China’s greenhouse gas emissions for cropping systems from 1978–2016

AbstractChina has committed to reaching carbon neutrality by 2060, which will require a drastic cut in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors, including those from agricultural activities. A comprehensive, long-term, and spatially-precise profile of agricultural GHG emissions can help to accurately understand drivers of historical emissions and their implications for future mitigation. This study constructs province-level agricultural GHG emissions in China from 1978 to 2016. It considers primary and secondary emissions from a full range of agricultural activities related to crop farming, including crop residue open burning, rice cultivation, cropland change, cropland emissions, machinery use, nitrogen fertilizer production, and pesticide production. Annual or interpolated activity data from official sources and the latest emission factors available for China were adopted in this study. The data can be used in spatial and temporal analysis of emissions from cropping systems as well as the design of mitigation strategy in China.

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A comparison between vegetable intercropping systems and monocultures in greenhouse gas emissions under organic management

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13415 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Virginia Sánchez-Navarro ◽

Mariano Marcos-Pérez ◽

Raúl Zornoza

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Experimental Period ◽

C Sequestration ◽

Organic Management ◽

Soil C ◽

Dynamic Chamber ◽

Cucumis Melo L

Legume crops have been proposed as a way of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because both, their rhizosphere behaviour and their ability to fix atmospheric N reducing the need of external N fertilizer. Moreover, the establishment of organic agriculture has been proposed as a sustainable strategy to enhance the delivery of ecosystem services, including mitigation of climate change by decreases in GHG emissions and increases in soil C sequestration. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the association between cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and melon (Cucumis melo L.) growing in different intercropping patterns on soil CO2 and N2O emissions compared to cowpea and melon monocultures under organic management as a possible strategy for climate change mitigation. Soil CO2 and N2O emissions were weekly measured in melon and cowpea rows using the dynamic chamber method during one cropping cycle in 2019. Results indicated that melon growing as monoculture was related to increases in O cumulative emissions (0.431 g m-2) compared to the average of the rest of treatments (0.036 g m-2). Cowpea growing as monoculture was related to decreases in CO2 cumulative emissions (390 g m-2) compared with the other treatments (512 g m-2 average). However, N2O and CO2 emission patterns did not directly follow soil moisture patterns in the experimental period, with no significant correlations. Finally there were no significant differences among intercropping treatments with regard to NO2 and CO2 emissions. Further measurements are needed to monitor the evolution of GHG emissions under these cropping systems and confirm the trend observed.

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Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Reusing and Recycling Used Clothing in Japan

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12198214 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 8214

Author(s):

Toshiro Semba ◽

Yuji Sakai ◽

Miku Ishikawa ◽

Atsushi Inaba

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Fiber Type ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Chemical Recycling ◽

Fiber Types ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Emission Reductions ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Textile Recycling

According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 73% of used clothing is landfilled or incinerated globally and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fabric manufacturing in 2015 amounted to 1.2 billion tons. It must be reduced in the future, especially by reusing and recycling used clothing. Based on this perspective, researchers calculated the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with reusing and recycling used clothing globally with a life cycle assessment (LCA). However, no study was conducted so far to estimate the total GHG emission reductions in Japan by reusing and recycling used clothing. In this study, the amount of used clothing currently discharged from households as combustible and noncombustible waste and their fiber types were estimated using literature. Then, the methods for reusing and recycling of used clothing were categorized into the following 5 types based on fiber type, that is, “reuse overseas,” “textile recycling to wipers,” “fiber recycling,” “chemical recycling” and “thermal recycling.” After that, by applying LCA, the GHG emission reductions by above 5 methods were estimated, based on the annual discharged weights of each fiber type. Consequently, the total GHG emissions reductions by reusing and recycling 6.03 × 108 kg of used clothing totally were estimated around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, to range between 6.57 × 109 kg CO2e and 6.64 × 109 kg CO2e, which depended on the type of “chemical recycling.” The largest contribution was “reuse overseas,” which was 4.01 × 109 kg CO2e corresponded to approximately 60% of the total reduction. Where, it was assumed that used clothing were exported from Japan to Malaysia which was currently the largest importing country. In this case, GHG emissions to manufacture new clothing in China, the largest country currently to export them to Japan, can be avoided, which are 29.4 kg CO2e and 32.5 kg CO2e respectively for 1 kg jeans and 1 kg T-shirts. Adding the GHG emissions for overseas transportation to this, on average, 32.0 kg CO2e per kg of used clothing was reduced by “reuse overseas,” which was 19.6 times larger than GHG emissions by incineration, 1.63 kg CO2e per kg, in which carbon neutrality for cotton was not counted. As the result, the total GHG emission reductions above mentioned, around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, corresponds to 70% of the GHG emissions by incineration of total household garbage in Japan.

