scholarly journals Sex Differences in Stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2100-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy AM Haast ◽  
Deborah R Gustafson ◽  
Amanda J Kiliaan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormone ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Impact

Sex differences in stroke are observed across epidemiologic studies, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes. These sex differences have profound implications for effective prevention and treatment and are the focus of this review. Epidemiologic studies reveal a clear age-by-sex interaction in stroke prevalence, incidence, and mortality. While premenopausal women experience fewer strokes than men of comparable age, stroke rates increase among postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men. This postmenopausal phenomenon, in combination with living longer, are reasons for women being older at stroke onset and suffering more severe strokes. Thus, a primary focus of stroke prevention has been based on sex steroid hormone-dependent mechanisms. Sex hormones affect different (patho)physiologic functions of the cerebral circulation. Clarifying the impact of sex hormones on cerebral vasculature using suitable animal models is essential to elucidate male–female differences in stroke pathophysiology and development of sex-specific treatments. Much remains to be learned about sex differences in stroke as anatomic and genetic factors may also contribute, revealing its multifactorial nature. In addition, the aftermath of stroke appears to be more adverse in women than in men, again based on older age at stroke onset, longer prehospital delays, and potentially, differences in treatment.

Role of sex hormones in lung cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110196
Author(s):  
Nathalie Fuentes ◽  
Miguel Silva Rodriguez ◽  
Patricia Silveyra
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Lung Carcinogenesis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Cancer Rates

Lung cancer represents the world’s leading cause of cancer deaths. Sex differences in the incidence and mortality rates for various types of lung cancers have been identified, but the biological and endocrine mechanisms implicated in these disparities have not yet been determined. While some cancers such as lung adenocarcinoma are more commonly found among women than men, others like squamous cell carcinoma display the opposite pattern or show no sex differences. Associations of tobacco product use rates, susceptibility to carcinogens, occupational exposures, and indoor and outdoor air pollution have also been linked to differential rates of lung cancer occurrence and mortality between sexes. While roles for sex hormones in other types of cancers affecting women or men have been identified and described, little is known about the influence of sex hormones in lung cancer. One potential mechanism identified to date is the synergism between estrogen and some tobacco compounds, and oncogene mutations, in inducing the expression of metabolic enzymes, leading to enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA adducts, and subsequent lung carcinogenesis. In this review, we present the literature available regarding sex differences in cancer rates, associations of male and female sex hormones with lung cancer, the influence of exogenous hormone therapy in women, and potential mechanisms mediated by male and female sex hormone receptors in lung carcinogenesis. The influence of biological sex on lung disease has recently been established, thus new research incorporating this variable will shed light on the mechanisms behind the observed disparities in lung cancer rates, and potentially lead to the development of new therapeutics to treat this devastating disease.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bédard ◽  
Louise Corneau ◽  
Benoît Lamarche ◽  
Sylvie Dodin ◽  
Simone Lemieux
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Insulin Homeostasis ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

Objective. To document sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on glucose/insulin homeostasis and to verify whether these sex-related effects were associated with changes in nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA).Methods. All foods were provided to 38 men and 32 premenopausal women (24–53 y) during 4 weeks. Variables were measured during a 180 min OGTT before and after the MedDiet.Results. A sex-by-time interaction for plasma insulin iAUC was found (men: −17.8%,P=0.02; women: +9.4%,P=0.63;Pfor sex-by-time interaction = 0.005). A sex-by-time interaction was also observed for insulin sensitivity (Cederholm index,P=0.03), for which only men experienced improvements (men: +8.1%,P=0.047; women: −5.9%,P=0.94). No sex difference was observed for glucose and C-peptide responses. Trends toward a decrease in NEFA AUC (P=0.06) and an increase in NEFA suppression rate (P=0.06) were noted, with no sex difference. Changes in NEFA were not associated with change in insulin sensitivity.Conclusions. Results suggest that the more favorable changes in glucose/insulin homeostasis observed in men compared to women in response to the MedDiet are not explained by sex differences in NEFA response. This clinical trial is registered with clinicaltrials.govNCT01293344.

scholarly journals An Insight into the Sex Differences in COVID-19 Patients: What are the Possible Causes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Maleki Dana ◽  
Fatemeh Sadoughi ◽  
Jamal Hallajzadeh ◽  
Zatollah Asemi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Mansournia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Hormonal Levels

