scholarly journals Soil zinc, serum zinc, and the potential for agronomic biofortification to reduce human zinc deficiency in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo De Groote ◽  
Masresha Tessema ◽  
Samuel Gameda ◽  
Nilupa S. Gunaratna
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
Soil Zn ◽  
Child Nutritional Status

AbstractHuman zinc deficiency is a global public health problem. Many African soils are zinc deficient (ZnD), indicating fertilizers could increase crop yields and grain Zn levels, thereby increasing Zn in the food supply and alleviating human Zn deficiency. To analyze associations among soil Zn, human Zn deficiency, and child nutritional status, we combined the Ethiopian soil Zn map and the Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS). ENMS provides representative, georeferenced data on child nutritional status using anthropometry of children under five years old (CU5) and on human Zn deficiency among CU5 and women of reproductive age (WRA) using the recommended biomarker, serum Zn. ZnD soils mostly occur in lower altitudes, which are less populated and outside the main crop-producing areas. Serum Zn deficiencies were high, and correlated to soil Zn for children, but not for WRA. About 4 million Ethiopian CU5 are ZnD, and, of these, about 1.5 million live on low-Zn soils (< 2.5 mg/kg), while 0.3 million live on ZnD soils (< 1.5 mg/kg). Therefore, if Zn fertilizers are only applied on ZnD soils, their impact on child Zn deficiency may be limited. Greater impact is possible if Zn fertilizers are applied to soils with sufficient Zn for plant growth and if this results in increased grain Zn. Optimal soil Zn levels for plant and human nutrition may be different, and context-specific optimal levels for the latter must be determined to develop nutrition-sensitive fertilizer policies and recommendations.

scholarly journals Zinc deficiency is highly prevalent and spatially dependent over short distances in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adamu Belay ◽  
Dawd Gashu ◽  
Edward J. M. Joy ◽  
R. Murray Lark ◽  
Christopher Chagumaira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
Zn Status

AbstractZinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for human health. In Ethiopia, a high prevalence of Zn deficiency has been reported. To explore demographic variation and spatial dependencies in the Zn status of the Ethiopian population, we analyzed archived serum samples (n = 3373) from the 2015 Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS), a cross-sectional survey of young children, school-age children, women of reproductive age (WRA) and men conducted in all 9 regions and two city administration of Ethiopia. Serum Zn concentrations, measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS), were compared to thresholds based on age, sex, fasting status, and time of blood collection, after adjusting for inflammation status. Median serum Zn concentration of the population was 57.5 μg dL−1. Overall, it is estimated that 72% of the population was Zn deficient, with high prevalence in all demographic groups. Spatial statistical analysis showed that there was spatial dependence in Zn status of WRA at distances of up to 45 km. Zinc deficiency is spatially dependent over short distances. Although WRA in most areas are likely to be Zn deficient, prevalence of deficiency varies at regional scale and between rural and urban inhabitants, suggesting there is scope to explore drivers of this variation, prioritize nutritional interventions, and to design more representative surveillance programs.

scholarly journals Study of the association between serum zinc concentration in pregnant women and preterm birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Sheida Shabanian ◽  
Abolfazl Khoshdel ◽  
Majid Dezfuli ◽  
Fatemeh Famouri
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
The Mean

Background and aims: Preterm birth can cause high morbidity and mortality in women. Previous evidence has confirmed the association between zinc (Zn) deficiency in x women and some pregnancy complications. This study investigated the association between serum Zn concentration in pregnant women and preterm birth. Methods: This case-control study focused on evaluating 76 pregnant women with preterm birth (case group) and 62 pregnant women with term birth (control group) and was conducted in the obstetrics ward of Hajar hospital, Shahrekord, Iran in 2014. The Zn level was measured by spectrophotometry and data were analyzed by SPSS, version 15. Results: The prevalence of Zn deficiency was 95.6%. The mean of serum Zn concentration was 39.62±11.83 and 59.81±8.8 in the preterm and term delivery groups, respectively (P<0.001). Similarly, the mean of serum Zn concentrations was 43.06±15.6 and 50.46±13.8 in women with and without the rupture of pregnancy membranes, respectively (P=0.01). Based on the findings, the serum Zn concentration was not significantly associated with parity (P=0.634). Conclusion: Although a decrease in the serum Zn concentration could lead to premature rupture of membranes during pregnancy and preterm birth, it could not be considered as the main factor for preterm birth. In addition, Zn deficiency was highly prevalent in pregnant women. Therefore, nutritional interventions should be performed to prevent complications due to the deficiency of micronutrients such as Zn so that to increase health maintenance in mothers and children.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Status and Dietary Diversity of Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Pakistan

