scholarly journals Contribution of green organs to grain weight in dryland wheat from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Sun ◽  
Suiqi Zhang ◽  
Jiakun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Replacement Process ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEight dryland winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), which were widely cultivated from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province, China, were selected and grown in plots, and two water treatments (irrigation and drought) were used to identify the contribution of ears, leaves and stems to grain weight and grain number associated with cultivar replacement. The plant height and stem dry weight of the dryland wheat decreased significantly during the cultivar replacement process, but there was a remarkable increase in the dry matter translocation of stems under irrigation. Shaded-ear and defoliation treatment could decrease the grain number and grain weight, and the grain weight was more influenced. Both the leaf and ear are important photosynthetic sources for dryland wheat, and the contribution of ear assimilates showed a significant increase over time; however, the contribution of leaf assimilates showed a negative correlation with cultivation over time. The accumulation of stem assimilates and ear photosynthesis both increased the grain weight potential. In the future breeding process, cultivars with more assimilates stored in the stem and greater assimilative capacity of ears, especially a greater contribution of ear assimilates, are expected to increase the grain yield.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Eyespot Severity and Productivity of Winter Wheat in Lithuania

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jūratė Ramanauskienė ◽  
Irena Gaurilčikienė ◽  
Rūta Česnulevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cereal yield loss from eyespot directly depends on the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between eyespot damage in winter wheat and components of yield of winter wheat cultivars Ada, Mulan and Tukan in Lithuania in the 2011/2012 cropping season. Several eyespot did not decrease the grain number per ear cv. of Tukan while for cvs. Ada and Mulan the decrease was 14 and 15%, respectively; however, the grain number per ear of moderately eyespot-affected stems of cv. Ada did not differ from that of visually healthy stems. For cv. Ada, the grain weight per ear of moderately affected stems was 5.8% less and that of severely affected stems was 12.8% less than that of healthy stems, while for cv. Mulan the decrease in grain weight per ear was 40.3 and 35.5%, respectively and for cv. Tukan it was 59.0 and 63.2%, respectively for moderately and severely affected stems. The decrease in thousand grain weight of moderately eyespot-affected stems of cv. Ada was less (6.5%) compared with that of cv. Mulan (31.3%) and cv. Tukan (55.8%). Thousand grain weight of severely eyespot-affected stems of cvs. Ada, Mulan and Tukan was 22.2, 26.0, and 65.0%, respectively, less than that of healthy stems. Screening of healthy, moderately and severely affected plants of the winter wheat varieties Ada, Mulan and Tukan for grain number per ear, grain weight per ear and TGW revealed that these varieties differed in tolerance to eyespot

scholarly journals Effects of Potassium Availability on Growth and Development of Barley Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2269
Author(s):  
Widad Al Azzawi ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Gill ◽  
Foad Fatehi ◽  
Meixue Zhou ◽  
Tina Acuña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
The Impact

Potassium deficiency is one of the major issues affecting crop production around the globe. Giving the high cost of potassium fertilizers and environmental concerns related to inappropriate fertilization practices, developing more potassium use efficient (KUE) varieties is critical for sustainable food production in agricultural systems. In this study, we analysed the impact of potassium availability on agronomical attributes of thirty barley genotypes grown at four different levels of potassium (0.002 mM, 0.02 mM, 2 mM, 20 mM) under glasshouse conditions. The results showed that the availability of potassium in the soil had a major effect on yield components i.e., spike number, grain number and grain weight. Furthermore, grain weight showed a strong correlation with grain number and spike number at all levels of potassium supply. Although an increase in potassium supply led to an increase in plant height in all genotypes, the correlation with grain weight was very weak at all levels. Potassium supplementation caused an increase in shoot dry weight, which also showed a weak correlation with grain weight at the 0.002 mM potassium supply level. The genotypes Gebeina, Skiff, YF374, Flagship and YF374 were highly efficient in performing at suboptimal K supply levels and, thus, can be recommended to be grown in K-impoverished soils. We also suggest that grain and spike numbers could be used as proxies for KUE studies, to construct DH lines and identify QTL to improve low potassium tolerance and KUE in barley.

scholarly journals Effects of Plant Density on Grain Number and Grain Weight at Different Spikelets and Grain Positions in Winter Wheat Cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875-1883
Author(s):  
Hui-Juan QU ◽  
Jin-Cai LI ◽  
Xue-Shan SHEN ◽  
Ru-Yi LI ◽  
Feng-Zhen WEI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

scholarly journals Genotypic variations for photoassimilates partitioning to the grains during early development of endosperm in wheat: Association with grain weight

Genetika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Joudi
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Days After Anthesis