AbstractStudies have reported a sex bias in case fatalities of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it is observed that men have a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease compared to women, highlighting the importance of disaggregated data of male and female COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, other factors (eg, hormonal levels and immune functions) also need to be addressed due to the effects of sex differences on the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. An insight into the underlying causes of sex differences in COVID-19 patients may provide an opportunity for better care of the patients or prevention of the disease. The current study reviews the reports concerning with the sex differences in COVID-19 patients. It is explained how sex can affect angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), that is a key component for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and summarized the gender differences in immune responses and how sex hormones are involved in immune processes. Furthermore, the available data about the impact of sex hormones on the immune functions of COVID-19 cases are looked into.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Ischemic Stroke Sensitivity Are Influenced by Gonadal Hormones, Not by Sex Chromosome Complement

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharti Manwani ◽  
Kathryn Bentivegna ◽  
Sharon E Benashski ◽  
Venugopal Reddy Venna ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Male Mice

Epidemiologic studies have shown sex differences in ischemic stroke. The four core genotype (FCG) mouse model, in which the testes determining gene, Sry, has been moved from Y chromosome to an autosome, was used to dissociate the effects of sex hormones from sex chromosome in ischemic stroke outcome. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in gonad intact FCG mice revealed that gonadal males (XXM and XYM) had significantly higher infarct volumes as compared with gonadal females (XXF and XYF). Serum testosterone levels were equivalent in adult XXM and XYM, as was serum estrogen in XXF and XYF mice. To remove the effects of gonadal hormones, gonadectomized FCG mice were subjected to MCAO. Gonadectomy significantly increased infarct volumes in females, while no change was seen in gonadectomized males, indicating that estrogen loss increases ischemic sensitivity. Estradiol supplementation in gonadectomized FCG mice rescued this phenotype. Interestingly, FCG male mice were less sensitive to effects of hormones. This may be due to enhanced expression of the transgene Sry in brains of FCG male mice. Sex differences in ischemic stroke sensitivity appear to be shaped by organizational and activational effects of sex hormones, rather than sex chromosomal complement.

The impact of gastric bypass surgery on sex hormones and menstrual cycles in premenopausal women

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Mandrup Kjær ◽  
Sten Madsbad ◽  
David M. Hougaard ◽  
Arieh S. Cohen ◽  
Lisbeth Nilas
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Bypass Surgery ◽  
Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Sex differences in vascular function: implication of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

2008 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada C Villar ◽  
Adrian J Hobbs ◽  
Amrita Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Circulating Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

The vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis by controlling vascular tone, coagulation, and inflammatory responses. These actions are exerted by endothelial factors including nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The greater incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men and postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women implies a vasoprotective phenotype of females, which may be influenced by sex hormones. These hormones, particularly estrogen, have modulatory effects on the endothelium and circulating cells that have been implicated in vascular inflammation and in the development of CVD. EDHF seems to be the predominant endothelial factor in the resistance vasculature of females and this mediator could afford the beneficial cardiovascular risk profile observed in premenopausal woman. In this review, we discuss sex differences in EDHF biology and how sex hormones can modulate EDHF responses. We also review the implication of sex hormone-dependent regulation of EDHF in inflammatory processes, platelet function, and repair after vascular damage, each of which have a critical role in several aspects of the pathogenesis of CVD.

scholarly journals Sex differences in incidence and mortality of bloodstream infections. Results from the population-based HUNT study in Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randi Marie Mohus ◽  
Lise T. Gustad ◽  
Anne Sofie Furberg ◽  
Martine Kjølberg Moen ◽  
Kristin Vardheim Liyanarachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of sex on risk of bloodstream infections (BSI) and BSI mortality and to assess to what extent known risk factors for BSI mediate this association in the general population.ParticipantsThe prospective, population-based HUNT2 Survey (1995-97) in Norway invited 93,898 inhabitants ≥20 years in the Nord-Trøndelag region, whereof 65,237 (69.5%) participated. 46.8% of the participants were men.ExposuresSex and potential mediators between sex and BSI; health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption), education attainment, cardiovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure, non-HDL cholesterol, body mass index) and previous or current comorbidities.Main outcome measuresSex differences in risk of first-time BSI, BSI mortality (death within first 30 days after a BSI), BSI caused by the most frequent bacteria, and the impact of known BSI risk factors as mediators.ResultsWe documented a first-time BSI for 1,840 (2.9%) participants (51.3% men) during a median follow-up of 14.8 years. Of these, 396 (0.6%) died (56.6% men). Men had 41% higher risk of any first-time BSI (95% confidence interval (CI), 28 to 54%) than women. An estimated 34% of the excess risk of BSI in men was mediated by known BSI risk factors. The hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI for BSI due to S. aureus was 2.09 (1.28 to 2.54), S. pneumoniae 1.36 (1.05 to 1.76), and E. coli 0.97 (0.84 to 1.13) in men vs women. BSI related mortality was higher in men compared to women with HR 1.87 (1.53 to 2.28).ConclusionsThis large population-based study show that men have higher risk of BSI than women. One-third of this effect was mediated by known risk factors for BSI. This raises important questions regarding sex specific approaches to reduce the burden of BSI.

