scholarly journals The effect of electrode shape on Schottky barrier and electric field distribution of flexible ZnO photodiode

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Aminrayai Jezeh ◽  
Babak Efafi ◽  
Bijan Ghafary
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Schottky Barrier ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Electrode Shape ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
The Difference

AbstractIn this study, the effect of electrode shape difference on the height of the Schottky barrier and the electric field in flexible photodiodes (PDs) has been investigated. For this purpose, three different electrode designs were prepared on three flexible FR4 layers that were coated with Zinc Oxide (ZnO). The printing circuit board (PCB) method was used to create these copper electrodes. The asymmetry of the PD electrodes and the difference in the height of the Schottky barrier has led to the creation of self-powered PDs. The effect of the amount and shape of the distribution of internal electric fields generated in the PDs and its effect on the parameters of the PDs has been investigated with the help of simulations performed in COMSOL software. The photocurrent of the sample with circular and rectangular electrodes was equal to 470 µA in 15 V bias, which was twice as good as a sample with an interdigitated MSM structure. Also, this sample had the best response time among these three samples, which was equal to 440 ms.

scholarly journals The Effect of Electrode Shape on Schottky Barrier and Electric Field Distribution of Flexible ZnO Photodiode

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Aminrayai Jezeh ◽  
Babak Efafi ◽  
Bijan Ghafary
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Schottky Barrier ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Rf Sputtering ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Electrode Shape ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Self Powered

Abstract Three metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet flexible self-powered photodiode (PDs) were fabricated, which differed in the shape of the electrodes. Here, the effect of the electrode's shape on the height of the Schottky barrier and the electric field in these PDs was investigated. They were prepared based on porous Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on fiberglass. Different shapes of the electrodes affect the height of the Schottky barrier in each metal-semiconductor contact and provide the basis for the formation of self-powered PDs. It also affects the electric field generated in the PD's bias condition and affects the PD's parameter. They were fabricated using the radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique, and copper electrodes with different shapes and a sample with interdigitated electrodes were created using the printed circuit board (PCB) method. The photocurrent of the sample with circular and rectangular electrodes was equal to 470 μA in 15V bias, which was twice as good as a sample with an interdigitated MSM structure. It also had the best photocurrent at 0V, which is equal to 0.8 μA. This sample had the best response time among these three samples, which was equal to 440 ms. It is noteworthy that the simulation data confirmed the practical results.

scholarly journals Tuning Single-Molecule Conductance by Controlled Electric Field-Induced trans-to-cis Isomerisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3317
Author(s):  
C.S. Quintans ◽  
Denis Andrienko ◽  
Katrin F. Domke ◽  
Daniel Aravena ◽  
Sangho Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Single Molecule Level ◽  
Wet Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Single Molecule Junctions ◽  
Tunnelling Microscopy ◽  
The Difference

External electric fields (EEFs) have proven to be very efficient in catalysing chemical reactions, even those inaccessible via wet-chemical synthesis. At the single-molecule level, oriented EEFs have been successfully used to promote in situ single-molecule reactions in the absence of chemical catalysts. Here, we elucidate the effect of an EEFs on the structure and conductance of a molecular junction. Employing scanning tunnelling microscopy break junction (STM-BJ) experiments, we form and electrically characterize single-molecule junctions of two tetramethyl carotene isomers. Two discrete conductance signatures show up more prominently at low and high applied voltages which are univocally ascribed to the trans and cis isomers of the carotenoid, respectively. The difference in conductance between both cis-/trans- isomers is in concordance with previous predictions considering π-quantum interference due to the presence of a single gauche defect in the trans isomer. Electronic structure calculations suggest that the electric field polarizes the molecule and mixes the excited states. The mixed states have a (spectroscopically) allowed transition and, therefore, can both promote the cis-isomerization of the molecule and participate in electron transport. Our work opens new routes for the in situ control of isomerisation reactions in single-molecule contacts.

