scholarly journals L. rhamnosus improves the immune response and tryptophan catabolism in laying hen pullets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Mindus ◽  
Nienke van Staaveren ◽  
Dietmar Fuchs ◽  
Johanna M. Gostner ◽  
Joergen B. Kjaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Feather Pecking ◽  
Plasma Tryptophan ◽  
Tryptophan Catabolism ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn mammals, early-life probiotic supplementation is a promising tool for preventing unfavourable, gut microbiome-related behavioural, immunological, and aromatic amino acid alterations later in life. In laying hens, feather-pecking behaviour is proposed to be a consequence of gut-brain axis dysregulation. Lactobacillus rhamnosus decreases stress-induced severe feather pecking in adult hens, but whether its effect in pullets is more robust is unknown. Consequently, we investigated whether early-life, oral supplementation with a single Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain can prevent stress-induced feather-pecking behaviour in chickens. To this end, we monitored both the short- and long-term effects of the probiotic supplement on behaviour and related physiological parameters. We hypothesized that L. rhamnosus would reduce pecking behaviour by modulating the biological pathways associated with this detrimental behaviour, namely aromatic amino acid turnover linked to neurotransmitter production and stress-related immune responses. We report that stress decreased the proportion of cytotoxic T cells in the tonsils (P = 0.047). Counteracting this T cell depression, birds receiving the L. rhamnosus supplementation significantly increased all T lymphocyte subset proportions (P < 0.05). Both phenotypic and genotypic feather peckers had lower plasma tryptophan concentrations compared to their non-pecking counterparts. The probiotic supplement caused a short-term increase in plasma tryptophan (P < 0.001) and the TRP:(PHE + TYR) ratio (P < 0.001). The administration of stressors did not significantly increase feather pecking in pullets, an observation consistent with the age-dependent onset of pecking behaviour. Despite minimal changes to behaviour, our data demonstrate the impact of L. rhamnosus supplementation on the immune system and the turnover of the serotonin precursor tryptophan. Our findings indicate that L. rhamnosus exerts a transient, beneficial effect on the immune response and tryptophan catabolism in pullets.

scholarly journals Maternal separation in rodents: a journey from gut to brain and nutritional perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Rincel ◽  
Muriel Darnaudéry
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
The Impact

The developmental period constitutes a critical window of sensitivity to stress. Indeed, early-life adversity increases the risk to develop psychiatric diseases, but also gastrointestinal disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome at adulthood. In the past decade, there has been huge interest in the gut–brain axis, especially as regards stress-related emotional behaviours. Animal models of early-life adversity, in particular, maternal separation (MS) in rodents, demonstrate lasting deleterious effects on both the gut and the brain. Here, we review the effects of MS on both systems with a focus on stress-related behaviours. In addition, we discuss more recent findings showing the impact of gut-directed interventions, including nutrition with pre- and probiotics, illustrating the role played by gut microbiota in mediating the long-term effects of MS. Overall, preclinical studies suggest that nutritional approaches with pro- and prebiotics may constitute safe and efficient strategies to attenuate the effects of early-life stress on the gut–brain axis. Further research is required to understand the complex mechanisms underlying gut–brain interaction dysfunctions after early-life stress as well as to determine the beneficial impact of gut-directed strategies in a context of early-life adversity in human subjects.

