scholarly journals Effects of time and temperature during melanging on the volatile profile of dark chocolate

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Clark ◽  
Harmonie M. Bettenhausen ◽  
Adam L. Heuberger ◽  
Jeffrey Miller ◽  
Linxing Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Partial Least Squares Analysis ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Temperature Variable

Abstract Chocolate made from small-batch production is known for distinct sensory properties that differentiate its products from large-scale production. Specifically, small-batch processing includes a melanging step, a chocolate refining (a process involving time and temperature to refine texture and flavor) process that occurs in a stone wet-grinder. Chocolatiers understand that melanging is essential to flavor and overall quality, however the influence of melanging on the aroma chemistry of the finished chocolate is anecdotal and largely uncharacterized. Here, we evaluated the effects of time and temperature of melanging on the volatile chemistry of the finished chocolate. Specifically, chocolate aroma was profiled using HS/SPME–GC–MS for three different time and temperature combinations. A total of 88 compounds were annotated by mass spectrometry and included a diverse set of chemical classes such as pyrazines, aldehydes, terpenes, alcohols, esters, and ketones. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares analysis (PLS) revealed that the overall aroma profile was influenced by the type of melanging, and time had a greater effect than temperature. Example compounds affected by time include 2-methylpropanal, dimethyl sulfide, and benzaldehyde. Particle size was also measured for each sample. Majority particle size was found to be below 25 microns generally at all time points beyond 8 h. Analysis showed significant p-values for the temperature variable for several compounds, but significant p-values for the time variable were apparent for a greater number of compounds. For compounds which showed dependency on both time and temperature, the p-value for the time variable was much smaller in most cases. Both PCA and OPLS analyses suggested the same trends. These data support that time is a critical factor in determining the aroma chemistry of chocolate and affects a diverse set of known flavor active compounds.

Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Powders for P/M Applications

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 773-776
Author(s):  
R. Cook ◽  
I.T.H. Chang ◽  
C. Lucien Falticeanu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Powder Particle Size ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Weight Saving ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Particle Size And Structure

P/M aluminium components are attracting interest in an increasing variety of industries due to the possibilities for weight saving in engineering parts. There are many processes for manufacturing from powder feedstocks that are either in production, becoming commercialised or still undergoing development. The nature of these processes and the required properties of the end products mean that powders of different particle size, shape, composition and microstructure must be produced. The requirements of various processes requiring aluminium and aluminium alloy powders for metal matrix composites, laser sintering, powder forging and metal injection moulding are discussed in relation to powder particle size and structure. The key requirement of the powder manufacturer is to supply cost effective materials for these different processes. This may require compromises to be made by the supplier and consumer while the techniques evolve from development to large scale production.

scholarly journals Conservation of Mineral Elements in Maize Grains by a Triple Bagging System and Biopesticide (Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit Leaves).

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gnande Romaric Die ◽  
Kouamé Olivier Chatigre ◽  
Ibrahim Fofana ◽  
N’guessan Verdier Abouo ◽  
Godi Henri Marius Biego
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Lippia Multiflora ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Central Composite

Maize (Zea mays) is a staple food in the traditional diet of rural populations in Côte d'Ivoire. It is a source of many minerals. However, inefficient and sometimes harmful storage methods hamper its large-scale production in Côte d'Ivoire. It is in this context that a triple bagging system associated or not with biopesticides of plant origin (Lippia multiflora and Hyptis suaveolens leaves) was proposed in this study to evaluate its efficacy on the conservation of mineral quality of grains over an 18-month period following a 3-factor central composite design (CCD). The first CCD factor consisted of 6 observation periods: 0; 1; 4.5; 9.5; 14.5 and 18 months. The second factor, the type of treatment, included 1 control lot with a polypropylene bag (TB0SP) and 9 experimental lots including 1 lot in triple bagging without biopesticides (TB0P) and the remaining 8 lots containing variable proportions and/or combinations of biopesticides (TB1 to TB8). And finally, the third factor was the combination of the two biopesticides with % Lippia multiflora as a reference. The results indicate that the shelf life, ratio and combination of biopesticides significantly (P < 0.05) influence the mineral quality of grain maize. Principal component analysis revealed that the addition of at least 1.01% biopesticides (leaves of Lippia multiflora and Hyptis suaveolens) in triple bagging systems improves preservation efficiency and preserves the mineral quality of the grain over a period of 15 months as opposed to triple bagging without biopesticides where the mineral elements are preserved during the first 10 months of storage. However, this preservation of mineral quality is more pronounced in these storage systems with combinations of biopesticides (of which the proportion is greater than or equal to 3.99%) or with 2.5 % of individual biopesticides.

Modified Sol-Gel Production of Nano SDC20 Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 938 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
S. Ramesh ◽  
K.C. James Raju ◽  
C. Vishnuvardhan Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The production of high purity samarium doped ceria (SDC20, Sm0.2Ce0.8O2-δ) nanopowders by modified sol-gel process using maltose and pectin as organic precursors. Around, 6 nm particle size can be obtained after calcination of the as synthesized (pre dried) gel at 500 °C for 2 h. Rietveld refinement of Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirms the cubic structure with single phase. Chemical composition of SDC20 is in good agreement with EDX measurements. TEM and XRD analysis indicate the influence of sintering temperature on particle size, which increases with increasing temperature. This modified sol-gel process is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly for large-scale production of high purity nanopowders.

scholarly journals Quality standards of Palasha Kshara Gritha with reference to different vessels

