Genotypic variations for photoassimilates partitioning to the grains during early development of endosperm in wheat: Association with grain weight

There is little information on genotype variations for photoassimilates partitioning to the grains during early development of endosperm in wheat. Eighty-one wheat cultivars were examined in the Moghan region of Iran during 2010-2011 and 2013-2014 growing seasons. The amount and rate of photoassimilates partitioning to the grains were measured in the tested cultivars during anthesis-16 days after anthesis (DAA) and 16 DAA-maturity phases using time dependent changes in spike dry weight. There were substantial genetic variations in the amount and rate of partitioned photoassimilates to the grains during anthesis-16 DAA and 16 DAA-maturity phases. Part of these variations could be attributed to cultivars differences in anthesis time, spike dry weight at anthesis, and grain number per spike. Taking them into accounts, there were some cultivars but they differed in partitioned photoassimilates toward grains during anthesis-16 DAA and 16 DAA-maturity phases, further supporting the idea that breeding for photoassimilates partitioning during these phases was a possibility. The results yielded for 2013-2014 showed that there is close association between photoassimilates partitioning to the grain during anthesis-16 DAA and individual grain weight. The results suggest that in case wheat breeders could improve photoassimilates partitioning to the grains during anthesis-16 DAA, it would result in increased grain size and weight in the wheat.

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The effect of heat stress on some main spike traits in 12 wheat cultivars at anthesis and mid-grain filling stage

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/457/2020-pse ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

Milan Mirosavljević ◽

Sanja Mikić ◽

Ankica Kondić Špika ◽

Vesna Župunski ◽

Rong Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Grain Number ◽

Filling Stage ◽

Grain Number Per Spike ◽

Grain Distribution ◽

Grain Filling Stage

High temperature decreases winter wheat grain yield by reducing the grain number and grain weight. The effect of heat stress on spike grain distribution and weight of individual grains within spike and spikelets was less studied. Our aim is to identify influence of high temperatures during different phenological stages on spike grain distribution and weight and to explore genotypic variation of the studied wheat cultivars. Within this study, a controlled experiment was conducted with 12 different winter wheat cultivars under heat stress at anthesis and mid-grain filling stage. The results showed that spike grain weight, thousand-grain weight and grain number per spike decreased moderately in treatments with individual heat stress at anthesis and mid-grain filling period, respectively, which decreased severely in the multiple heat stressed plants at both stages compared with the control treatment. Heat stress decreased number of spikelets with grains. Grain weight at the G1, G2 and G3 positions had a positive relationship with spike grain weight. Among the studied Serbian wheat cultivars Subotičanka and Renesansa were identified as the most heat tolerant and sensitive, respectively. Heat tolerance of the studied cultivars should be based on the cultivar capacity to retain higher grain weight, and to maintain production of distal spikelet grains.

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Contribution of green organs to grain weight in dryland wheat from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province, China

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82718-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yingying Sun ◽

Suiqi Zhang ◽

Jiakun Yan

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Grain Number ◽

Replacement Process ◽

Defoliation Treatment ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽

Water Treatments ◽

Over Time

AbstractEight dryland winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), which were widely cultivated from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province, China, were selected and grown in plots, and two water treatments (irrigation and drought) were used to identify the contribution of ears, leaves and stems to grain weight and grain number associated with cultivar replacement. The plant height and stem dry weight of the dryland wheat decreased significantly during the cultivar replacement process, but there was a remarkable increase in the dry matter translocation of stems under irrigation. Shaded-ear and defoliation treatment could decrease the grain number and grain weight, and the grain weight was more influenced. Both the leaf and ear are important photosynthetic sources for dryland wheat, and the contribution of ear assimilates showed a significant increase over time; however, the contribution of leaf assimilates showed a negative correlation with cultivation over time. The accumulation of stem assimilates and ear photosynthesis both increased the grain weight potential. In the future breeding process, cultivars with more assimilates stored in the stem and greater assimilative capacity of ears, especially a greater contribution of ear assimilates, are expected to increase the grain yield.

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Grain filling parameters in high-yielding ns wheat cultivars

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn0814053b ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 53-58

Author(s):

Milka Brdar ◽

Marija Kraljevic-Balalic ◽

Borislav Kobiljski

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Nonlinear Regression ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Estimated Parameters ◽

Grain Filling Duration

Grain yield of wheat is dependent on grain weight, which is the result of grain filling duration and rate. The study was undertaken to examine the relation between grain weight and rate and duration of grain filling in five high-yielding NS wheat cultivars. Stepwise multivariate analysis of nonlinear regression estimated grain filling parameters was used to examine cultivar differences in grain filling. On the basis of three-year average, the highest grain dry weight had cultivar Renesansa, and the lightest grains were measured for cultivar Evropa 90. Stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that all three nonlinear regression estimated parameters (grain weight, rate and duration of grain filling) were equally important in characterizing the grain filling curves of the cultivars studied, although sequence of their significance varied in different years, which is probably caused by different environmental conditions in three years of experiment.

