Pervasive subduction zone devolatilization recycles CO2 into the forearc

AbstractThe fate of subducted CO2 remains the subject of widespread disagreement, with different models predicting either wholesale (up to 99%) decarbonation of the subducting slab or extremely limited carbon loss and, consequently, massive deep subduction of CO2. The fluid history of subducted rocks lies at the heart of this debate: rocks that experience significant infiltration by a water-bearing fluid may release orders of magnitude more CO2 than rocks that are metamorphosed in a closed chemical system. Numerical models make a wide range of predictions regarding water mobility, and further progress has been limited by a lack of direct observations. Here we present a comprehensive field-based study of decarbonation efficiency in a subducting slab (Cyclades, Greece), and show that ~40% to ~65% of the CO2 in subducting crust is released via metamorphic decarbonation reactions at forearc depths. This result precludes extensive deep subduction of most CO2 and suggests that the mantle has become more depleted in carbon over geologic time.

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History of the Study of Apocrypha in Early Medieval England

Bulletin for the Study of Religion ◽

10.1558/bsor.37171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (3-4) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Brandon W. Hawk

Keyword(s):

Old Testament ◽

Medieval England ◽

Medieval Period ◽

Early Medieval ◽

Future Directions ◽

Early Judaism ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Early English

Literature written in England between about 500 and 1100 CE attests to a wide range of traditions, although it is clear that Christian sources were the most influential. Biblical apocrypha feature prominently across this corpus of literature, as early English authors clearly relied on a range of extra-biblical texts and traditions related to works under the umbrella of what have been called “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” and “New Testament/Christian Apocrypha." While scholars of pseudepigrapha and apocrypha have long trained their eyes upon literature from the first few centuries of early Judaism and early Christianity, the medieval period has much to offer. This article presents a survey of significant developments and key threads in the history of scholarship on apocrypha in early medieval England. My purpose is not to offer a comprehensive bibliography, but to highlight major studies that have focused on the transmission of specific apocrypha, contributed to knowledge about medieval uses of apocrypha, and shaped the field from the nineteenth century up to the present. Bringing together major publications on the subject presents a striking picture of the state of the field as well as future directions.

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After Arminius

10.1093/oso/9780190874193.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas H. McCall ◽

Keith D. Stanglin

Keyword(s):

Primary Sources ◽

Reformed Theology ◽

Proper Understanding ◽

System Building ◽

Wide Range ◽

Modern Thought ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Vision Of God ◽

Important Position

“Arminianism” was the subject of important theological controversies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and it maintains an important position within Protestant thought. What became known as “Arminian” theology was held by people across a swath of geographical and ecclesial positions; it developed in European, British, and American contexts, and it engaged with a wide range of intellectual challenges. While standing together in their common rejection of several key planks of Reformed theology, proponents of Arminianism took various positions on other matters. Some were broadly committed to catholic and creedal theology; others were more open to theological revision. Some were concerned primarily with practical concerns; others were engaged in system building as they sought to articulate and defend an overarching vision of God and the world. The story of this development is both complex and important for a proper understanding of the history of Protestant theology. However, this historical development of Arminian theology is not well known. In this book, Thomas H. McCall and Keith D. Stanglin offer a historical introduction to Arminian theology as it developed in modern thought, providing an account that is based upon important primary sources and recent secondary research that will be helpful to scholars of ecclesial history and modern thought as well as comprehensible and relevant for students.

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Development and Application of Luminescence to Earth and Planetary Sciences: Some Landmarks

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.357.217 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 357 ◽

pp. 217-243

Author(s):

R.H. Biswas

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

Cosmic Ray ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Recent Trends ◽

User Friendly ◽

Exposure Ages

Luminescence, mainly thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), has been researched for more than five decades towards its application to earth and planetary sciences. Luminescence production mechanism has been understood through several theoretical studies, like analytical kinetic theory, numerical models along with the experimental results. Instrument development has progressed with aim from user friendly TL/OSL reader dedicated for dating to challenging reader forin-situMartian sediment dating. Since the development of optical dating in 1985, the technique revolutionised the research in earth sciences. And since then to recent, many methodologies have been developed and some are in developing stage using different signals, like, single grain OSL, red TL, time resolved OSL, thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL), post infrared-infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR-IRSL), violet light stimulated luminescence (VSL), infrared radioluminescence (IRRL), etc. with an objective to improve the accuracy and precision and to extend the dating range. The wide range of application in different environment, e.g. aeolian, fluvial, marine, glacier, soil, volcanic materials, heated materials, shocked materials, meteorites, etc. have made the technique successful to understand the quaternary history of earth and planetary information like terrestrial and cosmic ray exposure ages of meteorite, meteoroid orbit, thermal metamorphism history of meteorite etc. The aim of this present paper is to discuss some landmarks and recent trends in the development and application in these areas. Contents of the Paper