There is little information on genotype variations for photoassimilates partitioning to the grains during early development of endosperm in wheat. Eighty-one wheat cultivars were examined in the Moghan region of Iran during 2010-2011 and 2013-2014 growing seasons. The amount and rate of photoassimilates partitioning to the grains were measured in the tested cultivars during anthesis-16 days after anthesis (DAA) and 16 DAA-maturity phases using time dependent changes in spike dry weight. There were substantial genetic variations in the amount and rate of partitioned photoassimilates to the grains during anthesis-16 DAA and 16 DAA-maturity phases. Part of these variations could be attributed to cultivars differences in anthesis time, spike dry weight at anthesis, and grain number per spike. Taking them into accounts, there were some cultivars but they differed in partitioned photoassimilates toward grains during anthesis-16 DAA and 16 DAA-maturity phases, further supporting the idea that breeding for photoassimilates partitioning during these phases was a possibility. The results yielded for 2013-2014 showed that there is close association between photoassimilates partitioning to the grain during anthesis-16 DAA and individual grain weight. The results suggest that in case wheat breeders could improve photoassimilates partitioning to the grains during anthesis-16 DAA, it would result in increased grain size and weight in the wheat.

scholarly journals Pericarp growth dynamics associate with final grain weight in wheat under contrasting plant densities and increased night temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Herrera ◽  
Daniel F Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Plant Densities

Abstract Background and Aims The pericarp weight comprises <17 % of wheat grain weight at harvest. The pericarp supports the hydration and nutrition of both the embryo and endosperm during early grain filling. However, studies of the pericarp and its association with final grain weight have been scarce. This research studied the growth dynamics of wheat pericarp from anthesis onwards and its relationship to final grain weight under contrasting plant densities and night warming. Methods Two spring wheat cultivars contrasting in kernel weight (Bacanora and Kambara) were sown in field conditions during seasons 2012–13 and 2014–15. Both genotypes were grown under contrasting plant density (control, 370 plants m–2; and low plant density, 44 plants m–2) and night temperatures, i.e. at ambient and increased (>6 °C) temperature for short periods before and after anthesis. From anthesis onward, grains were harvested every 3 or 4 d. Grain samples were measured and the pericarp was removed with a scalpel. Whole grain and pericarp fresh and dry weight were weighed with a precision balance. At harvest, 20 grains from ten spikes were weighed and grain dimensions were measured. Key Results Fresh weight, dry matter and water content of pericarp dynamics showed a maximum between 110 and 235 °Cd. Maximum dry matter of the pericarp ranged between 4.3 and 5.7 mg, while water content achieved values of up to 12.5 mg. Maximum values and their timings were affected by the genotype, environmental condition and grain position. Final grain weight was closely associated with maximum dry matter and water content of the pericarp. Conclusions Maximum pericarp weight is a determinant of grain weight and size in wheat, which is earlier than other traits considered as key determinants of grain weight during grain filling. Better growing conditions increased maximum pericarp weight, while higher temperature negatively affected this trait.

Relationship between yield, growth and spike weight in wheat under phosphorus deficiency and shading

2009 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LÁZARO ◽  
P. E. ABBATE ◽  
D. H. COGLIATTI ◽  
F. H. ANDRADE
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYThe effect of phosphorus deficiency on yield formation in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Prointa Oasis) was investigated, focusing on crop growth and dry matter partitioning during the spike growth period (SGP), which is critical for grain number determination. Two experiments combining shading and P deficiency were performed at Balcarce, Argentina (37°45′S). The main treatments were two levels of soil P-availability: low P, a naturally low P fertility soil (7·0 and 5·5 mg Bray extractable P/kg soil, in the first and second experiments respectively) and high P, a P dose that does not limit growth. The sub-treatments were two levels of radiation (shaded and control). Phosphorus deficiency affected yield mainly through the number of grains/unit surface (m2). Differences in grain number/m2 were related to differences in dry weight of spikes/m2, measured 7 days after anthesis, excluding grain weight. The duration of the SGP did not change much as result of P deficiency: 27 days with high P and only 3 days more with low P. Therefore, changes in spike dry weight were mainly due to differences in spike growth rate. In turn, the spike growth rate of all treatments was linearly related to crop growth rate, with little effect of dry matter partitioning to spikes. Finally, differences in crop growth rate between P treatments were mainly determined by the amount of intercepted radiation. It was concluded that P deficiency resulted in a reduction in intercepted radiation during the SGP, thus causing a reduction in grain number and crop yield.