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Expected genetic advance for thousand grain weight and grain number per spike of bread wheat and durum wheat

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1602113b ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 113-125

Author(s):

Gordana Brankovic ◽

Dejan Dodig ◽

Desimir Knezevic ◽

Vesna Kandic ◽

Jovan Pavlov

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Yield Component ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Genetic Advance ◽

Thousand Grain Weight ◽

Grain Number ◽

Grain Number Per Spike

The research was aimed at examining variability, variance components, broadsense heritability (h2), expected genetic advance of thousand grain weight (TGW) and grain number per spike (GNS) of 15 genotypes of bread wheat and 15 genotypes of durum wheat. Field trials were carried out during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons at the three sites: Rimski Sancevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that the genetic component of variance (?2 g) was predominant for TGW of bread and durum wheat and for GNS of bread wheat. The genotype ? environment interaction (?2 ge) component of phenotypic variance was 8.72 times higher than ?2 g for GNS of durum wheat and pointed to the greater instability of durum wheat genotypes. h2 was very high (>90%) for TGW and GNS of bread wheat, high for TGW of durum wheat - 87.3% and low for GNS of durum wheat - 39.5%. Considering the high values obtained for h2 - 96.4% and the highest value for expected genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) - 19.3% for TGW of bread wheat, the success of selection for desired values of this yield component can be anticipated. The success of selection cannot be predicted for GNS of durum wheat due to low values obtained for h2 and GAM of 39.5% and 2.8%, respectively.

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Genetic analysis of spike traits in two- and multi-rowed barley crosses

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr1203475m ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 475-482

Author(s):

Milomirka Madic ◽

Desimir Knezevic ◽

Aleksandar Paunovic ◽

Dragan Djurovic

Keyword(s):

Variance Components ◽

Genetic Variance ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Spike Length ◽

Grain Number ◽

Partial Dominance ◽

Grain Number Per Spike ◽

Diallel Crossing ◽

Barley Genotypes ◽

Mode Of Inheritance

Mode of inheritance and genetic variance components for spike length, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike were evaluated in four parental genotypes and their F1 and F2 hybrids obtained through incomplete diallel crossing. Multi-rowed barley genotypes HVW-247 and Partizan and two-rowed barley genotypes KG-15 and NS-293 were selected for the crossing based on the trait concept with the parents being divergent for spike length, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike. The average values for spike length in F1 and F2 generations were intermediate or close to those of the parent having longer spikes, with the mode of inheritance being partial dominance, dominance or overdominance, depending on the crossing combination. The six-rowed x six-rowed and two-rowed x two-rowed crossing combinations showed dominance of increased grain number per spike and increased grain weight per spike in the inheritance of grain number per spike and grain weight per spike, respectively, whereas the six-rowed x two-rowed cross was predominated by partial dominance.

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Morphological Characteristics of Two-rowed Barley (Hordeum sativum ssp. distichum L.) Landraces Originating from Herzegovina

Агрознање ◽

10.7251/agren1804287k ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 287

Author(s):

Ivan Kovačević ◽

Đurađ Hajder ◽

Danijela Kondić ◽

Dragan Mandić ◽

Desimir Knežević

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Spike Length ◽

Grain Number ◽

Arithmetic Means ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Barley Landrace ◽

Grain Number Per Spike ◽

Significant Difference

Barley is a small grain cereal, tolerant to high temperatures and drought. Due to this characteristic, it can be regarded as a promising crop for production in dry conditions. Research on five spring landraces of two-rowed barley lasted two experimental years (2011 and 2012) in agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. In the experiment, the standard cropping practices were applied, without irrigation. The experiment was set as a complete randomized design with four replications. All measurements were performed in 10 plants per replication. Morphological characteristics included plant height (cm), spike length (cm), grain number per spike and grain weight per spike (g). Obtained data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance with landrace and growing season as main factors. Significant treatment or interaction effects were further analysed by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test, often utilized for pairwise comparisons among arithmetic means. In all tested traits the maximum average values were obtained in barley landrace AM2, i.e. the plant height (86.89 cm), the spike length (8.90 cm), the grain number per spike (24.74) and the grain weight per spike (1.17 g). Due to these facts, two-rowed barley landrace AM2 can be marked as the most productive in this research, bearing a potential for different crop breeding practices.

