scholarly journals GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances the therapeutic potential of EV mediated siRNA delivery to the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Hassan Dar ◽  
Cláudia C. Mendes ◽  
Wei-Li Kuan ◽  
Alfina A. Speciale ◽  
Mariana Conceição ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
Dsrna Binding ◽  
Vesicle Biogenesis ◽  
Efficient Loading ◽  
The Brain

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles with important roles in intercellular communication, and potential as drug delivery vehicles. Here we demonstrate a role for the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in EV assembly and secretion. We observe high levels of GAPDH binding to the outer surface of EVs via a phosphatidylserine binding motif (G58), which promotes extensive EV clustering. Further studies in a Drosophila EV biogenesis model reveal that GAPDH is required for the normal generation of intraluminal vesicles in endosomal compartments, and promotes vesicle clustering. Fusion of the GAPDH-derived G58 peptide to dsRNA-binding motifs enables highly efficient loading of small interfering RNA (siRNA) onto the EV surface. Such vesicles efficiently deliver siRNA to multiple anatomical regions of the brain in a Huntington’s disease mouse model after systemic injection, resulting in silencing of the huntingtin gene in different regions of the brain.

scholarly journals GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances therapeutic potential of EVs in silencing the Huntingtin gene in mice via siRNA delivery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Hassan Dar ◽  
Cláudia C. Mendes ◽  
Wei-Li Kuan ◽  
Mariana Conceição ◽  
Samir El-Andaloussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
The Brain

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles with important roles in intercellular communication and pathophysiology. Their capacity to transfer biomolecules between cells has sparked efforts to bioengineer EVs as drug delivery vehicles. However, a better understanding of EV biogenesis mechanisms and function is required to unleash their considerable therapeutic potential. Here we demonstrate a novel role for GAPDH, a glycolytic enzyme, in EV assembly and secretion, and we exploit these findings to develop a GAPDH-based methodology to load therapeutic siRNAs onto EVs for targeted drug delivery to the brain. In a series of experiments, we observe high levels of GAPDH binding to the outer surface of EVs via a phosphatidylserine binding motif, designated as G58, and discover that the tetrameric nature of GAPDH promotes extensive EV aggregation. Studies in a Drosophila EV biogenesis model demonstrate that GAPDH is absolutely required for normal generation of intraluminal vesicles in endosomal compartments and promotes vesicle clustering both inside and outside the cell. Fusing a GAPDH-derived G58 peptide to dsRNA-binding motifs permits highly efficient loading of RNA-based drugs such as siRNA onto the surface of EVs. Such vesicles efficiently deliver siRNA to target cells in vitro and into the brain of a Huntington’s disease mouse model after systemic injection, resulting in silencing of the huntingtin gene in multiple anatomical regions of the brain and modulation of phenotypic features of disease. Taken together, our study demonstrates a novel role for GAPDH in EV biogenesis, and that the presence of free GAPDH binding sites on EVs can be effectively exploited to substantially enhance the therapeutic potential of EV-mediated drug delivery to the brain.

scholarly journals Author Correction: GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances the therapeutic potential of EV mediated siRNA delivery to the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Hassan Dar ◽  
Cláudia C. Mendes ◽  
Wei-Li Kuan ◽  
Alfina A. Speciale ◽  
Mariana Conceição ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Vesicle Biogenesis ◽  
The Brain

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Clinical Application of Extracellular Vesicle-Derived DNA

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3827
Author(s):  
Jae Young Hur ◽  
Kye Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Biomarker Detection ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry RNA, proteins, lipids, and diverse biomolecules for intercellular communication. Recent studies have reported that EVs contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and oncogenic mutant DNA. The advantage of EV-derived DNA (EV DNA) over cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is the stability achieved through the encapsulation in the lipid bilayer of EVs, which protects EV DNA from degradation by external factors. The existence of DNA and its stability make EVs a useful source of biomarkers. However, fundamental research on EV DNA remains limited, and many aspects of EV DNA are poorly understood. This review examines the known characteristics of EV DNA, biogenesis of DNA-containing EVs, methylation, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis using EV DNA for biomarker detection. On the basis of this knowledge, this review explores how EV DNA can be incorporated into diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings, as well as gene transfer of EV DNA and its therapeutic potential.

STEM-18. STROMAL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES DRIVE GLIOMA STEM CELL REPROGRAMMING

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi24-vi25
Author(s):  
Lata Adnani ◽  
Brian Meehan ◽  
Jordan Kassouf ◽  
Cristiana Spinelli ◽  
Nadim Tawil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Tumour Mass ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most frequent and lethal form of brain tumors originating from glioma stem cells (GSCs). GBM remains lethal because the rate limiting patho-mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this regard, few limitations involve the diversity 'between' cellular states and the molecular/cellular complexity 'within' the tumour mass. Using cell based- and mouse- models, we explored extracellular vesicle (EV) mediated interactions between cancer and stromal cells impacting phenotypes of GSCs as a function of their molecular subtype. EVs are spherical membrane structures that cells release to expel different molecular cargo (lipids, proteins, RNA, DNA), which can be transported across a distance in the brain and taken up by various ‘recipient’ cells resulting in reprogramming of the recipient cell's content and function. In vivo, GSCs altered their pattern of NOTCH signalling and molecular phenotype as a function of proximity to non-transformed host cells in the brain. In vitro stromal EVs altered GSC sphere forming capacity, proteome and expression of mesenchymal markers. Thus, EV mediated tumour-stromal interactions could represent a biological switch and a novel targeting point in the biology of GBM.

scholarly journals Signaling Mechanisms of Selective PPARγ Modulators in Alzheimer’s Disease

PPAR Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Govindarajulu ◽  
Priyanka D. Pinky ◽  
Jenna Bloemer ◽  
Nila Ghanei ◽  
Vishnu Suppiramaniam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal protein accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. The continuous increase in the incidence of AD with the aged population and mortality rate indicates the urgent need for establishing novel molecular targets for therapeutic potential. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone reduce amyloid and tau pathologies, inhibit neuroinflammation, and improve memory impairments in several rodent models and in humans with mild-to-moderate AD. However, these agonists display poor blood brain barrier permeability resulting in inadequate bioavailability in the brain and thus requiring high dosing with chronic time frames. Furthermore, these dosing levels are associated with several adverse effects including increased incidence of weight gain, liver abnormalities, and heart failure. Therefore, there is a need for identifying novel compounds which target PPARγ more selectively in the brain and could provide therapeutic benefits without a high incidence of adverse effects. This review focuses on how PPARγ agonists influence various pathologies in AD with emphasis on development of novel selective PPARγ modulators.

Computational Model of Interstitial Transport in the Rat Brain Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Hwan Kim ◽  
Thomas H. Mareci ◽  
Malisa Sarntinoranont
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Optimization ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Tissue Properties ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Macromolecular Drugs ◽  
Interstitial Transport ◽  
Blood Spinal Cord Barrier ◽  
The Brain

In spite of the high therapeutic potential of macromolecular drugs, it has proven difficult to apply them to recovery after injury and treatment of cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. One barrier to systemic administration is low capillary permeability, i.e., the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barrier. To overcome this barrier, convection-enhanced delivery (CED) infuses agents directly into tissue to supplement diffusion and increase the distribution of large molecules in the brain [1,2]. Predictive models of distribution during CED would be useful in treatment optimization and planning. To account for large infusion volumes, such models should incorporate tissue boundaries and anisotropic tissue properties.

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