scholarly journals Perceptually unidentifiable stimuli influence cortical processing and behavioral performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin A. Pojoga ◽  
Natasha Kharas ◽  
Valentin Dragoi
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Unconscious Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Stimulus Identity ◽  
Change Stimulus ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractOur daily behavior is dynamically influenced by conscious and unconscious processes. Although the neural bases of conscious experience have been extensively investigated over the past several decades, how unconscious information impacts neural circuitry and behavior remains unknown. Here, we recorded populations of neurons in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) to find that perceptually unidentifiable stimuli repeatedly presented in the absence of awareness are encoded by neural populations in a way that facilitates their future processing in the context of a behavioral task. Such exposure increases stimulus sensitivity and information encoded in cell populations, even though animals are unaware of stimulus identity. This phenomenon is consistent with a Hebbian mechanism underlying an increase in functional connectivity specifically for the neurons activated by subthreshold stimuli. This form of unsupervised adaptation may constitute a vestigial pre-attention system using the mere frequency of stimulus occurrence to change stimulus representations even when sensory inputs are perceptually invisible.

Brains as Engines of Association

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Neural Systems ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Lifetime Experience ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
And Behavior

Brains as Engines of Association seeks an operating principle of the human brain and is divided into four parts. The first part (“What Nervous Systems Do for Animals”) is intended to set the stage for understanding the emergence of neural systems as promoting what all organisms must accomplish: survival and reproduction. The second part (“Neural Systems as Engines of Association”) lays out the general argument that biological sensing systems face a daunting problem: they cannot measure the parameters of the world in the way physical instruments can. As a result, nervous systems must make and update associations (synaptic connections) on the basis of empirical success or failure over both evolutionary and individual time. The third part (“Evidence that Neural Systems Operate Empirically”) reviews evidence accumulated over the past 20 years that supports this interpretation in vision and audition, the sensory systems that have been most studied from this or any other perspective. Finally, the fourth part (“Alternative Concepts of Neural Function”) considers the pros and cons of other interpretations of how brains operate. The overarching theme is that the nervous systems of humans and every other animal operate on the basis associations between stimuli and behavior made by trial and error over species and lifetime experience.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

Authentic leadership and follower’s role ethnicality: the role of leader’s ethical voice and ethical culture

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asim Faheem ◽  
Ishfaq Ahmed ◽  
Insya Ain ◽  
Zanaira Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Ethical Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Behavior

Purpose The ethical issues arising at work demand the role of both leader and employees, but how both the levels are linked in determining the ethical responses is an area that has not gained due attention in the past. Against this backdrop, this study aims to address the influence of a leader’s authenticity and ethical voice on ethical culture and the role ethicality of followers. Design/methodology/approach Survey design has been used, and a questionnaire is used to elicit the responses. In total, 381 filled questionnaires were used for data analysis. Findings The findings of this study highlight the role of authentic leadership in predicting the role ethicality of followers both directly and through the mediation of ethical culture. Furthermore, a leader’s ethical voice strengthens the authentic leadership and outcome relationships (with ethical culture and followers’ role ethicality). The moderated-mediation mechanism has proved as the leaders’ voice foster the indirect mechanism. Originality/value There is a dearth of literature that has focused on leadership traits (authenticity) and behavior (ethical voice) in predicting the followers’ outcomes (perceptions – ethical culture and behaviors – role ethicality). The moderated-mediation mechanism has been unattended in the past.

The Neuropsychology of Movement and Movement Disorders: Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Considerations

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 768-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Y. Haaland ◽  
Richard P. Dum ◽  
Pratik K. Mutha ◽  
Peter L. Strick ◽  
Alexander I. Tröster
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Influences ◽  
Parallel Circuits

AbstractThis paper highlights major developments over the past two to three decades in the neuropsychology of movement and its disorders. We focus on studies in healthy individuals and patients, which have identified cognitive contributions to movement control and animal work that has delineated the neural circuitry that makes these interactions possible. We cover advances in three major areas: (1) the neuroanatomical aspects of the “motor” system with an emphasis on multiple parallel circuits that include cortical, corticostriate, and corticocerebellar connections; (2) behavioral paradigms that have enabled an appreciation of the cognitive influences on the preparation and execution of movement; and (3) hemispheric differences (exemplified by limb praxis, motor sequencing, and motor learning). Finally, we discuss the clinical implications of this work, and make suggestions for future research in this area. (JINS, 2017, 23, 768–777)

scholarly journals Roles of Drosophila Hox Genes in the Assembly of Neuromuscular Networks and Behavior

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Joshi ◽  
Rashmi Sipani ◽  
Asif Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Neuron Morphology ◽  
Developing Region ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Hox genes have been known for specifying the anterior-posterior axis (AP) in bilaterian body plans. Studies in vertebrates have shown their importance in developing region-specific neural circuitry and diversifying motor neuron pools. In Drosophila, they are instrumental for segment-specific neurogenesis and myogenesis early in development. Their robust expression in differentiated neurons implied their role in assembling region-specific neuromuscular networks. In the last decade, studies in Drosophila have unequivocally established that Hox genes go beyond their conventional functions of generating cellular diversity along the AP axis of the developing central nervous system. These roles range from establishing and maintaining the neuromuscular networks to controlling their function by regulating the motor neuron morphology and neurophysiology, thereby directly impacting the behavior. Here we summarize the limited knowledge on the role of Drosophila Hox genes in the assembly of region-specific neuromuscular networks and their effect on associated behavior.

scholarly journals Behavior and Energy Losses of Cows during the Period of Low Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Oleksandr O. Borshch ◽  
Oleksandr V. Borshch ◽  
Yurii Mashkin ◽  
Vasyl Malina ◽  
Maxim Fedorchenko
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Heat Insulation ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
The Past ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Moderate Climate

