scholarly journals Investigating differences in village-level heterogeneity of malaria infection and household risk factors in Papua New Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Gul ◽  
Daniela Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Elma Nate ◽  
Alma Auwan ◽  
Mary Salib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Spatial Risk

AbstractMalaria risk is highly heterogeneous. Understanding village and household-level spatial heterogeneity of malaria risk can support a transition to spatially targeted interventions for malaria elimination. This analysis uses data from cross-sectional prevalence surveys conducted in 2014 and 2016 in two villages (Megiar and Mirap) in Papua New Guinea. Generalised additive modelling was used to characterise spatial heterogeneity of malaria risk and investigate the contribution of individual, household and environmental-level risk factors. Following a period of declining malaria prevalence, the prevalence of P. falciparum increased from 11.4 to 19.1% in Megiar and 12.3 to 28.3% in Mirap between 2014 and 2016, with focal hotspots observed in these villages in 2014 and expanding in 2016. Prevalence of P. vivax was similar in both years (20.6% and 18.3% in Megiar, 22.1% and 23.4% in Mirap) and spatial risk heterogeneity was less apparent compared to P. falciparum. Within-village hotspots varied by Plasmodium species across time and between villages. In Megiar, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of infection could be partially explained by household factors that increase risk of vector exposure, such as collecting outdoor surface water as a main source of water. In Mirap, increased AOR overlapped with proximity to densely vegetated areas of the village. The identification of household and environmental factors associated with increased spatial risk may serve as useful indicators of transmission hotspots and inform the development of tailored approaches for malaria control.

scholarly journals Socio-economic status and behavioural and cardiovascular risk factors in Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e0211068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Rarau ◽  
Justin Pulford ◽  
Hebe Gouda ◽  
Suparat Phuanukoonon ◽  
Chris Bullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Economic Status

scholarly journals Correction: Socio-economic status and behavioural and cardiovascular risk factors in Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e0212894
Author(s):  
Patricia Rarau ◽  
Justin Pulford ◽  
Hebe Gouda ◽  
Suparat Phuanukoonnon ◽  
Chris Bullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Economic Status

scholarly journals Prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors in three sites across Papua New Guinea: a cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. e000221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Rarau ◽  
Gwendalyn Vengiau ◽  
Hebe Gouda ◽  
Suparat Phuanukoonon ◽  
Isi H Kevau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

scholarly journals The epidemiology of P. falciparum and P. vivax in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, pre- and post-implementation of national malaria control efforts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Helena Kattenberg ◽  
Dulcie L. Gumal ◽  
Maria Ome-Kaius ◽  
Benson Kiniboro ◽  
Matthew Philip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Artemisinin Combination Therapy ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract BackgroundIn the past decade, national malaria control efforts in Papua New Guinea (PNG) have received renewed support, facilitating nationwide distribution of free long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), as well as improvements in access to parasite-confirmed diagnosis and effective artemisinin-combination therapy in 2011-12. MethodsTo study the effects of these intensified control efforts on the epidemiology and transmission of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections and investigate risk factors at the individual and household level, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the East Sepik Province of PNG; one in 2005, before the scale-up of national campaigns and one in late 2012-early 2013, after 2 rounds of LLIN distribution (2008 and 2011-12). Differences between studies were investigated using chi-square (χ²), Fischer’s exact tests and Student’s t-test. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to investigate factors associated with infection at the individual and household level. ResultsThe prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax in surveyed communities decreased from 55% (2005) to 9% (2013) and 36% to 6%, respectively. The mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) decreased from 1.8 to 1.6 for P. falciparum (p=0.08) and from 2.2 to 1.4 for P. vivax (p<0.001). Alongside these reductions, a shift towards a more uniform distribution of infections and illness across age groups was observed but there was greater heterogeneity across the study area and within the study villages. Microscopy positive infections and clinical cases in the household were associated with high rate infection households (>50% of household members with Plasmodium infection).ConclusionAfter the scale-up of malaria control interventions in PNG between 2008 and 2012, there was a substantial reduction in P. falciparum and P. vivax infection rates in the studies villages in East Sepik Province. Understanding the extent of local heterogeneity in malaria transmission and the driving factors is critical to identify and implement targeted control strategies to ensure the ongoing success of malaria control in PNG and inform the development of tools required to achieve elimination. In household-based interventions, diagnostics with a sensitivity similar to (expert) microscopy could be used to identify and target high rate households.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal schistosomiasis and human fascioliasis among school children in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshome Bekana ◽  
Nega Berhe ◽  
Tadesse Eguale ◽  
Mulugeta Aemero ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Intestinal Schistosomiasis ◽  
Regional State ◽  
Human Fascioliasis

