scholarly journals Side-stream products of malting: a neglected source of phytochemicals

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ville M. Koistinen ◽  
Marjo Tuomainen ◽  
Pekka Lehtinen ◽  
Petri Peltola ◽  
Seppo Auriola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Side Stream ◽  
Phytochemical Profile ◽  
Whole Foods

AbstractWhole grain consumption reduces the risk of several chronic diseases. A major contributor to the effect is the synergistic and additive effect of phytochemicals. Malting is an important technological method to process whole grains; the main product, malted grain, is used mainly for brewing, but the process also yields high amounts of side-stream products, such as rootlet. In this study, we comprehensively determined the phytochemical profile of barley, oats, rye, and wheat in different stages of malting and the subsequent extraction phases to assess the potential of malted products and side-streams as a dietary source of bioactive compounds. Utilizing semi-quantitative LC–MS metabolomics, we annotated 285 phytochemicals from the samples, belonging to more than 13 chemical classes. Malting significantly altered the levels of the compounds, many of which were highly increased in the rootlet. Whole grain cereals and the malting products were found to be a diverse and rich source of phytochemicals, highlighting the value of these whole foods as a staple. The characterization of phytochemicals from the 24 different sample types revealed previously unknown existence of some of the compound classes in certain species. The rootlet deserves more attention in human nutrition, rather than its current use mainly as feed, to benefit from its high content of bioactive components.

scholarly journals Who consumes whole grains, and how much?

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lang ◽  
Susan A. Jebb
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Grain Foods

Regular consumption of whole grain foods has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, reductions in cancer mortality at certain sites and an overall reduction in premature death. Although benefits are observed at relatively low levels of intake (between two and three servings per d), the consumption of whole grain foods in some Western countries is less than one serving per d. The main sources of whole grain are wholemeal and rye breads and whole grain breakfast cereals. Typical consumers of whole-grain foods tend to be older, from a high socio-economic group, are less likely to smoke and are more likely to exercise than non-consumers. Some of these attributes may contribute to the observed health benefits. However whole grain foods are an important source of a range of nutrients as part of a healthy eating plan. There is considerable scope for strategies to promote increased consumption of whole grain foods to reduce the risk of a variety of chronic diseases

scholarly journals Whole Grains and Phenolic Acids: A Review on Bioactivity, Functionality, Health Benefits and Bioavailability

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Florina Călinoiu ◽  
Dan Cristian Vodnar
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Bioactive Components

Cereal grains represent one of the major sources of human food and nowadays, their production has increased to fulfill the needs of the world’s population. Among whole grains, wheat is the most popular and contributes significantly to the human diet. Whole grains possess great nutritional and bioactive properties due to their fractions, bran and germ, that comprise unique health-promoting bioactive components. The evidence of health benefits in human intervention studies, as well as a World Health Organization report for 2012–2016, supports the dietary consumption of whole grains and whole-grain foods. The inverse correlation between whole grain consumption and the reduced risk of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes was underlined by several epidemiological studies. This article focuses on the bioactive components of whole grains and their fractions, namely phenolic acids, starting from their chemical structure, bioactivity and bioavailability. According to the conclusive evaluation of the human intervention studies conducted using cereal bran and whole grains intake, the assumption that the bioactive compounds determine health outcomes is illustrated. In the last part of the work, the functional potential and the health claims related to whole grains and bran intake are discussed, as well as new technologies and strategies to enhance their health potential by an increased bioavailability.

scholarly journals Alkylresorcinol metabolites in urine correlate with the intake of whole grains and cereal fibre in free-living Swedish adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Marklund ◽  
Rikard Landberg ◽  
Agneta Andersson ◽  
Per Åman ◽  
Afaf Kamal-Eldin
Keyword(s):  
Whole Grains ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations

Alkylresorcinols (AR) have been established as short/medium-term biomarkers for whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intake; and AR metabolites, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, have been suggested as complementary biomarkers to AR. The present study examined the medium-term reproducibility and relative validity of urinary AR metabolites as biomarkers for WG and cereal fibre intake. A total of sixty-six free-living Swedes completed 3 d weighed food records and provided single 24 h urine collections and morning urine spot samples on two occasions, 2–3 months apart. The medium-term reproducibility of urinary AR metabolites was moderate when assessed in 24 h collections and lower in creatinine (CR)-adjusted morning urine. Mean AR metabolite 24 h excretions correlated well with total WG (rs 0·31–0·52, P < 0·05) and cereal fibre (rs 0·46–0·58, P < 0·001) intake on both occasions. As expected, correlations with WG (rs 0·28–0·38, P < 0·05) and cereal fibre (rs 0·35–0·42, P < 0·01) were weaker for mean CR-adjusted AR metabolite concentrations in spot samples of morning urine, although the adjusted concentrations correlated well with 24 h urinary excretion (rs 0·69–0·73, P < 0·001). Adjustment for intra-individual variations substantially improved the correlations between intake and excretion. These findings suggest that urinary AR metabolites can successfully reflect the medium-term intake of WG and cereal fibre when adjusted for intra-individual variation in this population, where rye was the major contributor to high WG intake. The performance of urinary AR metabolites as medium-term biomarkers appears to be comparable to that of fasting plasma AR concentration in this population.