scholarly journals Sex Hormone–Dependent Lipid Mediator Formation in Male and Female Mice During Peritonitis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Troisi ◽  
Simona Pace ◽  
Paul M. Jordan ◽  
Katharina P. L. Meyer ◽  
Rossella Bilancia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lox Products

Introduction: Sex differences in inflammation are obvious and contribute to divergences in the incidence and severity of inflammation-related diseases that frequently preponderate in women. Lipid mediators (LMs), mainly produced by lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), regulate all stages of inflammation. Experimental and clinical studies revealed sex divergences for selected LM pathways without covering the entire LM spectrum, and only few studies have addressed the respective role of sex hormones. Here, we performed the comprehensive LM profile analysis with inflammatory peritoneal exudates and plasma from male and female mice in zymosan-induced peritonitis to identify the potential sex differences in LM biosynthesis during the inflammatory response. We also addressed the impact of sex hormones by employing gonadectomy.Methods: Adult male and female CD1 mice received intraperitoneal injection of zymosan to induce peritonitis, a well-established experimental model of acute, self-resolving inflammation. Mice were gonadectomized 5 weeks prior to peritonitis induction. Peritoneal exudates and plasma were taken at 4 (peak of inflammation) and 24 h (onset of resolution) post zymosan and subjected to UPLC–MS-MS–based LM signature profiling; exudates were analyzed for LM biosynthetic proteins by Western blot; and plasma was analyzed for cytokines by ELISA.Results: Pro-inflammatory COX and 5-LOX products predominated in the peritoneum of males at 4 and 24 h post-zymosan, respectively, with slightly higher 12/15-LOX products in males after 24 h. Amounts of COX-2, 5-LOX/FLAP, and 15-LOX-1 were similar in exudates of males and females. In plasma of males, only moderate elevation of these LMs was apparent. At 4 h post-zymosan, gonadectomy strongly elevated 12/15-LOX products in the exudates of males, while in females, free PUFA and LOX products were rather impaired. In plasma, gonadectomy impaired most LMs in both sexes at 4 h with rather up-regulatory effects at 24 h. Finally, elevated 15-LOX-1 protein was evident in exudates of males at 24 h which was impaired by orchiectomy without the striking impact of gonadectomy on other enzymes in both sexes.Conclusions: Our results reveal obvious sex differences and roles of sex hormones in LM biosynthetic networks in acute self-resolving inflammation in mice, with several preponderances in males that appear under the control of androgens.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Human Brain and the Impact of Sex Chromosomes and Sex Hormones

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2322-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lentini ◽  
M. Kasahara ◽  
S. Arver ◽  
I. Savic
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Sex differences in the developmental origins of hypertension and cardiorenal disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (6) ◽  
pp. R1941-R1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Gilbert ◽  
Mark J. Nijland
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Impact

The “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHAD) hypothesis derives from clinical observations, indicating long-term health consequences for persons of low birth weight. There is growing evidence, primarily from animal studies, that supports the idea that processes put in motion during development that contribute to DOHAD do not necessarily reflect as significantly compromised growth and altered birth weight. Throughout the body of work investigating the DOHAD hypothesis, several themes have emerged; the importance of the placenta, the presence of critical periods of vulnerability, the involvement of the kidney in programmed hypertension, the presence of sex differences in the progression and development of adult diseases. Despite compelling findings in recent studies, much remains unclear regarding the impact of biological sex in the progression of human diseases, in general, and in the mechanisms underlying developmentally programmed responses, in particular. Although the contribution of biological sex to DOHAD is increasingly recognized, it also appears that it may exert distinctly different influences during fetal and adult life. The mechanisms by which biological sex contributes to these processes remains nebulous at present; nevertheless, several intriguing mechanistic candidates have been proposed ranging from differences in the amounts of sex hormones (e.g., estrogens, androgens) to recently described sexual dimorphism in the transcriptome of a variety of mammalian tissues. Recognizing the influences of biological sex or sex hormones on DOHAD uniquely situates research in this area to provide significant insights into the development and progression of many diseases, recent examples of which are the subject of this review.

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