Evaluation of Growth and Yield of Selected Hybrid and Inbred Rice (Oryza sativa L) Varieties Grown in Boro Season

2010 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
MS Islam ◽  
MSU Bhuiya
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Pot experiments were conducted in net house during Boro 2002 and 2003 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) to compare the growth and yield of hybrid and inbred rice varieties under controlled condition. Hybrid variety Sonarbangla-1 and BRRI hybrid dhan1 and inbred modern variety BRRI dhan29 were used in both the years. During Boro 2002, Sonarbangla-1 and BRRI hybrid dhan1 had higher plant height and tillers hill-1 compared to BRRI dhan29. The largest leaf area of 75cm2 hill-1 was recorded in BRRI hybrid dhan1 at 30 DAT but at 60 and 90 DAT, Sonarbangla-1 had the highest leaf area of 723 and 1406 cm2 hill-1, respectively. The highest shoot dry matter production was recorded in BRRI hybrid dhan1 at 30 DAT but in Sonarbangla-1 at 60 and 90 DAT. Rooting depth and root dry weight of Sonarbangla-1 were 15- 20% higher than those of BRRI hybrid dhan1 and BRRI dhan29. At harvest, the largest number of panicles hill-1 was observed in BRRI dhan29 followed by Sonarbangla-1. The number of grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were higher in Sonarbangla-1 followed by BRRI dhan29. During Boro 2003, highest plant height, number of tillers hill-1, leaf area and shoot dry matter were recorded in BRRI hybrid dhan1 at all DAT, followed by Sonarbangla-1 in most cases. Rooting depth and root dry weight were the highest in Sonarbangla-1 followed by BRRI hybrid dhan1. At harvest, highest number of panicles hill-1 were observed in BRRI dhan29 and Sonarbangla-1 but BRRI hybrid dhan1 had the highest number of grains panicle-1. Sonarbangla-1 had the highest 1000-grain weight and grain yield.

A study of grain number in two contrasting wheat cultivars

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Bremner ◽  
JL Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The origin of the grain number difference between two contrasting wheat cultivars (WW 15, Mexican semidwarf; Timgalen, Australian) was studied in terms of (i) the production and distribution of dry matter during the pre-anthesis development of the ear; (ii) the number of florets initiated; and (iii) interaction between grains during grain set. Grain yield was much more closely related to harvest index than to total dry weight, and harvest index appeared to be largely a function of the number of grains produced per unit area. The difference in grain number between the cultivars bore no relation to the number of florets initiated by them. Nor was the inhibition of grain set in the distal florets of spikelets by rapid growth of grains in basal florets involved. Large differences in grain number occurred between the cultivars where there was no detectable difference between them in the production and distribution of dry matter during pre-anthesis ear development, i.e. the semidwarf cultivar was superior in setting grains for some reason other than the pattern of distribution of dry matter between grain and straw.

Responses to Brief Periods of Elevated Temperature in Ears and Grains of Wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
SS Bhullar ◽  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Low Humidity

Brief warming of wheat ears reduced total grain weight, due mainly to a reduction in individual grain weight but also to a small reduction (2.6-12.8%) in grain number. Warming of ears reduced the water content of the grain, independently of humidity of the air with which the ears were warmed. Warming ears at high humidity accelerated the rate of dry matter accumulation as compared to warming at low humidity but both treatments resulted in a reduction of final weight per grain. The effect of temperature, and interaction with humidity, on grain dry matter accumulation are not due to changes in the water or osmotic potential of the grain. Warming the ears reduced temporarily the amount of sucrose and other soluble sugars in the grain, but not in the rachis or the floral organs. It seems unlikely that the supply of sugars available for distribution to the grain is depressed by elevated temperature, nor were reduced rates of grain- filling at elevated temperature simpiy related to apparent concentrations of sucrose within the grain: ripening and senescence of the pericarp were hastened by warming the ears, and these responses were not accompanied by reductions in the levels of sugars in the grain.

scholarly journals Effects of sowing time on growth and yield performance of six high yielding varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
AMM Golam Adam ◽  
Nargis Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield performance of six high yielding varieties of wheat viz., BARI Gom-23, BARI Gom-24, BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-26, BARI Gom-27 and BARI Gom-28 in four sowing time. BARI Gom-24 sown on November 29 produced tallest plant after the age of 45 days with significant variations. Results also indicated that November 15 sown BARI Gom-25 resulted the highest number of tillers, leaves and total dry matter per plant throughout the growth ages with a few exceptions where dry matter produced at the age of 60, 75 and 90 days were significantly higher. Yield parameters viz., number of grains per plant, dry weight of spike, 1000-grain weight, yield per plant, yield per hectare and harvest index were recorded maximum from BARI Gom-25. On the other hand, seeds sown on November 15 produced significantly higher value in all yield contributing characters except number of effective tillers and number of grains per spike. In case of combined treatments, November 15 sown wheat showed similar trend in majority of yield parameters of BARI Gom-25 where, dry weight of spike, 1000- grain weight, yield per plant and yield per hectare were significantly higher than rest of the treatments. Out of six varieties, BARI Gom-25 was the best performed variety. November 15 sown wheat had remarkable effects on yield attributes and yield of most of the varieties but beyond this time yield of wheat reduced significantly.

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