Hostile and Hardened? An Experimental Study on (De-)Sensitization to Violence and Suffering Through Playing Video Games

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frithjof Staude-Müller ◽  
Thomas Bliesener ◽  
Stefanie Luthman
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Physiological Measurement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
Spiral Model ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Game Violence ◽  
First Person Shooter ◽  
Physiological Reactions

This study tests whether playing violent video games leads to desensitization and increased cardiovascular responding. In a laboratory experiment, 42 men spent 20 min playing either a high- or low-violence version of a “first-person shooter” game. Arousal (heart rate, respiration rate) was measured continuously. After playing the game, emotional responses to aversive and aggressive stimuli - pictures from Lang, Bradley, and Cuthbert’s (1999) International Affective Picture System - were assessed with self-ratings and physiological measurement (skin conductance). Results showed no differences in the judgments of emotional responses to the stimuli. However, different effects of game violence emerged in the physiological reactions to the different types of stimulus material. Participants in the high-violence condition showed significantly weaker reactions (desensitization) to aversive stimuli and reacted significantly more strongly (sensitization) to aggressive cues. No support was found for the arousal hypothesis. Post-hoc analyses are used to discuss possible moderating influences of gaming experience and player’s trait aggressiveness in terms of the General Aggression Model ( Anderson & Bushman, 2001 ) and the Downward Spiral Model ( Slater, Henry, Swaim, & Anderson, 2003 ).

Null Effects of Game Violence, Game Difficulty, and 2D:4D Digit Ratio on Aggressive Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hilgard ◽  
Christopher R. Engelhardt ◽  
Jeffrey N. Rouder ◽  
Ines L. Segert ◽  
Bruce D. Bartholow
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
First Person ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Prenatal Testosterone ◽  
Play Session ◽  
Game Violence ◽  
First Person Shooter

Researchers have suggested that acute exposure to violent video games is a cause of aggressive behavior. We tested this hypothesis by using violent and nonviolent games that were closely matched, collecting a large sample, and using a single outcome. We randomly assigned 275 male undergraduates to play a first-person-shooter game modified to be either violent or less violent and hard or easy. After completing the game-play session, participants were provoked by a confederate and given an opportunity to behave aggressively. Neither game violence nor game difficulty predicted aggressive behavior. Incidentally, we found that 2D:4D digit ratio, thought to index prenatal testosterone exposure, did not predict aggressive behavior. Results do not support acute violent-game exposure and low 2D:4D ratio as causes of aggressive behavior.

Perfectionism in the transition to university: Comparing diathesis-stress and downward spiral models of depressive symptoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby L. Levine ◽  
Marina Milyavskaya
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Personal Standards ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
Personal Standards Perfectionism ◽  
Spiral Model ◽  
Diathesis Stress Model

Transitioning to university may be especially difficult for students who expect perfection from themselves. Self-critical perfectionism has consistently been linked to poor mental health. The current study compares a diathesis-stress and a downward spiral model, to determine why self-critical perfectionism is detrimental for mental health during this transition. First-year students (N=658) were recruited prior to beginning university in August and contacted again in October, January, and April. Participants completed measures on perfectionism, stress and depressive symptoms. Evidence was found for a downward spiral model with self-critical perfectionism, but not a diathesis-stress model. Students higher in self-critical perfectionism were more likely to experience increased stress and depressive symptoms in a circular and additive manner. Conversely, students higher in personal standards perfectionism experienced less stress and subsequent depressive symptoms. This research provides a theoretical model for why self-critical perfectionism is related to poor mental health outcomes which become sustained over time.

scholarly journals When Does HARKing Hurt? Identifying When Different Types of Undisclosed Post Hoc Hypothesizing Harm Scientific Progress