scholarly journals Mycosporine-like amino acid and aromatic amino acid transcriptome response to UV and far-red light in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole A. Llewellyn ◽  
Carolyn Greig ◽  
Alla Silkina ◽  
Bethan Kultschar ◽  
Matthew D. Hitchings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
White Light ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Chlorogloeopsis Fritschii ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe “UV sunscreen” compounds, the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are widely reported in cyanobacteria and are known to be induced under ultra-violet (UV) light. However, the impact of far red (FR) light on MAA biosynthesis has not been studied. We report results from two experiments measuring transcriptional regulation of MAA and aromatic amino acid pathways in the filamentous cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912. The first experiment, comparing UV with white light, shows the expected upregulation of the characteristic MAA mys gene cluster. The second experiment, comparing FR with white light, shows that three genes of the four mys gene cluster encoding up to mycosporine-glycine are also upregulated under FR light. This is a new discovery. We observed corresponding increases in MAAs under FR light using HPLC analysis. The tryptophan pathway was upregulated under UV, with no change under FR. The tyrosine and phenylalanine pathways were unaltered under both conditions. However, nitrate ABC transporter genes were upregulated under UV and FR light indicating increased nitrogen requirement under both light conditions. The discovery that MAAs are upregulated under FR light supports MAAs playing a role in photon dissipation and thermoregulation with a possible role in contributing to Earth surface temperature regulation.

scholarly journals 16 Sulfur amino acid utilization during immune system stimulation in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 15-16
Author(s):  
Anoosh Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Immune system stimulation (ISS) modifies protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism in animals and humans. During ISS, AA are redirected away from growth and reproduction towards mounting an immune response. This redirection can impact AA requirements both qualitatively (i.e., the AA ratio) and quantitatively. Special attention has been given to sulfur-containing amino acid (SAA; Met + Cys) metabolism during ISS, due to their roles as precursors for the synthesis of proteins and metabolites that are involved in the immune response. A series of studies were conducted to investigate the impact of ISS on various aspects of SAA utilization, including ileal digestibility, plasma kinetics, the glutathione (GSH) synthesis rate, the irreversible loss of Cys, and dietary total SAA requirements. In all of the studies, pigs were feed restricted (≥ 2 times the maintenance requirement for ME) to eliminate the confounding effect of ISS on feed intake. Results indicated that ISS alters SAA metabolism and increases SAA requirements per unit of protein deposition. The latter occurs due to increased maintenance requirements for SAA during ISS. The results also showed that the enhanced maintenance requirement for SAA occurs mainly as a result of increased SAA utilization, mainly Cys, for the synthesis of immune system metabolites, such as GSH and acute-phase proteins, as well as the increased catabolism of Cys to taurine. In addition, we found that ISS increases the dietary Met-to-total SAA ratio in pigs, suggesting an enhanced preferential demand for dietary Met during ISS, perhaps to support an elevated rate of transsulfuration. Collectively, our findings point toward a need for developing an optimal dietary AA profile for diseased pigs.

scholarly journals Behind the Scenes: The Impact of Bioactive Phenylpropanoids on the Growth Phenotypes of Arabidopsis Lignin Mutants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias El Houari ◽  
Wout Boerjan ◽  
Bartel Vanholme
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The phenylpropanoid pathway converts the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine into a wide range of secondary metabolites. Most of the carbon entering the pathway incorporates into the building blocks of lignin, an aromatic polymer providing mechanical strength to plants. Several intermediates in the phenylpropanoid pathway serve as precursors for distinct classes of metabolites that branch out from the core pathway. Untangling this metabolic network in Arabidopsis was largely done using phenylpropanoid pathway mutants, all with different degrees of lignin depletion and associated growth defects. The phenotypic defects of some phenylpropanoid pathway mutants have been attributed to differentially accumulating phenylpropanoids or phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. In this perspectives article, we summarize and discuss the reports describing an altered accumulation of these bioactive molecules as the causal factor for the phenotypes of lignin mutants in Arabidopsis.

