skills are required to address the identified impacts. Future research can be extended to more scientific evidence to justify these findings. It would also be fascinating to examine how new additions to online reading devices influence or alter the online reading behaviour. Originality/value One of the few studies that analyses the impact of the online environment on individuals'  reading behaviour. In this sense, it provides a significant contribution to both academic literature and practitioners.</p>

Adapting Evidence-Based Practice for Sexual and Gender Minorities

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
John E. Pachankis ◽  
Steven A. Safren
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Psychotherapy Process Research ◽  
Gender Minorities ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

This chapter reviews the history of scientific evidence regarding sexual and gender minority (SGM) mental health, from the unscientific, homophobic theories of the early 20th century to the pioneering research that paved the way for the accurate evidence on SGM mental health that researchers currently possess and continue to acquire. This chapter also discusses historical impediments to creating evidence-based treatments for SGM mental health, including a lack of clear treatment targets and treatment studies specific to SGM, as well as the recent progress toward overcoming these barriers as illustrated in the chapters throughout this handbook. The chapter offers several justifications for the widespread use and dissemination of evidence-based treatments with SGM, including ethical, professional, and scientific considerations in this pursuit. Finally, it provides suggestions for future research to advance evidence-based practice for SGM, spanning psychiatric epidemiology to psychotherapy process research.

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