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APPLICATION OF THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST TO COMPARE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OVER TIME

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE BIOMETRIA ◽

10.28951/rbb.v39i1.498 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Alfredo José Barreto LUIZ ◽

Magda Aparecida de LIMA

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Agricultural Activities ◽

Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽

Over Time ◽

Ks Test

The national inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are periodically prepared by countries that signed the Climate Change Convention, compute emissions from anthropogenic sources among them agricultural activities. The protocols established within the scope of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) make it possible to estimate these emissions. These protocols use standard emission factors that vary according to the characteristics of the monitored activities and only scientific research, published in journals of recognized quality, can establish other local factors. Brazilian researchers carry out experiments to measure GHG emissions from agricultural activities, aiming to calculate specific parameters for the national climatic and management conditions. These field experiments are complex, costly, with a limited number of repetitions and, eventually, high natural variability. Often, these limitations result in the inability of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify differences between treatments. The objective of this work is to present the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test as an alternative to compare the effect of flooded irrigation management on methane (CH4) emission throughout the rice crop cycle. We present a case study in which ANOVA produced non-significant results for the adjustment of the model while the KS identified the emission curves as significantly different. The KS test could be adapted, via the SAS NPAR1WAY routine, to compare events with responses over time, such as methane emissions in flooded rice, resulting in test values and graphs that are easy to understand and interpret.

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Characterizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential of Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems in Response to Organic Amendments in Eutric Regosols, China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11060614 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 614

Author(s):

Hamidou Bah ◽

Xiao Ren ◽

Yanqiang Wang ◽

Jialiang Tang ◽

Bo Zhu

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Global Warming Potential ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Pig Slurry

Characterizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP) has become a key step in the estimation of atmospheric GHG concentrations and their potential mitigation by cropland management. However, the impacts of organic amendments on GHG, GWP, and yield-scaled GWP on cropland have not been well documented. Here, we investigate four amendment treatments (no amendment, mineral fertilizers, and pig slurry or crop residue combined with mineral fertilizers) during a two-year field experiment in rain-fed wheat-maize cropping systems. The results show that the average annual cumulative methane (CH4) flux ranged from −2.60 to −2.97 kg·C·ha−1 while nitrous oxide (N2O) flux ranged from 0.44 to 4.58 kg·N·ha−1 across all four treatments. N2O emissions were significantly correlated with soil inorganic nitrogen (i.e., NH4+-N and NO3−-N), and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during both the winter wheat and summer maize seasons. On average, organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizers increased the annual GWP by 26–74% and yield-scaled GWP by 19–71% compared to those under only mineral fertilizers application. This study indicates that the fertilization strategy for Eutric Regosols can shift from only mineral fertilizers to organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizers, which can help mitigate GHG emissions and GWP while maintaining crop yields.