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (06) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
H Pampanna Gouda ◽  
Seema MB ◽  
Ravindra Angadi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Analytical Parameter

This article attempts to clear the dogma that exists in the preparation of Kshara Ghrita with reference to its critical final stage of Siddhi Laxanas. Palasha Kshara Ghrita (PKG) prepared from the Kshara of Palasha (Grewia asiatica) mentioned in Rasa Tarangini, which is indicated in the treatment of Granthi (tumor) is taken for the study. The present article is an extract of all the observations made during the pharmaceutical study of PKG. All these observations will be of great help when we go for large scale production. The study has tried to establish the ratios of Dravadravyas with Kshara, besides addressing the type of vessels appropriate in such preparations. After preparation of sample in different vessels, these were subjected to analytical study using relevant analytical parameters to find out any difference. During pharmaceutical process Copper vessel was found appropriate on the lines of pharmaceutical preparations. The analytical report of samples reveals no much difference in the parameter findings except pH of PKG 7.00, 9.91 and 9.46 in the vessels such as copper, iron and mud pot respectively. The particle size of Kshara was in between 429.7 to 667 nm under 15.00KV magnification 7.5 KX and EDAX report of Phalasha Kshara under 400 μm potassium Wt% 40.05 and Oxygen is Wt% 39.12. Under 50 μm potassium Wt% 48.91 and Oxygen Wt% 33.40. Under 70 μm potassium Wt% 27.90 and Oxygen Wt% 37.78. As per this study copper vesse l is found better for PKG than Iron and Mud pot for assessment of end process and also on analytical parameter.

I. S. A. Baud. Forms of Production and Women's Labour: Gender Aspects of Industrialisation in India and Mexico. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 321 pp.Hardbound. Price: Indian Rs 295.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
Small Production

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.

An Efficient and Improved Process for the Synthesis of Itopride Hydrochloride and Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnusamy Kannan ◽  
Samuel I.D. Presley ◽  
Pallikondaperumal Shanmugasundaram ◽  
Nagapillai Prakash ◽  
Deivanayagam Easwaramoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Hydrochloride Salt ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Non Ulcer Dyspepsia ◽  
Itopride Hydrochloride ◽  
Yield And Purity

Aim and Objective: Itopride is a prokinetic agent used for treating conditions like non-ulcer dyspepsia. Itopride is administered as its hydrochloride salt. Trimethobenzamide is used for treating nausea and vomiting and administered as its hydrochloride salt. The aim is to develop a novel and environmental friendly method for large-scale production of itopride and trimethobenzamide. Materials and Methods: Itopride and trimethobenzamide can be prepared from a common intermediate 4- (dimethylaminoethoxy) benzyl amine. The intermediate is prepared from one pot synthesis using Phyrdroxybenzaldehye and zinc dust and further reaction of the intermediate with substituted methoxy benzoic acid along with boric acid and PEG gives itopride and trimethobenzamide. Results: The intermediate 4-(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzylamine is prepared by treating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The aldehyde formed is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The intermediate is confirmed by NMR and the purity is analysed by HPLC. Conclusion: Both itopride and trimethobenzamide were successfully synthesized by this method. The developed method is environmental friendly, economical for large-scale production with good yield and purity.

scholarly journals Cyanobacteria—From the Oceans to the Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Shaden A. M. Khalifa ◽  
Eslam S. Shedid ◽  
Essa M. Saied ◽  
Amir Reza Jassbi ◽  
Fatemeh H. Jamebozorgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Successful Phase

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms which represent a significant source of novel, bioactive, secondary metabolites, and they are also considered an abundant source of bioactive compounds/drugs, such as dolastatin, cryptophycin 1, curacin toyocamycin, phytoalexin, cyanovirin-N and phycocyanin. Some of these compounds have displayed promising results in successful Phase I, II, III and IV clinical trials. Additionally, the cyanobacterial compounds applied to medical research have demonstrated an exciting future with great potential to be developed into new medicines. Most of these compounds have exhibited strong pharmacological activities, including neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HHV-6 and HIV-1, so these metabolites could be promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, the effective large-scale production of natural marine products through synthesis is important for resolving the existing issues associated with chemical isolation, including small yields, and may be necessary to better investigate their biological activities. Herein, we highlight the total synthesized and stereochemical determinations of the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Furthermore, this review primarily focuses on the biotechnological applications of cyanobacteria, including applications as cosmetics, food supplements, and the nanobiotechnological applications of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds in potential medicinal applications for various human diseases are discussed.

scholarly journals A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Naseer ◽  
Ants Kallaste ◽  
Bilal Asad ◽  
Toomas Vaimann ◽  
Anton Rassõlkin
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
One Step ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

This paper presents current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines. Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. AM offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques. AM has a lot to offer in every aspect of machine fabrication, such that from size/weight reduction to the realization of complex geometric designs. However, some practical limitations of existing AM techniques restrict their utilization in large scale production industry. The introduction of three-dimensional asymmetry in machine design is an aspect that can be exploited most with the prevalent level of research in AM. In order to take one step further towards the enablement of large-scale production of AM-built electrical machines, this paper also discusses some machine types which can best utilize existing developments in the field of AM.

scholarly journals Stabilized Hydroxide-Mediated Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for High-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Luo ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Fengning Yang ◽  
Jiong Li ◽  
Zhibo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Current ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Electrochemical Water Splitting

Large-scale production of green hydrogen by electrochemical water splitting is considered as a promising technology to address critical energy challenges caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels. Although nonprecious...

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