Electric Conductance

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Li
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Electric Conductance ◽  
Variable Charge ◽  
Ac Electric Fields ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Variable Charge Soils

The migration of colloidal soil particles in an applied electric field has been discussed in Chapter 7. Soil particles carrying electric charges invariably adsorb equivalent amounts of ions of the opposite charge. Generally there is a certain amount of free ions present in soil solution. When an electric field is applied to a soil system, a phenomenon known as electric conductance occurs. As in the case for electrolyte solutions, soil particles and various ions interact with one another during their migration, and these interactions can affect the electric conductance of the system. Variable charge soils carry both positive and negative surface charges, and it can be expected that their interactions with various ions would be rather complicated during conductance. On the other hand, this makes the measurement of electric conductance an effective means in elucidating the mechanisms of interactions between variable charge soils and ions. Both direct-current (DC) electric fields and alternating-current (AC) electric fields can induce the migration of charged particles. In the latter case, the migration of these particles should be related to the frequency of the applied AC electric field. Therefore, in this chapter, after describing the principles of electric conductance of ions and colloids and the factors that affect the conductance of a soil, emphasis shall be placed on the interaction between variable charge soils and various ions as reflected by the frequency effect in electric conductance. For a colloidal suspension, the electric conductance may be regarded as the contribution of conductances of both charged colloidal particles and ions. These two parts may be called the electric conductance of colloidal panicles and the electric conductance of ions, respectively. However, in actual cases it is difficult to distinguish between these two parts. Therefore, it is a general practice to distinguish the electric conductance as that caused by colloidal particles plus their counterions from that caused by ions of the free solution. These may be called electric conductance of the colloid and electric conductance of the free solution. The former conductance is the difference between the electric conductance of the suspension and that of the free solution.

Calculations of Some Transport Coefficients in Simple Semiconductors at Low Temperatures and High Electric Fields

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 876-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Kamal ◽  
Satish Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Transport Coefficients ◽  
Drift Mobility ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Hall Constant ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Electric Fields ◽  
Model Semiconductor

In this paper the authors have calculated Hall mobility, drift mobility, and Hall constant for a non-degenerate simple model semiconductor at low temperatures for an arbitrary electric field strength. Following Paranjape the modified distribution of phonons has been taken into account. The difference between the calculations of transport coefficients made by taking into account the modified phonon distribution and by not taking it into account is quite appreciable at high electric field. Calculations also show that for Ne = 1016/cm3 the mobility of electrons remains temperature dependent.

scholarly journals Electric field assisted alignment of monoatomic carbon chains

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Kutrovskaya ◽  
Igor Chestnov ◽  
Anton Osipov ◽  
Vlad Samyshkin ◽  
Irina Sapegina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Laser Ablation Process ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Quasi Crystals ◽  
Static Electric Fields

Abstract We stabilize monoatomic carbon chains in water by attaching them to gold nanoparticles (NPs) by means of the laser ablation process. Resulting nanoobjects represent pairs of NPs connected by multiple straight carbon chains of several nanometer lengths. If NPs at the opposite ends of a chain differ in size, the structure acquires a dipole moment due to the difference in work functions of the two NPs. We take advantage of the dipole polarisation of carbon chains for ordering them by the external electric field. We deposit them on a glass substrate by the sputtering method in the presence of static electric fields of magnitudes up to 105 V/m. The formation of one-dimensional carbyne quasi-crystals deposited on a substrate is evidenced by high-resolution TEM and X-ray diffraction measurements. The original kinetic model describing the dynamics of ballistically flowing nano-dipoles reproduces the experimental diagram of orientation of the deposited chains.

TERAHERTZ RADIATION IN SUPERLATTICES IN MODERATE ELECTRIC FIELD

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (08) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
PENG HAN ◽  
KUI-JUAN JIN ◽  
YUE-LIANG ZHOU ◽  
QING-LI ZHOU ◽  
K. HIRAKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Thz Radiation ◽  
Field Region ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Moderate Electric Field ◽  
Theoretical Results

We have studied the terahertz (THz) radiation in superlattices (SLs) in moderate electric field region (between 12 kV/cm and 25 kV/cm) from both theoretical and experimental aspects in this work. The THz emission intensity has been calculated for three samples of GaAs/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As SLs by using Kane model. The theoretical results show that the radiation intensity increases until the electric field F achieves a certain value between 14 kV/cm and 16 kV/cm for various samples, and then starts to roll off. The agreement of the calculated results with the experimental data demonstrates that the rolling of THz radiation intensity is due to the competition of field induced localization of wave functions and the increasing of the photon energy in THz radiation with increased electric fields. Furthermore, it is also shown that THz radiation intensity can be affected by the scattering of the randomly distributed Al atoms in the barriers.

