scholarly journals Correlation of SARS-CoV-2-breakthrough infections to time-from-vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barak Mizrahi ◽  
Roni Lotan ◽  
Nir Kalkstein ◽  
Asaf Peretz ◽  
Galit Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dose Regimen ◽  
Preliminary Finding ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Breakthrough Infection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Different Strains

AbstractThe short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine was widely demonstrated. However, long term effectiveness is still unknown. Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we assessed the correlation between time-from-vaccine and incidence of breakthrough infection between June 1 and July 27, the date of analysis. After controlling for potential confounders as age and comorbidities, we found a significant 1.51 fold (95% CI, 1.38–1.66) increased risk for infection for early vaccinees compared to those vaccinated later that was similar across all ages groups. The increased risk reached 2.26- fold (95% CI, 1.80–3.01) when comparing those who were vaccinated in January to those vaccinated in April. This preliminary finding of vaccine waning as a factor of time from vaccince should prompt further investigations into long-term protection against different strains.

scholarly journals Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections to Time-from-vaccine; Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Lotan ◽  
Sivan Gazit ◽  
Gabriel Chodik ◽  
Tal Patalon ◽  
Galit Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Preliminary Finding ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Breakthrough Infection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Booster Vaccine ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Different Strains

The short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine was widely demonstrated. However, long term effectiveness is still unknown. A nationwide vaccination campaign was initiated early in Israel, allowing for a real-world evaluation of the interaction between protection and time-from-vaccine. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variant became the dominant strain in Israel in June 2021, as Israel is currently experiencing a new surge of cases. Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we assessed the correlation between time-from-vaccine and incidence of breakthrough infection. We found that the risk for infection was significantly higher for early vaccinees compared to those vaccinated later. This preliminary finding should prompt further investigagions into long-term protection against different strains, and prospective clinical trials to examine the effect of a booster vaccine against breakthrough infection.

scholarly journals Changes in drinking as predictors of changes in sickness absence: a case-crossover study

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Ervasti ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Jaana I Halonen ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Case Period ◽  
Drinking Session

BackgroundWe investigated whether changes in alcohol use predict changes in the risk of sickness absence in a case-crossover design.MethodsFinnish public sector employees were surveyed in 2000, 2004 and 2008 on alcohol use and covariates. Heavy drinking was defined as either a weekly intake that exceeded recommendations (12 units for women; 23 for men) or having an extreme drinking session. The responses were linked to national sickness absence registers. We analysed the within-person relative risk of change in the risk of sickness absence in relation to change in drinking. Case period refers to being sickness absent within 1 year of the survey and control period refers to not being sickness absent within 1 year of the survey.ResultsPeriods of heavy drinking were associated with increased odds of self-certified short-term (1–3 days) sickness absence (multivariable-adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.38 for all participants; 1.62, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.21 for men and 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.33 for women). A higher risk of short-term sickness absence was also observed after increase in drinking (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.52) and a lower risk was observed after decrease in drinking (OR=0.83, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.00). Both increase (OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.57) and decrease (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.43) in drinking were associated with increased risk of long-term (>9 days) medically certified all-cause sickness absence.ConclusionIncrease in drinking was related to increases in short-term and long-term sickness absences. Men and employees with a low socioeconomic position in particular seemed to be at risk.

scholarly journals EP.FRI.552 Evaluating short term and long term outcome for patients undergoing emergency laparotomy in comparison to NELA mortality risk calculator

