scholarly journals Hormonal and biochemical changes in female Proechimys guyannensis, an animal model of resistance to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviam Sanabria ◽  
Simone Bittencourt ◽  
Sandra R. Perosa ◽  
Tomás de la Rosa ◽  
Maria da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Relevant Fact ◽  
Gabaergic Receptors ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses

AbstractThe Amazon rodent Proechimys guyannensis is widely studied for hosting various pathogens, though rarely getting sick. Previous studies on male Proechimys have revealed an endogenous resistance to epilepsy. Here, we assess in female Proechimys, whether sex hormones and biochemical aspects can interfere with the induction of status epilepticus (SE). The lithium-pilocarpine ramp-up protocol was used to induce SE, and blood sera were collected at 30 and 90 min after SE, alongside brains, for biochemical, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Results from non-ovariectomised (NOVX) Proechimys were compared to ovariectomised (OVX) animals. Data from female Wistars were used as a positive control of SE inductions. SE latency was similar in NOVX, OVX, and female Wistars groups. However, the pilocarpine dose required to induce SE in Proechimys was higher (25- to 50-folds more). Despite a higher dose, Proechimys did not show strong SE like Wistars; they only reached stage 2 of the Racine scale. These data suggest that female Proechimys are resistant to SE induction. Glucose and progesterone levels increased at 30 min and returned to normal at 90 min after SE. A relevant fact because in humans and rodents, SE leads to hypoglycaemia after 30 min of SE and does not return to normal levels in a short time, a typical adverse effect of SE. In OVX animals, a decrease in GABAergic receptors within 90 min of SE may suggest that ovariectomy produces changes in the hippocampus, including a certain vulnerability to seizures. We speculate that progesterone and glucose increases form part of the compensatory mechanisms that provide resistance in Proechimys against SE induction.

Genetic analysis of docility score of Australian Angus and Limousin cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Walkom ◽  
M. G. Jeyaruban ◽  
B. Tier ◽  
D. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Subjective Score

The temperament of cattle is believed to affect the profitability of the herd through impacting production costs, meat quality, reproduction, maternal behaviour and the welfare of the animals and their handlers. As part of the national beef cattle genetic evaluation in Australia by BREEDPLAN, 50 935 Angus and 50 930 Limousin calves were scored by seedstock producers for temperament using docility score. Docility score is a subjective score of the animal’s response to being restrained and isolated within a crush, at weaning, and is scored on a scale from 1 to 5 with 1 representing the quiet and 5 the extremely nervous or anxious calves. Genetic parameters for docility score were estimated using a threshold animal model with four thresholds (five categories) from a Bayesian analysis carried out using Gibbs sampling in THRGIBBS1F90 with post-Gibbs analysis in POSTGIBBSF90. The heritability of docility score on the observed scale was 0.21 and 0.39 in Angus and Limousin, respectively. Since the release of the docility breeding value to the Australian Limousin population there has been a favourable trend within the national herd towards more docile cattle. Weak but favourable genetic correlations between docility score and the production traits indicates that docility score is largely independent of these traits and that selection to improve temperament can occur without having an adverse effect on growth, fat, muscle and reproduction.

scholarly journals ON SOME SELECTED PROBLEMS OF KOREAN ABBREVIOLOGY

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 137-164
Author(s):  
Anna BOROWIAK
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Reduced Forms ◽  
Language Meaning

Given the fact that we live in the era where the pace of life is constantly speeding up, it is no surprise that ‘the economy of language’ - meaning the efficient usage of language in order to achieve the maximum effect for the minimum effort has become so important in everyday life. Using abbreviated forms of different kinds is supposed to help us to economize continuously insufficient amount of time. Their overuse, however, can hamper effective communication and bring the adverse effect from what the speaker’s intention was – namely to communicate the message clearly and unambiguously and receive a response to it in a short time. Incomprehension or misunderstanding of the message leads, in fact, to unnecessarily prolonging the conversation since it requires asking additional questions in order to explain what is unclear to the listener. Reduced forms used mainly in spoken Korean can largely be divided into lexical and grammatical ones. Lexical shortenings of different kinds such as acronyms, blends, clippings etc. although rarely and rather briefly discussed by Korean linguists and basically excluded from the debate on word-formation issues definitely deserve much more attention taking into account their extensive usage. As for grammatical abbreviations, despite its frequent occurrence, the subject is not that often taken up and discussed either. The aim of this article is to present some characteristic properties of grammatical abbreviations used mainly in spoken Korean. The reduced forms in question will be divided into three categories namely - particles, endings and grammatical constructions and discussed separately. This article however focuses only on those abbreviated forms, which means leaving the subject of particle or word ellipsis beyond its scope.