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Correlation, Regression and Path analysis among yield and yield traits in Triticum dicoccum

Journal of Experimental Sciences ◽

10.25081/jes.2018.v9.3653 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 24-27

Author(s):

Maysoun M. Saleh ◽

Dyab S. Moussa ◽

Nader I. Alkaraki ◽

Abbas Lateef Abdurahman

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Selection Criteria ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Grain Number ◽

Triticum Dicoccum ◽

Grain Number Per Spike ◽

Significant Regression

Seven wheat genotypes (Triticum dicoccum) and the local check sham5 were planted all at Al-Ghab and Izra Research centers in The General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research in Syria during growing season 2010/2011. Yield components (number of total and fertile tillers per plant, number and weight of grains per spike, weight of thousand grain and individual plant grain yield) were studied in two sites in order to predict their effect and to determine their effects on grain yield in order to define selection criteria for grain yield. Results revealed all studied traits except total tillers number were positively correlated with grain yield, and only (fertile tillers number and grain number per spike and grain weight per spike) had a significant regression with grain yield and these traits can explain about (27.6, 67.7, 62.2)% respectively of the variation final grain yield. Results of path analysis indicated that the direct effect of fertile tillers per plant and grain weight per spike on grain yield was positive and high (0.6178, 0.7563) respectively, so that we can depend on them in breeding program as selection criteria to increase grain yield in plant.

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Grain number and grain weight as determinants of triticale, wheat, two-rowed and six-rowed barley yield in the Pannonian environment

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2018163-11388 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0903 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Milan Mirosavljević ◽

Vojislava Momčilović ◽

Srbislav Denčić ◽

Sanja Mikić ◽

Dragana Trkulja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Heading Date ◽

Growing Season ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Scale Production ◽

Grain Number ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Growing Seasons

Climate significantly affects cropping systems across Europe. Knowledge of the variability in grain number per unit area and grain weight across different growing seasons and its association with grain yield is important for further improving small grain crop production. The main aim of this study was to compare grain yield and its numerical components among triticale, wheat, two-rowed and six-rowed barley cultivars across different growing seasons in a typical Pannonian location (south-eastern part of Central Europe). Trials with twelve winter cereal genotypes (three two-rowed barley, three six-rowed barley, three wheat and three triticale genotypes) were carried out in four successive seasons in Novi Sad, Serbia. Results of this study showed that growing season, species, cultivar, and species × growing season interaction significantly (p<0.01) affected grain yield and its determinants. Generally, triticale had higher average grain yield, while the lowest grain yield was recorded in six-rowed barleys. Grain yield was more associated with the number of grains/m2 than with grain weight. Heading date was recognized as one of the important adaptive traits in crop development and yield determination. Short duration of the pre-anthesis phase in early cultivars and delayed anthesis in late cultivars significantly decreased the number of grains/spike in different species/spike types, reducing the final grain yield. Medium early cultivars had the highest number of grains/spike due to optimal duration of the pre-anthesis period and heading date and are suggested as recommendable for large scale production in the Pannonian environments.

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Effects of Potassium Availability on Growth and Development of Barley Cultivars

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112269 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2269

Author(s):

Widad Al Azzawi ◽

Muhammad Bilal Gill ◽

Foad Fatehi ◽

Meixue Zhou ◽

Tina Acuña ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Major Effect ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Grain Number ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Spike Number ◽

Potassium Supply ◽

The Impact

Potassium deficiency is one of the major issues affecting crop production around the globe. Giving the high cost of potassium fertilizers and environmental concerns related to inappropriate fertilization practices, developing more potassium use efficient (KUE) varieties is critical for sustainable food production in agricultural systems. In this study, we analysed the impact of potassium availability on agronomical attributes of thirty barley genotypes grown at four different levels of potassium (0.002 mM, 0.02 mM, 2 mM, 20 mM) under glasshouse conditions. The results showed that the availability of potassium in the soil had a major effect on yield components i.e., spike number, grain number and grain weight. Furthermore, grain weight showed a strong correlation with grain number and spike number at all levels of potassium supply. Although an increase in potassium supply led to an increase in plant height in all genotypes, the correlation with grain weight was very weak at all levels. Potassium supplementation caused an increase in shoot dry weight, which also showed a weak correlation with grain weight at the 0.002 mM potassium supply level. The genotypes Gebeina, Skiff, YF374, Flagship and YF374 were highly efficient in performing at suboptimal K supply levels and, thus, can be recommended to be grown in K-impoverished soils. We also suggest that grain and spike numbers could be used as proxies for KUE studies, to construct DH lines and identify QTL to improve low potassium tolerance and KUE in barley.

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