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nourelhuda Darwish ◽  
Elsammoual Mohammed ◽  
Ibrahim Warrag ◽  
AdeelAbbas Dhahri ◽  
Bogdan Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Emergency Laparotomy ◽  
Risk Calculator ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Aim NELA is a project that was introduced in the UK since 2013, aiming to improve quality of care for patients undergoing emergency laparotomy.  NELA mortality risk calculator”was launched in 2017, which estimates the risk of death within 30 days of emergency laparotomy.  Our aim is to determine the short-term (30-day) and long-term (12 months) outcome in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy surgery and compare this with the estimated scores that were documented in the NELA website. Methods This is retrospective study involving patients who underwent emergency laparotomy surgery in the year of 2019. The primary outcome is to determine short-term (30-day) mortality. Results A total of 135 patients were included. The overall 30-day mortality was 8.8% (12/135). 55.77% (78/135) had NELA mortality score of < 5%. Only 1 out of these (1.28%) died within 30 days. (4/78,5.12%) died in 6 to 12 months period of this group. 9 patients (11.53%) had NELA score > 30%, of which 6 (66.66%) died within 30 days and 1 died within 6 months. 26.96% (48/135) had NELA scores 55 to 30%, 5 of them (10.41%) died within 30 days while 7 (14.58%) died within 6-12 months.  Patients with NELA scores more than 5% who survived the operation had higher chance of 30-day complications (25.58%, 11/43), when compared to those with scores less than 5% (11.68%, 9/77). Conclusion NELA mortality score has high accuracy especially if it was >30%. In addition, high NELA scores are associated with increased risk of post operative complications.

scholarly journals Waning Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Against Infection in Adolescents

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia Prunas ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger ◽  
Virginia E. Pitzer ◽  
Sivan Gazit ◽  
Tal Patalon
Keyword(s):  
Control Design ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Induced Immunity

Background: The short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine for adolescents has been demonstrated. However, little is known about the long-term effectiveness in this age group. It is known, though, that waning of vaccine-induced immunity against infection in adult populations is evident within a few months. Methods: Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we conducted a matched case-control design for evaluating the association between time since vaccination and the incidence of infections, where two outcomes were evaluated separately: a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (regardless of symptoms) and a symptomatic infection (COVID-19). Cases were defined as individuals aged 12 to 16 with a positive PCR test occurring between June 15 and December 8, 2021, when the Delta variant was dominant in Israel. Controls were adolescents who had not tested positive previously. Results: We estimated a peak vaccine effectiveness between 2 weeks and 3 months following receipt of the second dose, with 85% and 90% effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, respectively. However, in line with previous findings for adults, waning of vaccine effectiveness was evident in adolescents as well. Long-term protection conferred by the vaccine was reduced to 75-78% against infection and symptomatic infection, respectively, 3 to 5 months after the second dose, and waned to 58% against infection and 65% against COVID-19 after 5 months. Conclusions: Like adults, vaccine-induced protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 wanes with time, starting three months after inoculation and continuing for more than five months.

scholarly journals Predicting the risk of re-infection from SARS-CoV-2 using the known pattern of adaptive immune response to previous human coronavirus outbreaks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademola Samuel Ojo ◽  
Paul Toluwatope Okediji ◽  
Ayotemide P. Akin-Onitolo ◽  
Olusegun S. Ojo ◽  
Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Short And Long Term

This paper attempts to answer the question: are recovered COVID-19 patients protected from re-infection? This review draws evidence from comparisons between immune responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which are phylogenetically closely related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Relevant studies were identified and reviewed based on searches conducted using PubMed. Full-text original studies on short- and long-term immune responses to human coronaviruses were included. The immune dysfunction and clinical manifestations in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV were found to be similar. Infections with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV trigger the production of antibodies and memory B- and T-cells. Serum IgM is detectable within 7 days, peak at 21-30 days and become undetectable by 180 days. IgG is detectable at 7 days, peak at 90 days, and decline to undetected levels by 2 years post-infection. Memory B- and T-cells persist in the body for up to 2 and 6 years respectively after initial infection. The short-term risk of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection is predictably low based on similarities in the short term adaptive immune response to kindred coronaviruses. However, more research will be required to determine the long-term adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and factors that may influence the existence of short- and long-term immunity against the virus.

scholarly journals Shift work and sickness absence at a Norwegian hospital: a longitudinal multilevel study

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 555-563
Author(s):  
Vilde Hoff Bernstrøm ◽  
Inge Houkes
Keyword(s):  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shift Schedules ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Night Shifts