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3407
Author(s):  
Anna K. M. Brazier ◽  
Nicola M. Lowe ◽  
Mukhtiar Zaman ◽  
Babar Shahzad ◽  
Heather Ohly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Plasma Zinc ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Rural Pakistan ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Iron Deficient

Consuming a diverse diet is essential to ensure an adequate intake of micronutrients. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status and dietary diversity of women of reproductive age (WRA) living in a marginalized community in rural Pakistan. Forty-seven WRA (35 ± 7 years old) who were not pregnant or lactating at enrollment, were recruited to participate in the study. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall interviews were conducted by the study nutritionist, and the data collected were used to create a minimum dietary diversity for women score (MDD-W) on five occasions during the monsoon and winter seasons (October to February). Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometry and biochemical markers of micronutrient status. Height and weight were used to determine body mass index (BMI), and mid-upper-arm circumference was measured. Plasma zinc, iron, and selenium concentrations were measured using inductively coupled mass spectrometry, and iron status was assessed using serum ferritin and blood hemoglobin concentrations. The mean (±SD) food group diversity score was 4 ± 1 with between 26% and 41% of participants achieving an MDD-W of 5. BMI was 27.2 ± 5.5 kg/m2 with 28% obese, 34% overweight, and 6% underweight. The prevalence of zinc deficiency, based on plasma zinc concentration, was 29.8%; 17% of the participants had low plasma selenium levels; 8.5% were iron deficient; and 2% were suffering from iron deficiency anemia. The findings indicate that the women living in this community consume a diet that has a low diversity, consistent with a diet low in micronutrients, and that zinc deficiency is prevalent. Public health interventions aimed at increasing the dietary diversity of WRA are needed to improve the micronutrient intake, particularly of zinc, in this population.

scholarly journals Study of serum zinc level in full term women

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Masuda Sultana ◽  
Nasim Jahan ◽  
Nayma Sultana ◽  
Md Liakat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
Age Range

Background: Micronutrient deficiency is a major problem in many developing countries. Micronutrient especially Zn deficiency may affect pregnancies, delivery, and outcome of pregnancy.Objectives: To study serum Zn level in full term mother and non pregnant women in order to compare with those of non pregnant women as reference value. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, during the period of 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2009. A total number of 55 subjects were included in this study, among them 27 were full term delivery mothers (group B), treated as study group. Age range of full term mother was from 20-40 years. Again, 28 non pregnant women with age range from 20-30 years were taken as a control group. Statistical analysis was done by using appropriate method as applicable.Results: Mean serum Zn level were significantly lower (p<0.001) in full term pregnant mother in comparison to those of non pregnant women.Conclusions: The present study revealed a lower level of zinc in full term mother than non pregnant women. The decreased serum Zn level may be due to poor nutritional status during pregnancy as serum total protein and albumin levels were also lower in this group of subjects. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v26i1-2.19960 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 26(1&2) : 17-20

scholarly journals Zinc Intake, Zinc Serum Levels, and Intelligence in School Children in Rural Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 394-397
Author(s):  
Rostika Flora ◽  
Nur Alam Fajar ◽  
Fatmalina Febri ◽  
Indah Yuliana ◽  
Yuliarti Yuliarti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
Zinc Levels ◽  
Serum Zinc Levels ◽  
Low Serum

BACKGROUND: Children in rural areas are susceptible to zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency in children can affect cognitive function in children. Zinc plays a role in cellular function and critical brain growth processes, including cell replication, DNA and RNA synthesis, and the release of neurotransmitters. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the condition of zinc deficiency and its relationship with the level of intelligence in children in rural areas. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional, with a sample of 44 elementary school children aged 9–12 years taken randomly. Blood was drawn to measure serum Zn-levels, and serum Zn-levels were measured using Colorimetric Assay Kit (E-BC-K137). Zinc intake data were obtained from the food recall form, which was carried out 3 × 24 h. The level of intelligence is measured by the Culture Fair Intelligence Test method. The sample characteristics data obtained through a questionnaire. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: About 84.2% of children with insufficient zinc intake had low serum Zn-levels. There was a significant relationship between zinc intake and serum zinc levels (p = 0.026; PR = 4.293). Children with low serum zinc levels of 96.5% have intelligence levels below average. There was a significant relationship between serum zinc levels and intelligence level as well (p = 0.001; PR = 24,500). CONCLUSION: Zinc deficiency in children is characterized by low serum Zn-levels. Low serum Zn-level is caused by low zinc intake, thus children with low serum Zn-levels are at risk of having intelligence level below average. Therefore, health education about the importance of zinc intake in children should be given to parents, so that the incidence of zinc deficiency in children can be reduced.