Animal models of status epilepticus and temporal lobe epilepsy: a narrative review

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 757-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Nirwan ◽  
Preeti Vyas ◽  
Divya Vohora
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Suitable Animal Model ◽  
Effective Models

Abstract Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the chronic and pharmacoresistant form of epilepsy observed in humans. The current literature is insufficient in explicating the comprehensive mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and advancement. Consequently, the development of a suitable animal model mimicking the clinical characteristics is required. Further, the relevance of status epilepticus (SE) to animal models is dubious. SE occurs rarely in people; most epilepsy patients never experience it. The present review summarizes the established animal models of SE and TLE, along with a brief discussion of the animal models that have the distinctiveness and carries the possibility to be developed as effective models for TLE. The review not only covers the basic requirements, mechanisms, and methods of induction of each model but also focuses upon their major limitations and possible modifications for their future use. A detailed discussion on chemical, electrical, and hypoxic/ischemic models as well as a brief explanation on the genetic models, most of which are characterized by development of SE followed by neurodegeneration, is presented.

The Recovery of Enteric Viruses and Coliphages from Shellfish

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 157-157
Author(s):  
K E. U. Brodisch ◽  
G. K. Idema ◽  
P. Coubrough ◽  
W O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
High Ph ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Virus Recovery ◽  
Recovery Procedure

Shellfish meat was seeded with polio and reoviruses, the SA11 simian rotavirus and two coliphages, VI and MS2, in order to study methods of virus recovery. An adsorption-elution-flocculation procedure had an efficiency of recovery of about 66% for poliovirus, but only 3% for reovirus, 1% for SA11 virus and 2% for the two coliphages. The poor efficiency of recovery of all viruses except poliovirus, may be due to inactivation by exposure to low and high pH levels which form part of the recovery procedure. In another procedure seeded shellfish meat was simply homogenized in distilled water and centrifuged. The supernatant was decontaminated with chloroform and directly analyzed. The efficiency of recovery of this procedure was only about 8% for poliovirus, but 44% for MS2 and 50% for VI phages. Chloroform treatment had an adverse effect on the phages, because the elimination of this step increased the efficiency of recovery to 50% for MS2 and 62% for VI. These results indicate that the phages do not adsorb tightly to the shellfish meat and can, therefore, readily be recovered. Enteric viruses, on the other hand, adsorb tightly to shellfish meat and special procedures are required to accomplish meaningful recovery. These findings suggest that different procedures should be used for the recovery of various viruses from shellfish meat.

scholarly journals Animal Models for Studying Stone Disease

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Szu-Ju Chen ◽  
Kun-Yuan Chiu ◽  
Huey-Yi Chen ◽  
Wei-Yong Lin ◽  
Yung-Hsiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Genetic Study ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Stone Disease ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Short Time

Animals have stone disease too. There are several animal models for the research of human stone disease. Rodents are the most frequently used for stone research, although they are not prone to forming crystals in the kidneys. Ethylene glycol (EG), sodium oxalate and l-hydroxyproline are common lithogenic agents. Dogs and pigs were also reported as a study animal for stone disease. However, the breeding costs and body size are too high. The most-used genetic study animal for stone disease was the mouse, but it was high-cost. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals can also be light microscopically observed in the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster, induced by adding EG to the food. Genetic studies of flies can be done by cross-breeding, and this has a lower cost than using mice. The fly model also has several advantages, including minimal breeding equipment, the fact that it is easier to reach larger numbers in a short time with flies, that crystals can be observed under microscopy, and that they allow genetic study. We suggest the fly will be an ideal animal model for stone research in the future.

Assessments of Satisfaction Level Among Bus Shelter Users: The Ataköy Zone 5 and Beşyol Metrobus Stops, Istanbul

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökçen Firdevs Yücel Caymaz
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Electronic Information ◽  
General Satisfaction ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Good Environment

Bus shelters which form part of people’s daily life, generally built in small area for short time of waiting. In the perspective of spatial design, it is important that good environment is provided for bus shelters users. This study proposed to investigate on the physical design of bus shelters (location-accessibility, anthropometric characteristics, roofing and walls, lighting, electronic information, seating, etc.) affect the general satisfaction of the users. To assess user’s general satisfaction, direct observation was done, in order to test the hypotheses, survey was conducted at bus-shelters in two selected areas of Istanbul (Ataköy- Beşyol). Subjects from different background of economic level were assessed on bus shelter design and related problems. In conclusion, it is proved that there is a significant correlation between general satisfaction and degree of difficulty in using buses. The arrangement of bus shelter design with the surroundings, adequacy of a shelter during summer, comfort of the shelter,adequacy of seating and the maintenance duration of the shelter.

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