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The History of the Earth in the hallways

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-22046 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paloma Ramírez Vongrejova ◽

María José Massé Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

School Students ◽

Learning Groups ◽

Geologic Time ◽

The Earth ◽

Experience Teaching ◽

Widespread Agreement ◽

Geologic Time Scale ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Research Period

There is widespread agreement among my fellow colleagues who teach Geology that the History of our planet is a tough topic for teenagers. Unfortunately, not only is the subject considered boring but also useless by the majority of our school students.Our experience teaching these contents in a traditional way has shown us that pupils vaguely remember anything. In order to give a different approach to this issue and, therefore, to promote meaningful learning, we have designed a project where students must be fully engaged.First, the class was organized in cooperative learning groups, so they had to collaborate to complete the task. Then, they started the research period using laptop computers available in the school. Students now dealt with specific vocabulary such as the geologic time scale terms but also a variety of events that occurred from the very first moments, from the formation of the Earth itself to the development of the big reptiles that have always fascinated children and adults, especially their dramatic extinction. Once the topic was developed in detail, they were required to make a poster on scale with the information collected. It was undeniable that pictures or photographs must cover most of the poster as long as short sentences describing both biological and geological phenomena. What we were also concerned about their learning was to improve their creativity. Because of this, they were encouraged to make their own drawings.Students really liked the activity, built stronger relationships between them and the final products were so amazing that were exhibited in the walls of the hallways outside their classroom.All these events have been recorded in the rocks so geologists could unfold part of the mysteries of our History. Our teenagers discovered them an represented them for us to enjoy.

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The Occurrence of Tylenchus dipsaci Kühn, in Wild Host Plants in South-West England

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00018757 ◽

1929 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 143-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

W. E. H. Hodson

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Wild Host ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Major Pest ◽

The Subject ◽

South West England

The plant parasitic nematode, Tylenchus dipsaci Kühn, commonly known as the stem eelworm, or alternatively when occurring in narcissus, the bulb eelworm, is a major pest of a wide range of cultivated plants. Accurate knowledge concerning the detailed life-history of the nematode is still of limited extent, despite the large numbers of workers who, throughout Europe and more recently North America, have devoted much time to a study of the subject. In particular it is clear that much remains to be learned concerning the “biologic strain” theory. Investigators, probably without exception, agree that a large number of, so-called, biologic strains of the worm occur. Each of these strains, while morphologically identical with the others, appears to be restricted more or less rigidly to a particular species of host plant.

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Why do triangle zones exist? Insights from numerical models

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-8342 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Betti Hegyi ◽

Zoltan Erdos ◽

Ritske S. Huismans ◽

Christoph von Hagke

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

First Order ◽

Driving Mechanisms ◽

Triangle Zone ◽

Kinematic Evolution ◽

Thrust Belts ◽

Wide Range ◽

Tectonic Erosion ◽

The Subject ◽

Overburden Strata

Triangle zones in fold and thrust belts are enigmatic structures bound by foreland verging thrust zones and back-thrusts verging towards the hinterland. The geometry as well as kinematic evolution of these structures has been the subject of a wide range of studies over the last few decades. The understanding of triangle zone mechanics is incomplete although different driving mechanisms for their formation have been proposed. So far few &#8211; mostly analogue &#8211; modeling studies have focused on understanding the primary factors controlling their formation. Factors suggested to have a first order control on the formation of triangle zones include the rheological properties of the detachment and overburden rocks, the thickness of the overburden rocks, syn-tectonic erosion and sedimentation rate, fluid over-pressure conditions, and the angle of the detachment. Here we use the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eularian finite element code FANTOM to examine the development of triangle zones. We focus especially on the effect of the angle and rheology of the detachment, the rheology of the overburden strata, and syn-tectonic deposition.&#160;

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85 years of teaching latin in St Petersburg state pediatric medical university (the first 50 years in the history of the department of Latin)

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped84111-117 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 111-117

Author(s):

Anna M. Ivakhnova-Gordeeva ◽

Olga Yu. Bakhvalova

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Medical Institute ◽

Medical Terminology ◽

Scientific Organizations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Archival Documents ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Criteria For Evaluation ◽