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis and fascioliasis are digenean parasitic infections and are among the neglected tropical diseases that have both medical and veterinary importance. They are found mainly in areas having limited access to safe water supply and improved sanitation. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola species infections and to identify associated risk factors among school children in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Stool specimens were collected from 798 children (419 males, 379 females) and processed using Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration techniques. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and other exposure information to explore potential risk factors for the infections. Results The overall prevalence of S. mansoni and Fasciola species infections was 25.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 22.5-28.6) and 5.5% (95% CI: 3.9-7.1), respectively. S. mansoni was present in all surveyed schools with the prevalence ranging from 12.8% (16/125; 95% CI = 5.6-20.0) to 39.7% (64/161; 95% CI = 32.2-47.2) while Fasciola species was identified in five schools with the prevalence ranging from 2.5% (4/160; 95% CI = 0.001–4.9) to 9.8% (13/133; 95% CI = 4.7–14.8). The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with swimming in rivers (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.79, 95% CI, 1.22–2.62; P=0.003), bathing in open freshwater bodies (AOR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.39–2.94; P<0.001) and engaging in irrigation activities (AOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.19-2.39; P=0.004), and was higher in children attending Addis Mender (AOR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.20–5.46; P=0.015 ) and Harbu schools (AOR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.64–7.59; P=0.001). Fasciola species infection was significantly associated with consumption of raw vegetables (AOR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.23-4.97; P=0.011) and drinking water from unimproved sources (AOR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.11–4.70; P=0.026). Conclusion Both intestinal schistosomiasis and human fascioliasis are prevalent in the study area, affecting school children. Behaviors and access to unimproved water and sanitation are among significant risk factors. The findings are instrumental for targeted interventions.

scholarly journals Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria cases in North-Western Province, Zambia: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen N. Chipoya ◽  
Nzooma M. Shimaponda-Mataa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
North Western

Abstract Background Imported malaria is a major challenge for countries that are in malaria elimination stage such as Zambia. Legitimate cross-border activities add to the risk of transmission, necessitating determination of prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 103 consented child and adult patients with clinical malaria symptoms, from selected health facilities in north-western Zambia. Patient demographic data and blood samples for malaria microscopy and full blood count were obtained. Chi-square and penalized logistic regression were performed to describe the characteristics and assess the risk factors of imported and local malaria in North-Western Province. Results Overall, malaria prevalence was 78.6% with 93.8% Plasmodium falciparum and 6.2% other species. The local cases were 72 (88.9%) while the imported were 9 (11.1%) out of the 81 positive participants. About 98.6% of the local cases were P. falciparum compared to 55.6% (χ2 = 52.4; p < 0.01) P. falciparum among the imported cases. Among the imported cases, 44% were species other than P. falciparum (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01) while among the local cases only 1.4% were. Gametocytes were present in 44% of the imported malaria cases and only in 2.8% of the local cases (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01). About 48.6% of local participants had severe anaemia compared to 33.3% of participants from the two neighbouring countries who had (χ2 = 4.9; p = 0.03). In the final model, only country of residence related positively to presence of species other than P. falciparum (OR = 39.0, CI [5.9, 445.9]; p < 0.01) and presence of gametocytes (OR = 23.1, CI [4.2, 161.6]; p < 0.01). Conclusion Malaria prevalence in North-Western Province is high, with P. falciparum as the predominant species although importation of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae is happening as well. Country of residence of patients is a major risk factor for malaria species and gametocyte presence. The need for enhanced malaria control with specific focus on border controls to detect and treat, for specific diagnosis and treatment according to species obtaining, for further research in the role of species and gametocytaemia in imported malaria, cannot be overemphasized.

scholarly journals Increase in the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum with kelch13 C580Y mutation and decline in pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutant alleles in Papua New Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Yoshida ◽  
Masato Yamauchi ◽  
Ryosuke Morikawa ◽  
Francis Hombhanje ◽  
Toshihiro Mita
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Nationwide Surveillance ◽  
Greater Mekong Subregion ◽  
C580y Mutation