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Greenhouse gas emissions from Indian rice fields: calibration and upscaling using the DNDC model

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-2-77-2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 77-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

H. Pathak ◽

C. Li ◽

R. Wassmann

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

N Uptake ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Rice Fields ◽

Dndc Model ◽

Co2 Equivalent

Abstract. Crop growth simulation models provide a means to quantify the effects of climate, soil and management on crop growth and biogeochemical processes in soil. The Denitrification and Decomposition (DNDC) model was evaluated for its ability to simulate methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Indian rice fields with various management practices. The model was calibrated and validated for field experiments in New Delhi, India. The observed yield, N uptake and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model. The model was then applied for estimation of GHG emissions from rice fields in India using a newly compiled soil/climate/land use database. Continuous flooding of rice fields (42.25 million ha) resulted in annual net emissions of 1.07–1.10, 0.038–0.048 and 21.16–60.96 Tg of CH4-C, N2O-N and CO2-C, respectively, with a cumulated global warming potential (GWP) of 130.93–272.83 Tg CO2 equivalent. Intermittent flooding of rice fields reduced annual net emissions to 0.12–0.13 Tg CH4-C and 16.66–48.80 Tg CO2-C while N2O emission increased to 0.056–0.060 Tg N2O-N. The GWP, however, reduced to 91.73–211.80 Tg CO2 equivalent. The study suggests that the model can be applied for studying the GHG related issues in rice cropping systems of India.

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Fuel Consumption, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Energy Efficiency of Wood-Harvesting Operations

Croatian journal of forest engineering ◽

10.5552/crojfe.2022.1101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hanna Haavikko ◽

Kalle Kärhä ◽

Asko Poikela ◽

Mika Korvenranta ◽

Teijo Palander

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Optimal Allocation ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Work Productivity ◽

Study Data ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Wood Harvesting ◽

Engine Power

The EU’s climate and energy framework and Energy Efficiency Directive drive European companies to improve their energy efficiency. In Finland, the aim is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035. Stora Enso Wood Supply Finland (WSF) had a target, by 2020, to improve its energy efficiency by 4% from the 2015 level. This case study researches the use of the forest machine fleet contracted to Stora Enso WSF. The aims were to 1) clarify the forest machine fleet energy-efficiency as related to the engine power; 2) determine the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wood-harvesting operations, including relocations of forest machines by trucks; and 3) investigate the energy efficiency of wood-harvesting operations. The study data consisted of Stora Enso WSF’s industrial roundwood harvest of 8.9 million m3 (solid over bark) in 2016. The results illustrated that forest machinery was not allocated to the different cutting methods (thinning or final felling) based on the engine power. The calculated fuel consumption totalled 14.2 million litres (ML) for harvesting 8.9 million m3, and the calculated fuel consumption of relocations totalled 1.2 ML, for a total of 15.4 ML. The share of fuel consumption was 52.5% for harvesters (cutting), 39.5% for forwarders (forest haulage), and 8.0% for forest machine relocations. The average calculated cubic-based fuel consumption of wood harvesting was 1.6 L/m3, ranging from the lowest of 1.2 L/m3 for final fellings to the highest of 2.8 L/m3 in first thinnings. The calculated fuel consumption from machine relocations was, on average, 0.13 L/m3. The calculated carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) emissions totalled 40,872 tonnes (t), of which 21,676 t were from cutting, 16,295 t were from forwarding, and 2,901 t from relocation trucks. By cutting method, the highest calculated CO2 eq. emissions were recorded in first thinnings (7340 g CO2 eq./m3) and the lowest in final fellings (3140 g CO2 eq./m3). The calculated CO2 eq. emissions in the forest machine relocations averaged 325 g CO2 eq./m3. The results underlined that there is a remarkable gap between the actual and optimal allocation of forest machine fleets. Minimizing the gap could result in higher work productivity, lower fuel consumption and GHG emissions, and higher energy efficiency in wood-harvesting operations in the future.

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Life-cycle assessment of biogas production under the environmental conditions of northern Germany: greenhouse gas balance

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859613000683 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 152 (S1) ◽

pp. 172-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. CLAUS ◽

F. TAUBE ◽

B. WIENFORTH ◽

N. SVOBODA ◽

K. SIELING ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Crop Production ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Strong Increase ◽