Over the past 20 years, dairy farms in Ukraine have been actively introducing the keeping of cows in easy-to-assemble premises. However, in a moderate climate (with four distinct year seasons), the issues of microclimate, energy losses of animals and their behavior during the cold period of the year for keeping in such premises have not been fully studied. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of the heat insulation elements use of side curtains in easy-to-assemble premises during the period of low temperatures on microclimate, energy outgoings for thermoregulation and behavior of cows. The research conducted in the central part of Ukraine (Kyiv region). The research was conducted during January-February (29-43 days of the year) 2021. This period characterized by low average daily temperatures of -12.2– -18.7°С, strong wind gusts and daily precipitation in the form of snow. Two easy-toassemble premises for 400 heads were used for research. Parameters of placements (LxWxH): 150х32х10.5 m. The first one was without the use of curtains heat insulation elements, and the second one was with these elements of heat insulation. It was found that the use of polycarbonate wall heat insulation elements had a positive effect on the microclimate in the placement during the period of low temperatures. Indicators of average daily air temperatures in the placement were 3.2 and 8.8°C higher compared to the temperature in the same premise without the use of heat insulation elements and the environment. The wind speed also differed by 0.18 and 11.04 m/s, respectively. In addition, the heat insulation of the walls affected the temperature under the lying cow (+1.8°C), energy outgoings for thermoregulation (-1.93 MJ) and the number of cows that lay in the period of the lowest temperatures (+3.23-9.83%) compared to the placement without heat insulation elements. The difference in temperature of rubber carpet in the compared premises was significant: +3.3°C in the premises with heat insulation elements compared to the premises without heat insulation

scholarly journals The Paranormal Surrounds Us: Psychic Phenomena in Literature, Culture, and Psychoanalysis by Richard Reichbart

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-619
Author(s):  
James Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Native American ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Unconscious Processes ◽  
Psi Phenomena ◽  
Literature Culture ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Ted Talks ◽  
Intensive Psychotherapy

The Paranormal Surrounds Us is a tied-together collection of essays by Richard Reichbart, a practicing psychoanalyst whose several strong interests and lifelong love for the mystery of psi, and sense of adventure and ethical sensibility, give the collection several points of focus. In addition to his current analytic practice of many decades, he has also been a student of literature, a playwright, a Yale-trained attorney, and an activist for Native American and African American rights. The book is as scattered as he has been, but it is so full of insights and pleasing prose, that it doesn’t lose much for that. In this time when we prefer our intellectual material in bite-sized chunks, like sparky TED Talks and internet articles, this may feel especially friendly to many. If there is an implicit, underlying focus to the work, it may be implicitly biographical: one curious man’s study of, to paraphrase Freud, the vicissitudes of psi – its expression in our finest literature, in our private and shared unconscious processes, in our different subcultures, in the deepest privacy of intensive psychotherapy, and in the legal and cultural presumptions that implicitly structure our thinking and behavior.  There are three main sections to the book: Psi Phenomena in Western Literature, Psi Phenomena and Psychoanalysis, and Psi Phenomena and Culture.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Consumer's Consumption Tendency on the Consumption Behavior of Customers visiting Hair salons

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238-1245
Author(s):  
Mi-Sun Ku ◽  
Seo-Heui Kim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Beauty Salon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Beauty Salons ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Day By Day

As Korea's economic leeway has increased through rapid economic growth, the past simple consumption patterns for food, clothing, and shelter have changed from consumption patterns that invest for quality of life. This change in consumption has also affected the beauty industry, and competition in the beauty salon industry is getting fiercer day by day. Accordingly, it is judged that it is necessary to study the consumption propensity and behavior of customers visiting beauty salons in the current situation. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out whether consumption propensity affects consumption behavior by filling out a questionnaire targeting people in their 20s and 40s who have visited beauty salons. We want to provide the necessary basic data.

American Policy-making and the North Korean Aggression

1955 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. George
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Korean War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
And Behavior

The Korean War represented the first American experience with the problem of meeting local Communist aggression by means of limited, if costly, warfare. But despite the revulsion with that experience, and the “new look” at military strategy and foreign policy, it may not be the last. The character of recent weapons developments and the passing of our thermonuclear monopoly make it probable that in the future, as in the past, American policy-makers will be forced to consider the alternative of local conflict, with all its problems and risks, in determining how to respond to the threat or actuality of Communist moves in the peripheral areas.In these circumstances, analyses of American policy-making immediately before and during the Korean War may well illuminate the perspectives and considerations relevant to this difficult and dangerous type of operation. Here, no more can be done than toexamine the effect of strategic planning and estimates of Communist intentions and behavior on the decision to commit American forces to the defense of South Korea. This decision, and even the crucial decision to commit ground forces to eventual offensive operations against the aggressor, was made within afew days of the North Korean attack. Attention, accordingly, is focused on American policy reactions to the war in the first week or ten days following June 25, 1950.

Personality and Emotional Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Fox ◽  
Bethany C. Reeb-Sutherland ◽  
Kathryn A. Degnan
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Emotion Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Gene X Environment Interactions ◽  
In Infants And Children

Over the past 20 years, research on the development of emotions and interest in the emotion–cognition interface has blossomed. Coinciding with this growth has been research on the neural circuitry and development of two basic motivational/emotion states: one brought on by threat and danger (i.e., fear) and one resulting from actively pursuing or receiving reward (i.e., reward/joy). The current chapter reviews traditional approaches to thinking about emotional development and temperament in infants and children. It then reviews the neuroscience work associated with fear and reward with a focus on the development of these systems. A particular emphasis will be placed on how this research and the examination of gene X environment interactions can influence research in personality and emotion development.

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