Abstract Background The C580Y mutation in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene is the most commonly observed variant in artemisinin-resistant isolates in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Until 2017, it had not been identified outside the GMS, except for Guyana/Amazonia. In 2017, three parasites carrying the C580Y mutation were identified in Papua New Guinea (PNG). As the C580Y allele rapidly spread in the GMS, there is concern that this mutant is now spreading in PNG. Methods In 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at two clinics in Wewak, PNG. Symptomatic patients infected with P. falciparum were treated with artemether plus lumefantrine following a national treatment policy. Blood samples were obtained before treatment, and polymorphisms in kelch13, pfcrt, and pfmdr1 were determined. Parasite positivity was examined on day 3. The results were compared with those of previous studies conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2016–2018. Results A total of 94 patients were included in this analysis. The proportion of C580Y was significantly increased (2.2% in 2017, 5.7% in 2018, and 6.4% in 2020; p = 4.2 × 10–3). A significant upward trend was observed in the wild-type proportion for pfcrt (1.9% in 2016 to 46.7% in 2020; p = 8.9 × 10–16) and pfmdr1 (59.5% in 2016 to 91.4% in 2020; p = 2.3 × 10–6). Among 27 patients successfully followed on day 3, including three with C580Y infections, none showed positive parasitaemia. Conclusions Under the conditions of significant increases in pfcrt K76 and pfmdr1 N86 alleles in PNG, the increase in kelch13 C580Y mutants may be a warning indicator of the emergence of parasites resistant to the currently used first-line treatment regimen of artemether plus lumefantrine. Therefore, nationwide surveillance of molecular markers for drug resistance and assessment of its therapeutic effects are important.

Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Papua New Guinea: a nationwide survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Lee ◽  
Fabrizio D'Esposito ◽  
Jambi Garap ◽  
Geoffrey Wabulembo ◽  
Samuel Peter Koim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Capital ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and main causes of blindness and vision impairment in people aged 50 years and older in Papua New Guinea (PNG).DesignNational cross-sectional population-based survey in National Capital District (NCD), Highlands, Coastal and Islands regions.MethodsAdults aged 50 years and above were recruited from 100 randomly selected clusters. Each participant underwent monocular presenting and pinhole visual acuity (VA) assessment and lens examination. Those with pinhole VA<6/12 in either eye had a dilated fundus examination to determine the primary cause of reduced vision. Those with obvious lens opacity were interviewed on barriers to cataract surgery.ResultsA total of 4818 adults were examined. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence of blindness (VA <3/60), severe vision impairment (SVI, VA <6/60 but ≥3/60), moderate vision impairment (MVI, VA <6/18 but ≥6/60) and early vision impairment (EVI, VA <6/12 but ≥6/18) was 5.6% (95% CI 4.9% to 6.3%), 2.9% (95% CI 2.5% to 3.4%), 10.9% (95% CI 9.9% to 11.9%) and 7.3% (95% CI 6.6% to 8.0%), respectively. The main cause of blindness, SVI and MVI was cataract, while uncorrected refractive error was the main cause of EVI. A significantly higher prevalence of blindness, SVI and MVI occurred in the Highlands compared with NCD. Across all regions, women had lower cataract surgical coverage and spectacle coverage than men.ConclusionsPNG has one of the highest reported prevalence of blindness globally. Cataract and uncorrected refractive error are the main causes, suggesting a need for increased accessible services with improved resources and advocacy for enhancing eye health literacy.

Prevalence and correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases among university students from 24 countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supa Pengpid ◽  
Karl Peltzer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
University Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Behavioural Risk Factors ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract Background Globally non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are on the increase. The goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors of NCDs among university students from 24 countries. Methods In a cross-sectional study, the sample included 18 017 university students from countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Results indicate that prevalence of single behavioural NCD risk indicators were 38.2% for physical inactivity, 80.5% for inadequate fruit and vegetables intake, 23.1% for having overweight/obesity, 10.5% for heavy alcohol use and 11.8% for current tobacco use. Students had on average 1.6 (SD = 0.9), and 15.9% had three or more behavioural NCD risk factors. In adjusted linear regression, male sex was positively and stronger beliefs in health benefits were negatively associated with multiple behavioural NCD risk factors. Conclusions A high prevalence and co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors of NCDs was discovered. Several behavioural NCD risk factors, such as male sex and low health behaviour benefits beliefs, were found that could be utilized in targeted interventions.

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