scholarly journals An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bauer ◽  
Jonas Brugger ◽  
Franz König ◽  
Martin Posch
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sex Dependency ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractThe number of reported coronavirus disease (COVID-19) deaths per 100,000 persons observed so far in 2020 is described in 15 European countries and the USA as dependent on age groups and sex. It is compared with the corresponding historic all-cause mortality per year depending on age and sex observed in these countries. Some common features exist although substantial differences in age and sex dependency of COVID-19 mortality were noted between countries. An exponential increase with age is a good model to describe and analyze both COVID-19 and all-cause mortality above 40 years old, where almost all COVID-19 deaths occur. Moreover, age dependency is stronger for COVID-19 mortality than for all-cause mortality, and males have an excess risk compared with women, which is less pronounced in the higher age groups. Additionally, concerning calendar time, differences in the age and sex dependency between countries were noted with the common tendency that male excess risk for COVID-19 mortality was smaller in the second half of the year.

scholarly journals An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 Deaths in 2020 - a descriptive analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bauer ◽  
Jonas Brugger ◽  
Franz König ◽  
Martin Posch
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sex Dependency ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Age And Sex

SummaryCOVID-19 mortality, the number of reported COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 persons observed so far, is described in 15 European countries and the USA depending on age groups and sex for the full year 2020. It is contrasted to the corresponding historic all-cause mortality per year depending on age and sex observed in these countries. Although there are substantial differences in the age and sex dependency of COVID-19 mortality between countries, there are some common features: Exponential increase with age is a good model to describe and analyse both COVID-19 and all-cause mortality above an age of 40 years, where almost all COVID-19 death occur. Age dependency is stronger for COVID-19 mortality than for all-cause mortality, males have an excess risk compared to women which flattens off with increasing age. Also with regard to calendar time, there were differences in the age and sex dependency between countries with the common tendency that male excess risk of COVID-19 mortality was smaller in the second half of the year.

scholarly journals Is there any relationship of age & sex to the etiology and outcome of medical coma?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif Nadeem ◽  
Khadija Irfan ◽  
Kh A Irfan Waheed ◽  
Tariq Waseein
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Hepatic Coma ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Causal Distribution ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Age And Sex

As the diseases behave differently in males and females and even in different age groups, particular attention was made to classify and observe the distribution of various causes of coma according to age and sex of the patient in order to formulate our indigenous database for future reference. We studied the coma etiology with particular reference to the age and sex of the patient, and the outcome. All the 517 (312 male {60.35%} and 205 female {39.65%}) patients were divided into 7 groups according to decades from age 12 to 80 years. Patients older than 40 years predominated (318 {61.5%}). Metabolic coma was predominant cause in almost all age groups. Structural coma was increasing progressively with the age. Poisonings were the common cause in patients under 30, representing 35.85% of all comas in the age group 12-20, and 33.70% in the group from 21-30 years. In the next two decades (31-50 years), hepatic and renal failure predominated making up more than half of all causes. Leading causes among males we re poisonings (69 cases), hemorrhagic CVA (48 cases), ischemic CVA (24 cases), renal failure (28 cases) and hepatic coma (35 cases). Similarly among females causal distribution revealed renal failure (34 cases), followed by hepatic coma (29 cases), and hemorrhagic CVA (26 cases). Out of the 476 (92%) patients whose outcome could be determined 297 (57.4%) were discharged after recovery and 179 (34.6%) died. Eighty out of 205 female patients died (39%), while 99 out of 312 males had a fatal outcome (31.7%). We conclude that coma etiology has a significant effect on prognosis, while such significance could not be assigned to age or sex.

scholarly journals The average peak time and intensity of seasonal influenza may vary by age: a study of laboratory confirmed influenza

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 170-176
Author(s):  
Bhikhari P Tharu
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Usa

Background: Seasonal influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory illness that exerts a severe impact on human life year-round. Yet, very few studies have been conducted to investigate its peak timing for different age groups. Objective: To evaluate the average peak calendar time and intensity for the incidence of SI for different age groups. Methods: The study uses laboratory-confirmed Influenza data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the USA with age groups 2, 11, 34, 57 and 65 years during 2009–2018 for the analysis. A non-parametric method of estimation of a circular probability distribution called likelihood cross-validation method has been utilised. Results: The average peak date of incidence for age groups 2 and 11 is around the last week of December. However, the date shifts to the last week of January to the first week of February for other groups. Age groups 65 and 2 years experienced the most severe impact among all. Discussion: The average peak time for SI incidence is between the last week of December to January with a single peak time for every age group. However, the incidence seems to develop an additional moderate peak time for age group 65.