Production Chain ◽

Mitigation Potential ◽

Continuous Maize

SUMMARYA considerable expansion of biogas production in Germany, paralleled by a strong increase in maize acreage, has caused growing concern that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during crop substrate production might counteract the GHG emission saving potential. Based on a 2-year field trial, a GHG balance was conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential of regionally adapted cropping systems (continuous maize, maize-wheat-Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass ley), depending on nitrogen (N) level and N type. Considering the whole production chain, all cropping systems investigated contributed to the mitigation of GHG emissions (6·7–13·3 t CO2 eq/ha), with continuous maize revealing a carbon dioxide (CO2) saving potential of 55–61% compared with a fossil energy mix reference system. The current sustainability thresholds in terms of CO2 savings set by the EU Renewable Energy Directive could be met by all cropping systems (48–76%). Emissions from crop production had the largest impact on the mitigation effect (⩾50%) unless the biogas residue storage was not covered. The comparison of N fertilizer types showed less pronounced differences in GHG mitigation potential, whereas considerable site effects were observed.

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European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-12-961-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 961-1001 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu ◽

Glen P. Peters ◽

Greet Janssens-Maenhout ◽

Philippe Ciais ◽

Francesco N. Tubiello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

The European Union ◽

Activity Data ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽

Reliable Quantification ◽

Mitigation Action

Abstract. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthropogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU281). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990–2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3662371 (Petrescu et al., 2020).

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soil Cultivated with Vegetables in Crop Rotation under Integrated, Organic and Organic Conservation Management in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9080446 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 446 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Simona Bosco ◽

Iride Volpi ◽

Daniele Antichi ◽

Giorgio Ragaglini ◽

Christian Frasconi

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Mediterranean Environment ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare

A combination of organic and conservation approaches have not been widely tested, neither considering agronomic implications nor the impacts on the environment. Focussing on the effect of agricultural practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil, the hypothesis of this research is that the organic conservation system (ORG+) may reduce emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from soil, compared to an integrated farming system (INT) and an organic (ORG) system in a two-year irrigated vegetable crop rotation set up in 2014, in a Mediterranean environment. The crop rotation included: Savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L. cv. Famosa), spring lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Justine), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. cv. Montebianco) and summer lettuce (L. sativa cv. Ballerina). Fluxes from soil of N2O, CH4 and CO2 were measured from October 2014 to July 2016 with the flow-through non-steady state chamber technique using a mobile instrument equipped with high precision analysers. Both cumulative and daily N2O emissions were mainly lower in ORG+ than in INT and ORG. All the cropping systems acted as a sink of CH4, with no significant differences among treatments. The ORG and ORG+ systems accounted for higher cumulative and daily CO2 emissions than INT, maybe due to the stimulating effect on soil respiration of organic material (fertilizers/plant biomass) supplied in ORG and ORG+. Overall, the integration of conservation and organic agriculture showed a tendency for higher CO2 emissions and lower N2O emissions than the other treatments, without any clear results on its potential for mitigating GHG emissions from soil.

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Grass Buffer Strips Improve Soil Health and Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Center-Pivot Irrigated Cropping Systems

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12156014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 6014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sk. Musfiq-Us- Salehin ◽

Rajan Ghimire ◽

Sangamesh V. Angadi ◽

Omololu J. Idowu

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Health ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Microbial Biomass C ◽

High Plains ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Buffer Strips ◽

Center Pivot ◽

Grass Buffer

Declining water resources and soil degradation have significantly affected agricultural sustainability across the world. In the southern High Plains of USA, buffer strips of perennial grasses alternating with cultivated corn strips were introduced in center-pivot irrigated crop fields to increase agronomic production and ecosystem services. A study was conducted to evaluate soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and soil health benefits of integrating circular grass buffer strips in the center-pivot irrigated corn production system. Multiple parameters were assessed in the grass buffer strips, and at distances of 1.52, 4.57, and 9.14 m away from the edges of grass strips in corn strips. While grasses in the buffer strips depleted N compared to corn strips, potential C mineralization (PCM) was 52.5% to 99.9% more in grass strips than in corn strips. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) content was 36.7% to 52.5% greater in grass strips than in corn strips. Grass buffer also reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from corn strips. Grass buffer strips can improve soil health and sustainability in center-pivot irrigated cropping systems by increasing soil C components and reducing GHG emissions.

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