ObjectiveShift work is known to be related to several negative health consequences and sickness absence. Research results regarding the relationship between types of shift schedules and sickness absence and whether and how individual factors moderate this relationship, are mixed though. The present paper aims to provide more insight in these relationships.MethodsWe used registry data from a large Norwegian hospital gathered for the years 2012–2016, for >14 000 employees. With random effects at the individual and unit levels, we analysed the relationship between shift schedule worked and sickness absence in the same year.ResultsThe results showed increased risk of short-term sickness absence for two-shift and three-shift rotations, as well as fixed night shifts compared with fixed-day shifts. We also found an increased number of absence periods for two-shift rotations without nights and three-shift rotations. Results for long-term sickness absence were mixed, with increased odds for two-shift rotations without nights, but reduced odds for three-shift rotations. We found partial support for a moderating influence of age, gender and parental status.ConclusionsThere is a clear relationship between working shifts and increased risk of short-term sickness absence. The relationship persists across gender, age group and parental status. The relationship between shift work and long-term sickness absence appears to be schedule and population specific. These findings may have implications for HR policies and the organisation of shift work in healthcare organisations.

Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Monitor Long-Term Average Increased Triglycerides

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. e1657-e1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Langsted ◽  
Anne Marie Reimer Jensen ◽  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Børge G Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Remnant Cholesterol ◽  
Low Hdl

Abstract Context Increased triglyceride-rich remnants represent a causal risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease. Objective We tested the hypothesis that low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can be used to monitor long-term high triglycerides/remnant cholesterol, just as high hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) can be used to monitor long-term high glucose levels. Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions We studied cross-sectionally 108 731 individuals, dynamically 1313 individuals with lipid measurement at 10 repeated visits, short-term 305 individuals during a fat load, and long-term 10 479 individuals with 2 lipid measurements 10 years apart. Main Outcome Measures Levels of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Results Cross-sectionally, HDL cholesterol was inversely associated with triglycerides (R2 = 0.26) and remnant cholesterol (R2 = 0.26). Dynamically, major changes in triglyceride levels from measurement to measurement were mimicked by corresponding modest changes in HDL cholesterol. In the short-term after a fat load, median triglycerides increased 96% while HDL cholesterol decreased only 1%. Long-term, in individuals with measurements 10 years apart, those who initially had the highest triglycerides and corresponding lowest HDL cholesterol, still had highest triglycerides and lowest HDL cholesterol 10 years later. Prospectively, individuals with increased triglycerides/remnant cholesterol had increased risk of myocardial infarction; however, when the HDL cholesterol monitoring was removed, increased triglycerides/remnant cholesterol were largely no longer associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusions Low HDL cholesterol is a stable marker of average high triglycerides/remnant cholesterol. This suggests that low HDL cholesterol can be used to monitor long-term average high triglycerides and remnant cholesterol, analogous to high HbA1c as a long-term monitor of average high glucose levels.

Effectiveness of chlorhexidine dressings to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections. Does one size fit all? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1388-1395
Author(s):  
Mireia Puig-Asensio ◽  
Alexandre R. Marra ◽  
Christopher A. Childs ◽  
Mary E. Kukla ◽  
Eli N. Perencevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pediatric Populations

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine (CHG) dressings to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs).Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods:We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies (randomized controlled and quasi-experimental trials) with the following criteria: patients with short- or long-term catheters; CHG dressings were used in the intervention group and nonantimicrobial dressings in the control group; CRBSI was an outcome. Random-effects models were used to obtain pooled risk ratios (pRRs). Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test and the Cochran Q statistic.Results:In total, 20 studies (18 randomized controlled trials; 15,590 catheters) without evidence of publication bias and mainly performed in intensive care units (ICUs) were included. CHG dressings significantly reduced CRBSIs (pRR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58–0.87), independent of the CHG dressing type used. Benefits were limited to adults with short-term central venous catheters (CVCs), including onco-hematological patients. For long-term CVCs, CHG dressings decreased exit-site/tunnel infections (pRR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22–0.64). Contact dermatitis was associated with CHG dressing use (pRR, 5.16; 95% CI, 2.09–12.70); especially in neonates and pediatric populations in whom severe reactions occurred. Also, 2 studies evaluated and did not find CHG-acquired resistance.Conclusions:CHG dressings prevent CRBSIs in adults with short-term CVCs, including patients with an onco-hematological disease. CHG dressings might reduce exit-site and tunnel infections in long-term CVCs. In neonates and pediatric populations, proof of CHG dressing effectiveness is lacking and there is an increased risk of serious adverse events. Future studies should investigate CHG effectiveness in non-ICU settings and monitor for CHG resistance.