scholarly journals Serum Zinc Concentration and Sarcopenia: A Close Linkage in Chronic Liver Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Hirayuki Enomoto ◽  
Kazunori Yoh ◽  
Yoshinori Iwata ◽  
Yoshiyuki Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Serum Zn

We sought to investigate the influence of serum zinc (Zn) concentration on sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases (CLDs, n = 372, median age = 65 years, 147 liver cirrhosis (LC) cases (39.5%)). Sarcopenia was defined by low grip strength and low skeletal muscle mass. Study subjects were divided into the following three groups (High-, Intermediate-, and Low-Zn groups) based on the baseline serum Zn level. The impacts of serum Zn concentration on sarcopenia were examined. The median (interquartile range) serum Zn concentration for all cases was 72.85 (63.7, 81.45) μg/dL. The proportions of sarcopenia in the High-Zn, Intermediate-Zn, and Low-Zn groups were 10.75% (10/93), 11.23% (21/187), and 27.17% (25/92), respectively (P = 0.9046 (High vs. Intermediate), P = 0.0007 (Intermediate vs. Low), P = 0.0044 (High vs. Low), overall P value = 0.0009). The median serum Zn concentrations in patients with sarcopenia, pre-sarcopenia, and control were 66.35, 73.1 and 73.8 μg/dL, respectively (P = 0.0234 (sarcopenia vs. pre-sarcopenia), P = 0.2116 (pre-sarcopenia vs. control), P = 0.0002 (sarcopenia vs. control), overall P value = 0.0016). In the multivariate analyses of factors linked to the presence of sarcopenia, Low-Zn was an independent predictor for all cases (P = 0.0236) and LC cases (P = 0.0082). In conclusion, Zn deficiency can be an independent predictor for sarcopenia in patients with CLDs.

scholarly journals Serum Zinc Level Classification System: Usefulness in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Hirayuki Enomoto ◽  
Kazunori Yoh ◽  
Yoshinori Iwata ◽  
Yoshiyuki Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Serum Zn

Currently, the Japanese society of clinical nutrition (JSCN) defines serum zinc (Zn) level < 60 μg/dL as Zn deficiency and 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dL as subclinical Zn deficiency, and 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 130 μg/dL as normal Zn range. We aimed to elucidate the prognostic impact of this Zn classification system in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) compared to the Child–Pugh classification and the albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) grading system (n = 441, median age = 66 years). The Akaike information criterion (AIC) with each evaluation method was tested in order to compare the overall survival (OS). The median serum Zn level was 65 μg/dL. There were 56 patients with normal Zn level, 227 with subclinical Zn deficiency and 158 with Zn deficiency. OS was well stratified among three groups of serum Zn level (p < 0.0001). The AIC value for survival by the Zn classification system was the lowest among three prognostic models (AIC: 518.99 in the Child–Pugh classification, 502.411 in ALBI grade and 482.762 in the Zn classification system). Multivariate analyses of factors associated with OS revealed that serum Zn classification by JSCN was an independent factor. In conclusion, the serum Zn classification proposed by JSCN appears to be helpful for estimating prognosis in LC patients.

scholarly journals Higher risk of zinc deficiency in New Zealand Pacific school children compared with their Māori and European counterparts: a New Zealand national survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind S. Gibson ◽  
Karl B. Bailey ◽  
Winsome R. Parnell ◽  
Noela Wilson ◽  
Elaine L. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
Low Serum