Medical University

The article outlines the early formative years in the history of the Department of Latin language in the Pediatric Medical Institute and traces the development in approaches to teaching Latin medical terminology, first introduced in 1932. After the abolition of gymnasium education the higher school had to deal with a lack of knowledge of classical languages. At the beginning, teaching Latin as the language of medicine was based on traditional methods of gymnasium education. Archival documents show the subject scope of the department which was in constant search for text material and special means of target training of medical students. Methodological problems of teaching and criteria for evaluation of knowledge were being gradually developed over the years in discussions with teachers at department meetings. The article offers details on the life and achievement of the first head of the department Konstantin P. Avdeev, together with an analysis of his scientific and practical activities. Avdeev’s wide interests and erudition come to the fore in his active work as a lecturer at a number of scientific organizations in Leningrad. Having amassed a unique library of over 7 thousand volumes, he was a famous bibliophile, an expert and a collector of bookplates (ex libris). The depth of his knowledge and a wide range of interests have shaped the values and promoted a creative approach to teaching medical Latin that still remains an important part of teaching the subject to first-year medical students. The article also provides brief information on Nora N. Zabinkova, his successor, whose activity has coincided with qualitative changes in the methods of teaching Latin. These changes were inspired by professor Maxim N. Chernyavsky, the head of the Department of Latin at the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The Department of Latin in Leningrad Pediatrical Medical Institute was among the few in first introducing and then spreading the new methods of teaching Latin and medical terminology in all medical schools across the country.

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On the history of studying proverbs in the Swahili language

Litera ◽

10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.32946 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174-180

Author(s):

Viсtoriya Sergeevna Shatokhina

Keyword(s):

Russian Language ◽

Theoretical Research ◽

Scientific Heritage ◽

Special Contribution ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Western European ◽

First Time ◽

The Russian Language

The subject of this research is the African paremiology. The object is the history of studying proverbs in the Swahili language. The author examines the chronology of studying this field of linguistics by Western European and African scholars, cites their major works, and describes the peculiarities of their scientific views. Special attention is given to the works of the founders of African paremiology, as well as the perspective of modern scholars of Tanzania and Kenya upon the scientific heritage of proverbs and sayings of the Swahili language. The article employs the theoretical research methods, namely the comparison of theoretical works in the Swahili and English languages. The analysis of a wide range of works in the Swahili language alongside the works of certain European authors, allows reconstructing the chronology of the process of studying Swahili paroemias, as well as highlighting most prominent African and European scholars in this field of linguistics. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that this topic is viewed in the domestic African Studies for the first time; foreign linguists also did not pay deliberate attention to this question. The author’s special contribution consists in translation of the previously inaccessible materials of the African and Western European into the Russian language, which helps the linguists-Africanists in their further research.

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A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.34.5.744 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 744-744

Author(s):

HERBERT G. BIRCH

Keyword(s):

Small Volume ◽

Institutional Care ◽

Historical Perspectives ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Future Work ◽

Training Services ◽

And Training ◽

Mental Subnormality

The rapid growth over the last decade of interest, service, and knowledge in the area of mental subnormality has created a real need for historical perspectives upon which to base current and future work and planning. The appearance at this time of a history of the subject by so eminent a student of abnormal behavioral development as Dr. Kanner is a noteworthy occurrence. Within the compass of the small volume, the author deals with a wide range of issues including the development of humanitarian concern for the mentally subnormal, the emergence of institutional care in Europe and America, the origins of differential diagnosis and nosology, the rise of the eugenics movement, the development of evaluative techniques, the evolution of treatment, educational and training services, the growth of organizations and periodicals concerned with mental subnormality, and the new opportunities for prevention, treatment, and research which derive from recent genetic and metabolic studies.

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The Limits of Free Will

10.1093/oso/9780190627607.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Paul Russell

Keyword(s):

Moral Responsibility ◽

Free Will ◽

Moral Psychology ◽

Practical Reason ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Moral Capacity ◽

Selection Of

This volume contains a selection of chapters concerning free will and moral responsibility. The problems arising in this field of philosophy, which are deeply rooted in the history of the subject, are also intimately related to a wide range of other fields, such as law and criminology, moral psychology, theology, and, more recently, neuroscience. The chapters included in this collection were written and first published over a period of three decades, although most have appeared in the past decade or so. During this period this area of philosophy has been particularly active and it continues to attract a great deal of interest and attention. Among the topics covered, as they relate to these problems, are the challenge of skepticism; moral sentiment and moral capacity; necessity and the metaphysics of causation; practical reason; free will and art; fatalism and the limits of agency; and our metaphysical attitudes of optimism and pessimism.

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