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Post Hoc

Hypothesizing after the results are known, or HARKing, occurs when researchers check their research results and then add or remove hypotheses on the basis of those results without acknowledging this process in their research report ( Kerr, 1998 ). In the present article, I discuss 3 forms of HARKing: (a) using current results to construct post hoc hypotheses that are then reported as if they were a priori hypotheses; (b) retrieving hypotheses from a post hoc literature search and reporting them as a priori hypotheses; and (c) failing to report a priori hypotheses that are unsupported by the current results. These 3 types of HARKing are often characterized as being bad for science and a potential cause of the current replication crisis. In the present article, I use insights from the philosophy of science to present a more nuanced view. Specifically, I identify the conditions under which each of these 3 types of HARKing is most and least likely to be bad for science. I conclude with a brief discussion about the ethics of each type of HARKing.

scholarly journals Biaxial flexural strength of different types of monolithic zirconia

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. Process
Author(s):  
Shereen Ahmed Nossair ◽  
Tarek Salah ◽  
Kamal Khaled Ebeid
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Dental Esthetics ◽  
Biaxial Flexural Strength ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Post Hoc

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of different types of unshaded and shaded monolithic zirconia. Material and Methods: 120 monolithic zirconia ceramic discs were fabricated. They were divided into twelve groups (n=10), Group 1; Bruxzir unshaded, Group 2; Bruxzir shaded A2, Group 3; Bruxzir anterior white, Group 4; Bruxzir anterior shade A2, Group 5; Prettau unshaded, Group 6; Prettau shaded with A2 coloring liquid, Group 7; Prettau anterior white, Group 8; Prettau anterior shaded with A2 coloring liquid, Group 9; Katana HT white, Group 10; Katana HT shade A2, Group 11; Katana ST white, Group 12; Katana ST shade A2. All discs were milled using a dental milling machine, and had final dimensions after sintering of 15 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. BFS was tested using piston on three ball technique. Results:  One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among the 12 groups. Tukey post-hoc tests revealed no significant differences between the groups 3, 4, ,7 ,8 11, and 12. However, they all had BFS values that are significantly lower than all other groups. Group 2 showed statistically significant higher BFS values when compared to group 3,4, 7, 8, 11, and 12 while it showed statistically significant lower values when compared to groups 1, 5, 6, 9, and 10. Conclusion: Increase in the yttria content in zirconia led to a decrease in its BFS. Shading of zirconia did not have a significant effect on the final strength of zirconia. KeywordsDental ceramics; Dental esthetics; Flexural strength; Shaded zirconia. 

scholarly journals Differential Expression of Claudin in Odontogenic Cysts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekarat Phattarataratip ◽  
Kraisorn Sappayatosok
Keyword(s):  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Odontogenic Cyst ◽  
Odontogenic Cysts ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Dentigerous Cysts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Abstract Objective This study aimed to analyze claudin-1, -4, and -7 expression in different types of odontogenic cysts (odontogenic keratocysts [OKCs], dentigerous cysts [DCs], calcifying odontogenic cysts [COCs], and radicular cysts [RCs]) as well as its association with OKC recurrence. Materials and Methods Seventy samples of odontogenic cysts samples were immunohistochemically stained to detect claudin-1, -4, and -7 expression. Patient information and OKC recurrence data were recorded. The staining was analyzed semiquantitatively and categorized based on the pattern and percentage of positively stained cystic epithelial cells. Statistical Analysis Expression of different claudins between groups was analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's test, followed by post hoc pairwise comparison. The association between claudin expression and OKC recurrence was analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U test. Correlations among claudin expression were examined with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Level of significance was at p < 0.005. Results Claudin-1 was widely expressed in every odontogenic cyst. Most DCs (50%) expressed claudin-1 in more than 75% of cells, as did RCs (65%), while most OKCs (50%) expressed claudin-1 in 26 to 50% of cells. Most COCs (50%) expressed claudin-1 in 51 to 75% of cells. Every sample of OKC and RC was positive for claudin-4, but no sample showed staining in more than 51% of cells. Every odontogenic cyst was positive for claudin-7. DCs (35%), OKCs (55%), and RCs (40%) mostly showed staining in 26 to 50% of cells. High claudin-1 expression was shown in COCs, DCs, and RCs, while low expression of claudin-4 was shown in every odontogenic cyst. For claudin-7, the expression is high only in COCs. Claudin-1 and -4 was significantly different among each odontogenic cyst. High expression of claudin-1 was correlated with OKC recurrence. The correlations of claudin-1 with claudin-7 expression and claudin-4 with claudin-7 expression were significant in DCs. In COCs, claudin-1 and claudin-7 expression was significantly correlated. Conclusions The expression of claudin-1, -4, and -7 was present in every odontogenic cyst, but the proportion of positive staining cells was different. Expression of claudin-1 is associated with OKC recurrence. Dysregulation of claudin expression may play a pathogenic role in cyst pathogenesis.

SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS ON AFFECTIVE RESPONSES OF WOMEN AND MEN USING ECG CHARACTERISTICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (05) ◽  
pp. 1750032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ateke Goshvarpour ◽  
Atefeh Goshvarpour ◽  
Ataollah Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Affective Response ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Physiological Reactions

Sleep deprivation adversely affects the psychological and physiological functions, but little information about the effects of poor sleeping on the emotional responses of individuals are available. In the present study, the effect of one night insufficient sleep on the emotional responses to visual stimuli was appraised using electrocardiogram (ECG) measures. We also tested the hypothesis that men and women differ in affective response, considering the sleep quantity. ECG signals of university students (20 men and 20 women) were recorded while viewing affective pictures. Images were selected from the International Affective Picture System and categorized as happy, fear, sadness, and relax. The data were characterized using 14 time- and frequency-based features. The Wilcoxon statistical test was applied to examine significant differences between two groups of insufficient and normal sleep. A significant effect of ECG parameters was observed in deficient sleep on the emotional responses. Mode, RMS, and mean power show the largest effect size in all affective states. Among the affective states, the most significant differences between the two groups were perceived while watching sad and relaxed pictures. In addition, analysis of affective ECG measures in men and women distinctly revealed that lack of sleeping is more pronounced in men. Sleep is associated with the emotional responses. Our results confirmed the effect of gender on affective physiological reactions.

Violent Video Games, Mass Shootings, and the Supreme Court

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Violent Video Games ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Video Game Violence ◽  
Game Violence

The issue of video game violence continues to attract attention from the legal and policy communities, particularly in the wake of mass shootings. However, focusing on video game violence has generally not resulted in successful legal or public policy. In part this is because the science upon which beliefs of “harm” in video game violence are based remains inconsistent and heavily disputed. The current article examines several issues. First, the article examines the current evidence about video game violence influences on negative outcomes in players. Second, the article concerns itself with the application of video game science to several recent legal cases, involving both criminal prosecutions and attempted regulation/censorship of video game violence in the United States. Finally, the manuscript addresses several common talking points used in legal cases and by policy makers and examines whether these talking statements survive careful scientific scrutiny. It is advised that, consistent with the legal decisions and government reviews in the United States, Sweden, Australia, and elsewhere, current evidence does not support the regulation of violent video games, and legal or policy attempts to connect video game violence to specific crimes are unlikely to survive careful scrutiny.

Symptom Responses to a Continuum of Sexual Trauma

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie M. Carretta ◽  
Ann W. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Symptom Presentation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Post Hoc

This study reports the findings of an anonymous web-based survey to test differences in symptom presentation (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) among women who experienced different types of sexual trauma (forcible, pressured, sex stress). The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design with an online convenience sample of 243 adult females living primarily in the United States. The findings revealed that there was a statistically significant difference among type of sexual trauma groups for depression (p = .013) and PTSD (p = .044) but not for anxiety (p = .183). Post hoc analysis of the overall difference in depression revealed that the multiple rape type group (p = .010) and the forcible sex group (p = .016) had higher levels of depression.

Communication and Media

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Bradley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Globalization ◽  
Music Film ◽  
Country People

The field of communication is large and varied. There are different types and levels of communication. Mass communication allows for mass media: books, newspapers, magazines, recorded sound/music, film, radio, television, video games, and the internet. Scholars have identified a handful of common functions of the media. The chief function of media is that of entertainment – providing diversion. Though it varies from country to country, people are spending much more time with the media than at any time in history, often spending more time with media than sleeping. This chapter discusses a number of concepts and terms related to contemporary mass media: globalization, digitalization, convergence, consolidation, fragmentation, personalization, and (hyper) commercialization.

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