Numerical Study of EHD-Enhanced Forced Convection Using Two-Way Coupling

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Huang ◽  
F. C. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Heat Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Numerical results are presented for heat transfer enhancement using electric field in forced convection in a horizontal channel. The main objective of the present study is to verify the assumption that is commonly used in the numerical study of this kind of problem, which assumes that the electric field can modify the flow field but not vice versa (i.e., the so-called one-way coupling). To this end, numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of governing parameters (V0=10, 12.5, 15 and 17.5 kV as well as ui=0.0759 to 1.2144 m/s) using both one-way and two-way couplings. The results obtained, in terms of the flow, temperature, and electric fields as well as the heat transfer enhancement, are thoroughly examined. Since the difference in the results obtained by two approaches is insignificant, it is concluded that the assumption of one-way coupling is valid for the problem considered.

Electric field-tunable electronic structures of 2D alkaline-earth metal hydroxide–graphene heterostructures

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (29) ◽  
pp. 7230-7235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congxin Xia ◽  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Wenqi Xiong ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Schottky Barrier ◽  
Barrier Height ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Electronic Structures ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Schottky Barrier Height ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Metal Hydroxide ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metal

In X(OH)2/graphene (X = Ca, Mg) vdW heterostructures, the Schottky barrier height and contact types are effectively tuned by electric fields.

scholarly journals On the cessation of magnetic reconnection

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hesse ◽  
J. Birn
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Magnetic Reconnection ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Ion Density ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Kinetic simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection are used to study the effect on the reconnection rate of ion density enhancements in the inflow region. The goal of the investigation is to study a candidate mechanism for the slow-down of magnetic reconnection. The calculations involve either proton or oxygen additions in the inflow region, initially located at two distances from the current sheet. Protons are found to be much more tightly coupled into the evolution of the reconnecting system and, therefore, they effect an immediate slowdown of the reconnection process, as soon as the flux tubes they reside on become involved. Oxygen, on the other hand, has, within the limits of the calculations, a much less pronounced effect on the reconnection electric field. The difference is attributed to the lack of tight coupling to the magnetic field of the oxygen populations. Last, a study of proton and oxygen acceleration finds that protons respond primarily to the reconnection electric field, whereas the main oxygen electric field is achieved by Hall-type electric fields at the plasma sheet boundary. Key words. Space plasma physics (magnetic reconnection; numerical simulation studies; numerical simulation studies)

Tuning the Electric Field Response of MOFs by Rotatable Dipolar Linkers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes P. Dürholt ◽  
Babak Farhadi Jahromi ◽  
Rochus Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Electric Response ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Recently the possibility of using electric fields as a further stimulus to trigger structural changes in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been investigated. In general, rotatable groups or other types of mechanical motion can be driven by electric fields. In this study we demonstrate how the electric response of MOFs can be tuned by adding rotatable dipolar linkers, generating a material that exhibits paralectric behavior in two dimensions and dielectric behavior in one dimension. The suitability of four different methods to compute the relative permittivity κ by means of molecular dynamics simulations was validated. The dependency of the permittivity on temperature T and dipole strength μ was determined. It was found that the herein investigated systems exhibit a high degree of tunability and substantially larger dielectric constants as expected for MOFs in general. The temperature dependency of κ obeys the Curie-Weiss law. In addition, the influence of dipolar linkers on the electric field induced breathing behavior was investigated. With increasing dipole moment, lower field strength are required to trigger the contraction. These investigations set the stage for an application of such systems as dielectric sensors, order-disorder ferroelectrics or any scenario where movable dipolar fragments respond to external electric fields.

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