Reversal of the British trends in place of death: Time series analysis 2004–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Gomes ◽  
Natalia Calanzani ◽  
Irene J Higginson
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Place Of Death ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Dying At Home ◽  
National Trends ◽  
At Home

Background: Increased attention is being paid to the place where people die with a view to providing choice and adequately planning care for terminally ill patients. Secular trends towards an institutionalised dying have been reported in Britain and other developed world regions. Aim: This study aimed to examine British national trends in place of death from 2004 to 2010. Design and setting: Descriptive analysis of death registration data from the Office for National Statistics, representing all 3,525,564 decedents in England and Wales from 2004 to 2010. Results: There was a slow but steady increase in the proportion of deaths at home, from 18.3% in 2004 to 20.8% in 2010. Absolute numbers of home deaths increased by 9.1%, whilst overall numbers of deaths decreased by 3.8%. The rise in home deaths was more pronounced in cancer, happened for both genders and across all age groups, except for those younger than 14 years and for those aged 65–84, but only up to 2006. The rise was more evident when ageing was accounted for (age–gender standardised proportions of home deaths increased from 20.6% to 23.5%). Conclusions: Following trends in the USA and Canada, dying is also shifting to people’s homes in Britain. Home deaths increased for the first time since 1974 amongst people aged 85 years and over. There is an urgent need across nations for comparative evidence on the outcomes and the costs of dying at home.

Disability and contact with services in very elderly people

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Dening ◽  
Rhian Gabe
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
World Population ◽  
Old People ◽  
Very Elderly ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Almost All

IntroductionAcross the world, population structures are changing, with particularly rapid growth in the numbers of very old people. For example, in the USA, the number of people aged 85 or over is now around 4.6 million, having grown at nearly 4% per annum since 1980.1 It appears that human longevity has been increasing gradually over many years, with centenarians only appearing as a relatively recent phenomenon about 1800,2 the age of 110 being reached in the mid-20th century and 115 only by 1990. There is no sign of this extension of longevity slowing down towards a presumed biological maximum. In addition to the increase in the maximum age, there is a decrease in mortality rates in almost all age groups, and there has been a considerable rise in the chances of surviving from age 60 to 80 over the last century, which will further increase the numbers of very old people. Furthermore, the death rate in England and Wales for people aged 85 or over has decreased throughout the twentieth century.3

scholarly journals Changes in Excess Mortality from End Stage Renal Disease in the United States from 1995 to 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany J. Foster ◽  
Mark M. Mitsnefes ◽  
Mourad Dahhou ◽  
Xun Zhang ◽  
Benjamin L. Laskin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Functioning Kidney

Background and objectivesIndividuals with ESRD have a very high risk of death. Although mortality rates have decreased over time in ESRD, it is unknown if improvements merely reflect parallel increases in general population survival. We, therefore, examined changes in the excess risk of all-cause mortality—over and above the risk in the general population—among people treated for ESRD in the United States from 1995 to 2013. We hypothesized that the magnitude of change in the excess risk of death would differ by age and RRT modality.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe used time-dependent relative survival models including data from persons with incident ESRD as recorded in the US Renal Data System and age-, sex-, race-, and calendar year–specific general population mortality rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We calculated relative excess risks (analogous to hazard ratios) to examine the association between advancing calendar time and the primary outcome of all-cause mortality.ResultsWe included 1,938,148 children and adults with incident ESRD from 1995 to 2013. Adjusted relative excess risk per 5-year increment in calendar time ranged from 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.77) for 0–14 year olds to 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 0.88) for ≥65 year olds, meaning that the excess risk of ESRD-related death decreased by 12%–27% over any 5-year interval between 1995 and 2013. Decreases in excess mortality over time were observed for all ages and both during treatment with dialysis and during time with a functioning kidney transplant (year by age and year by renal replacement modality interactions were both P<0.001), with the largest relative improvements observed for the youngest persons with a functioning kidney transplant. Absolute decreases in excess ESRD-related mortality were greatest for the oldest persons.ConclusionsThe excess risk of all-cause mortality among people with ESRD, over and above the risk in the general population, decreased significantly between 1995 and 2013 in the United States.

Ectoparasites of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Kurigram district of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAA Mamun ◽  
N Begum ◽  
HM Shahadat ◽  
MMH Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Haemaphysalis Bispinosa ◽  
Parasitic Burden ◽  
The Common ◽  
Age And Sex