Few multi-ethnic national surveys have examined Zn nutriture, despite its importance for optimal growth and development during childhood. We assessed the Zn status of urban and semi-urban children aged 5–15 years from three ethnic groups in New Zealand (NZ) in the 2002 Children's National Nutrition Survey and investigated the factors predisposing them to Zn deficiency. In a 10-month cross-sectional survey, Pacific and Māori children were over-sampled permitting ethnic-specific analyses. Anthropometry, serum Zn and Zn intakes via 24 h recalls were measured. Anthropometriczscores were highest in Pacific children. Overall, mean adjusted serum Zn at 11 years was for males and females, respectively: 11·9 (95 % CI 11·5, 12·3) and 12·5 (95 % CI 12·0, 12·9) μmol/l in NZ European and Other (NZEO) children (n395); 11·9 (95 % CI 11·4, 12·4) and 12·0 (95 % CI 11·4, 12·5) μmol/l in Māori children (n379); and 11·5 (95 % CI 11·1, 11·9) and 11·4 (95 % CI 11·1, 11·8) μmol/l in Pacific children (n589). The predictors of serum Zn were age, serum Se and sex for NZEO children; serum Se and age for Pacific children; and none for Māori children. Pacific children had the highest prevalence of low serum Zn (21 (95 % CI 11, 30) %), followed by Māori children (16 (95 % CI 12, 20) %) and NZEO children (15 (95 % CI 9, 21) %). Prevalence of inadequate Zn intakes, although low, reached 8 % for Pacific children who had the lowest Zn intake/kg body weight. Pacific boys but not girls with low serum Zn had a lower mean height-for-agez-score (P < 0·007) than those with normal serum Zn. We conclude that the biochemical risk of Zn deficiency in Pacific children indicates a public health problem. However, a lack of concordance with the risk of dietary Zn inadequacy suggests the need for better defined cut-offs in children.

scholarly journals Clinical significance of zinc: results of the 14-year prospective study of children

2018 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
T. I. Legonkova ◽  
O. N. Shtykova ◽  
O. V. Voitenkova ◽  
T. G. Stepina
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
School Age ◽  
Serum Zn ◽  
Zinc Levels

Purpose of the study: to determine the clinical significance of Zn deficiency based on the 14-year prospective study of children with different levels of zinc at birth. Patients and methods. Pregnant women and their newborns (n = 316) were screened for serum Zn levels. A total of 146 motherchild pairs were followed-up during the year, of which 102 children were followed-up for up to 14 years. Results. The study showed that the prevalence of zinc deficiency in the women followed-up was as follows: 77% in pregnant women, 80% in newborns. 94% of children with Zn deficiency at birth demonstrated zinc deficiency even at school age. There is a correlation between the serum Zn level in children and their mothers both during the newborn period and at school age (r = 0.38), with p <0.05. the period of newborns, and at school age (r = 0.38), with p <0.05. The 1-year-children with zinc deficiency, in comparison with infants with sufficient zinc levels are more often diagnosed with rickets 86,2% and 45,1%, anemia 37,9% and 17,7%, dystrophy 27,5% and 13,8 %, as well as atopic dermatitis 65.5% and 29.4%, allergic reactions 24.1% and 15.7%, at school age they were diagnosed with a pathology of the musculoskeletal system (79% and 52%, respectively), gastrointestinal tract (61% and 41%), nervous systems (54% and 30%) and skin (66% and 45%) with p <0.05. The decrease in resistance of the body was identified 2 times more often in zinc-deficient children. The conclusion. Zinc is important at all stages of a person’s life, therefore the analysis of zinc availability should be carried out not only in pregnant and nursing mothers, children of early age, but also among risk groups for the deficiency of this microelement.

Zinc Status as Compared to Zinc Intake and Iron Status: a Case Study of Iranian Populations from Isfahan Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazanin Abbaspour ◽  
Rita Wegmueller ◽  
Roya Kelishadi ◽  
Rainer Schulin ◽  
Richard F. Hurrell
Keyword(s):  
Iron Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Isfahan Province ◽  
Zn Status

The aim of this study was to estimate the zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) status of different age groups in rural (Rooran) and suburban (Khomeini Shahr) populations in central Iran, to relate the Zn status to Zn intake from animal and plant foods, and to examine the relationship between Zn and Fe status. Blood samples from 341 subjects including preschool children (27), schoolchildren (157), women (91), and men (66) were analyzed for serum zinc (SZn), serum ferritin (SF), total C-reactive protein, and hemoglobin. Daily Zn and phytic acid (PA) intakes from major food groups were estimated using a 3-day weighed food record. The overall prevalence of Zn deficiency based on low SZn was 5.9 % in Rooran and 7.2 % in Khomeini Shahr. Anemia was higher in the village than in the suburb (33.5 % vs. 22.7 %; p = 0.04) and almost half of the anemia in Khomeini Shahr and 36 % in Rooran was associated with iron deficiency (ID) based on low SF. The PA:Zn molar ratio in the diet was 10 - 13, indicating a diet of moderate Zn bioavailability. About 18 % of the population consumed less Zn than their WHO Estimated Average Requirements. There was no association between Zn status and Fe status. The modest prevalence of Zn deficiency in the study populations can be explained by a relatively high Zn intake from animal source foods. Anemia however is a serious public health problem affecting some 30 % of the subjects, with almost half due to ID. The lower Fe status than Zn status could be due to the frequent consumption of tea and dairy products.

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