scholarly journals The association between BMI and 90-day mortality in patients with and without diabetes seeking care at the emergency department

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Wändell ◽  
Axel C. Carlsson ◽  
Anders Larsson ◽  
Olle Melander ◽  
Torgny Wessman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Bonferroni Correction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Term Mortality

Background: The impact of body mass index (BMI) on mortality varies with age and disease states. The aim of this research study was to analyse the associations between BMI categories and short- and long-term mortality in patients with or without diabetes seeking care at the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnoea. Population and methods: Patients aged ≥18 years at ED during daytime on weekdays from March 2013 to July 2018 were included. Participants were triaged according to the Medical Emergency Triage and Treatment System-Adult score (METTS-A), and blood samples were collected. Totally, 1,710 patients were enrolled, with missing values in 113, leaving 1,597 patients, 291 with diabetes and 1,306 without diabetes. The association between BMI and short-term (90-day) and long-term (mean follow-up time 2.1 years) mortality was estimated by Cox regression with normal BMI (18.5–24.9) as referent category, with adjustment for age, sex, METTS-A scoring, glomerular filtration rate, smoking habits and cardiovascular comorbidity in a fully adjusted model. The Bonferroni correction was also used. Results: Regarding long-term mortality, patients with diabetes and BMI category ≥30 kg/m2 had a fully adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) of 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23–0.69), significant after the Bonferroni correction. Amongst patients without diabetes, those with underweight had an increased risk but only of borderline significance, whilst risks in those with overweight or obesity did not differ from reference. Regarding short-term mortality, risks did not differ from reference amongst patients with or without diabetes. Conclusions: We found divergent long-term mortality risks in patients with and without diabetes, with lower risk in obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) with diabetes, but no increased risk for patients without diabetes and overweight (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2) and obesity.

scholarly journals Comparison of Technical and Fundamental Analysis Trading Disciplines on Portfoilo Performance: Short and Long Term Backtest Analysis on Borsa İstanbul National Stock Indices

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-143
Author(s):  
Mustafa ÖZYEŞİL
Keyword(s):  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Fundamental Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Risk And Return ◽  
Stock Indices ◽  
Technical And Fundamental Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term

The aim of this study is to comparatively analyze the backtest performances of trading disciplines applied in various portfolio baskets (Bist 30, 50 and 100) for different investment periods (short term – ytd and long term). According to the results of the analysis, it has been determined that in all trading disciplines, the investor has a higher return than the benchmark indicator in a 5-year term, that is, they can earn abnormal returns. Also, the return in the 5-year term is much higher than the 1-year and YTD returns. In the P / E & MA model, the Bist - 50 index in the 5-year period and the Bist - 100 index in the 1-year period provide the maximum return, while according to the P / E model, the Bist-30 and Bist -50 indices provide optimum returns in all maturity options. Based on these findings, it can be expected that if the trading disciplines used in this study are applied in a long term such as 5 years and on the portfolio basket consisting of Bist-30 and Bist-50 industrial stocks, it will maximize returns. In terms of risk and return, in YTD period, the sharpe and treynor ratios of the model portfolio formed in all trading disciplines except M /B trading discipline were lower than in 1 year in the 5-year investment period. This situation arose due to the increased risk of the portfolio as a result of the extended maturity and is in line with our expectations.

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