Epidemiology of ectoparasites of buffaloes was studied in Kurigram district of Bangladesh from November, 2007 to October, 2008. A total of 236 buffaloes were examined, among them 61.86% were found infested with one or more species of ectoparasites. Three species of ectoparasites were identified of which, two species were arachnids, namely, Boophilus microplus (13.98%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa (11.44%) and one species was insect, namely, Haematopinus tuberculatus (51.27%). No mites were detected. Among the ectoparasites, mixed infection was common. In this investigation, prevalence of ectoparasites in relation to age, sex and seasonal dynamics were also studied. Ectoparasitic prevalence was higher (p<0.01) in winter season (80.00%) followed by summer (50.68%) and rainy (39.62%) seasons. Significantly (p<0.01) higher prevalence of ectoparasites were recorded in female animals (85.71%) than in males (56.70%). In the age groups, buffalo calves aged 0.5-2 years (73.68%) were mostly susceptible (p<0.01) to ectoparasites than young aged > 2-5 years (70.73%) and adult animals aged >5 years (58.52%). Overall mean ectoparasitic burden was 2.31±1.31 per square inch of heavily infested area. The highest parasitic burden was recorded in case of H. tuberculatus (3.49±2.29) followed by B. microplus (1.85±0.94) and H. bispinosa (1.59±0.69). It is concluded that, ectoparasites are the common threat to Buffalo rearing in Kurigram district of Bangladesh irrespective of age and sex of the buffaloes and seasons of the year.Keywords: Ectoparasites; Epidemiology; Buffalo; Kurigram districtDOI: 10.3329/jbau.v8i1.6400J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 8(1): 61–66, 2010

scholarly journals Beyond deaths per capita: comparative COVID-19 mortality indicators

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e042934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Heuveline ◽  
Michael Tzen
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Crude Death Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Direct Standardisation

ObjectivesFollowing well-established practices in demography, this article discusses several measures based on the number of COVID-19 deaths to facilitate comparisons over time and across populations.SettingsNational populations in 186 United Nations countries and territories and populations in first-level subnational administrative entities in Brazil, China, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Spain and the USA.ParticipantsNone (death statistics only).Primary and secondary outcome measuresAn unstandardised occurrence/exposure rate comparable to the Crude Death Rate; an indirectly age-and-sex standardised rate that can be derived even when the breakdown of COVID-19 deaths by age and sex required for direct standardisation is unavailable; the reduction in life expectancy at birth corresponding to the 2020 number of COVID-19 deaths.ResultsTo date, the highest unstandardised rate has been in New York, at its peak exceeding the state 2017 crude death rate. Populations compare differently after standardisation: while parts of Italy, Spain and the USA have the highest unstandardised rates, parts of Mexico and Peru have the highest standardised rates. For several populations with the necessary data by age and sex for direct standardisation, we show that direct and indirect standardisation yield similar results. US life expectancy is estimated to have declined this year by more than a year (−1.26 years), far more than during the worst year of the HIV epidemic, or the worst 3 years of the opioid crisis, and to reach its lowest level since 2008. Substantially larger reductions, exceeding 2 years, are estimated for Panama, Peru, and parts of Italy, Spain, the USA and especially, Mexico.ConclusionsWith lesser demand on data than direct standardisation, indirect standardisation is a valid alternative to adjust international comparisons for differences in population distribution by sex and age-groups. A number of populations have experienced reductions in 2020 life expectancies that are substantial by recent historical standards.

scholarly journals Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt ◽  
Martina Otavova ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Aim: To examine the magnitude of sex differences in survival from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Europe across age and countries. We hypothesise that men have higher mortality than women at any given age, but that sex differences will decrease with age as only the strongest men survive to older ages.Methods: We used population data from Institut National D’Études Démographiques on cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 from February to June 2020 in 10 European countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, England & Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. For each country, we calculated cumulative mortality rates stratified by age and sex and corresponding relative risks for men vs. women.Results: The relative risk of dying from COVID-19 was higher for men than for women in almost all age groups in all countries. The overall relative risk ranged from 1.11 (95% CI 1.01-1.23) in Portugal to 1.54 (95% CI 1.49-1.58) in France. In most countries, sex differences increased until ages 60-69 years, but decreased thereafter with the smallest sex difference at ages 80+.Conclusions: Despite variability in data collection and time coverage among countries, we illustrate an overall similar pattern of sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe.

scholarly journals ROLE OF NASYA WITH KUMKUMADI TAILA IN IMPROVING DARK CIRCLES - A CASE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4245-4249
Author(s):  
Pranita Milind Deshpande ◽  
Anil Managuli
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Excessive Stress

Skin is a type of Gyanendriya (Sparshna indriya) and largest sense organ in the body. It is result of healthy constitution of body as well as healthy mental state. Skin has great cosmetological importance. Due to sed-entary lifestyle, inappropriate diet habits and excessive stress, numerous skin aliments arise. Hence it is need for inculcating healthy skin care habits. One of the common worrying factors related to skin is Dark circles. It affects almost all age groups and is most commonly related to stress and anxiety. Drugs adminis-tered through nasal route acts on higher centers of the brain. It acts on neurological, endocrinal and circula-tory centers and regulates their functions. This study is aimed to evaluate the role of Nasya Karma with kumkumadi taila in Dark circles.

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