Characterization of oil extracted from whole grain flour treated with ozone gas

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Obadi ◽  
Ke-Xue Zhu ◽  
Wei Peng ◽  
Anwar Noman ◽  
Khalid Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Grain Flour

scholarly journals The associations between whole grain and refined grain intakes and serum C-reactive protein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riikka E. Taskinen ◽  
Sari Hantunen ◽  
Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen ◽  
Jyrki K. Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Refined Grains ◽  
Hs Crp

Abstract Background/objectives Epidemiological studies suggest that whole grain intake has inverse associations with low-grade inflammation, but findings regarding refined grains are inconclusive. Our objective was to investigate whether consumption of whole or refined grains is associated with serum high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). Subjects/methods The study included 756 generally healthy men and women aged 53–73 years from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factory Study, examined in 1999–2001. Dietary intakes were assessed using 4-day food records. ANCOVA and linear regression were used for analyses. Results The mean intake of whole and refined grains was 136 g/day (SD 80) and 84 g/day (SD 46), respectively. Higher whole grain intake was associated with lower hs-CRP concentration and higher refined grain intake with higher concentration after adjustment for lifestyle and dietary factors. Each 50 g/d higher whole grain intake was associated with 0.12 mg/L (95% Cl 0.02–0.21 mg/L) lower hs-CRP concentration and each 50 g/d higher refined grain intake with 0.23 mg/L (95% Cl 0.08–0.38) higher concentration. Adjustment for fibre from grains attenuated the associations especially with whole grains. There were no statistically significant interactions according to gender or BMI (P for interactions >0.065). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that higher intake of whole grains is associated with lower concentrations of hs-CRP and higher intake of refined grains is associated with higher concentrations. However, especially the association with whole grain intake was attenuated after adjusting for fibre intake from grains, suggesting that cereal fibre may partly explain the association.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Reinhard Puntigam ◽  
Julia Slama ◽  
Daniel Brugger ◽  
Karin Leitner ◽  
Karl Schedle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1).

scholarly journals Plasma alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain intake, are not associated with progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola M McKeown ◽  
Adela Hruby ◽  
Rikard Landberg ◽  
David M Herrington ◽  
Alice H Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Change In Mean

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between plasma alkyresorcinol (AR) concentrations, which are biomarkers of whole-grain intake, and atherosclerotic progression over 3 years in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease.DesignPlasma AR concentrations were measured by a validated GC–MS method in fasting plasma samples. Atherosclerosis progression was assessed using change in mean minimal coronary artery diameter (MCAD) and percentage diameter stenosis (%ST), based on mean proximal vessel diameter across up to ten coronary segments. Dietary intake was estimated using a 126-item interviewer-administered FFQ.SettingA prospective study of postmenopausal women participating in the Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis trial.SubjectsFor the analysis of plasma AR concentrations and atherosclerotic progression, plasma samples and follow-up data on angiography were available for 182 women.ResultsMean whole-grain intake was 9·6 (se 0·6) servings per week. After multivariate adjustment, no significant associations were observed between plasma AR concentrations and change in mean MCAD or progression of %ST. Plasma AR concentrations were significantly correlated with dietary whole grains (r=0·35, P<0·001), cereal fibre (r=0·33, P<0·001), bran (r=0·15, P=0·05), total fibre (r=0·22, P=0·003) and legume fibre (r=0·15, P=0·04), but not refined grains, fruit fibre or vegetable fibre.ConclusionsPlasma AR concentrations were not significantly associated with coronary artery progression over a 3-year period in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. A moderate association was observed between plasma AR concentrations and dietary whole grains and cereal fibre, suggesting it may be a useful biomarker in observational studies.

scholarly journals Diets rich in whole grains increase betainized compounds associated with glucose metabolism

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Kärkkäinen ◽  
Maria A Lankinen ◽  
Marilena Vitale ◽  
Jenna Jokkala ◽  
Jukka Leppänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

ABSTRACT Background Epidemiologic evidence suggests that diets rich in whole grains are associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases and all-cause mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these beneficial metabolic effects are poorly understood. Objective Our aim was to investigate novel trimethylated (betainized) compounds from mice and humans, and their association with whole grain–rich diets and insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Design Fasting plasma samples were obtained in a mouse (C57BL/6J male) feeding trial and a controlled dietary intervention. The mouse trial involved feeding the mice a rye and wheat bran–enriched feed which was compared with a high-fat diet. In the human trial, participants recruited from Kuopio, Finland (n = 69) and Naples, Italy (n = 54) with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to either a whole grain–enriched diet or a control diet for 12 wk. Plasma concentrations of betainized compounds were analyzed with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion were assessed in an oral-glucose-tolerance test and a meal-glucose-tolerance test. Results The betaines that were increased in mouse plasma after bran-enriched feeding were identified de novo via chemical synthesis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and confirmed to be associated with an increased intake of whole-grain products in humans. In particular, the concentrations of pipecolic acid betaine were increased at the end of the whole-grain intervention in both the Kuopio cohort (P < 0.001) and the Naples cohort (P < 0.05), and these concentrations inversely correlated with the postprandial glucose concentration. Furthermore, the concentration of valine betaine was substantially increased during the intervention in Naples (P < 0.001) with an inverse correlation with the postprandial insulin concentration. In addition, the concentrations of other betaines, e.g., glycine betaine and proline betaine, correlated with glucose and insulin concentrations at the end of the intervention. Conclusions Novel betainized compounds in humans are associated with diets rich in whole grains, and they improve insulin resistance and insulin secretion. These results suggest that these novel compounds may contribute to the beneficial effects of whole grain–rich diets. The studies were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00945854 (Naples) and NCT00573781 (Kuopio).

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