Eczema-protective probiotic alters infant gut microbiome functional capacity but not composition: sub-sample analysis from a RCT

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Murphy ◽  
X.C. Morgan ◽  
X.Y. Wang ◽  
K. Wickens ◽  
G. Purdie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 given in early life has been shown to reduce infant eczema risk, but its effect on gut microbiota development has not been quantitatively and functionally examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of early life probiotic exposure on the composition and functional capacity of infant gut microbiota from birth to 2 years considering the effects of age, delivery mode, antibiotics, pets and eczema. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis of 650 infant faecal samples, collected at birth, 3, 12, and 24 months, as part of a randomised, controlled, 3-arm trial assessing the effect of L. rhamnosus HN001, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 supplementation on eczema development in 474 infants. There was a 50% reduced eczema risk in the HN001 probiotic group compared to placebo. Both mothers (from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months post-partum if breastfeeding) and infants (from birth to 2 years) received either a placebo or one of two probiotics, L. rhamnosus HN001 (6×109 cfu), or B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (9×109 cfu). L. rhamnosus HN001 probiotic supplementation was associated with increased overall glycerol-3 phosphate transport capacity and enrichment of L. rhamnosus. There were no other significant changes in infant gut microbiota composition or diversity. Increased capacity to transport glycerol-3-phosphate was positively correlated with relative abundance of L. rhamnosus. Children who developed eczema had gut microbiota with increased capacity for glycosaminoglycan degradation and flagellum assembly but had no significant differences in microbiota composition or diversity. Early life HN001 probiotic use is associated with both increased L. rhamnosus and increased infant gut microbiota functional capacity to transport glycerol-3 phosphate. The mechanistic relationship of such functional alteration in gut microbiota with reduced eczema risk and long-term health merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Tryptophan in the Liver: Interference with Decarboxylation of Other Aromatic Amino Acids

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Dršata ◽  
Eliška Marklová
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Inhibition Kinetics ◽  
Amino Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Plasma Tryptophan ◽  
Mammalian Tissues

Decarboxylation of aromatic amino acid in mammalian tissues is catalyzed by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.28, AAD). The enzyme differs in its affinity to individual aromatic amino acids, the best substrates being 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and 5-hydroxytryptophan. Surprisingly, AAD is abundant in the liver, where the substrates with rather low affinity to AAD as tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are offered to decarboxylation. In the present paper, the possibility of interference of tryptophan with decarboxylation of phenylalanine, tyrosine as well as dopa in the liver was investigated. The AAD activity was measured radiometrically with 1-14C-labeled aromatic amino acid substrates using the rat liver enzyme. The influence of tryptophan on decarboxylation of tyrosine was formally competitive with Ki = 9.2 x 10-3 M, while the inhibition of decarboxylation of phenylalanine by tryptophan was non-competitive with Ki at 2.75 x 10-2 M. The effect of tryptophan on decarboxylation of dopa was small and it could not be expressed in terms of inhibition kinetics and inhibition constant. At physiological concentrations of aromatic amino acids in plasma, tryptophan does not seem to have remarkable effects on decarboxylation of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and dopa in the liver.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the Interaction between Nutrition and Immunity in Livestock: Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Synthetic Amino Acids

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2813
Author(s):  
Laura Montout ◽  
Nausicaa Poullet ◽  
Jean-Christophe Bambou
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acid ◽  
The Impact

Infectious diseases represent one of the most critical threats to animal production worldwide. Due to the rise of pathogen resistance and consumer concern about chemical-free and environmentally friendly productions, the use of antimicrobials drugs is no longer desirable. The close relationship between nutrition and infection has led to numerous studies about livestock. The impact of feeding strategies, including synthetic amino acid supplementation, on host response to various infections has been investigated in different livestock animals. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the experimental studies on the interactions between synthetic amino acid supplementation and immune response to infectious diseases in livestock. Following PRISMA guidelines, quantitative research was conducted using two literature databases, PubMed and Web of Science. The eligibility criteria for the research articles were: (1) the host is a livestock animal; (2) the supplementation with at least one synthetic amino acid; (3) at least one mediator of immunity is measured; (4) at least one production trait is measured. Data were extracted from 58 selected studies. Articles on poultry were the most numerous; few contained experiments using ruminants and pigs. Most of the authors hypothesized that synthetic amino acid supplementation would particularly improve the animals’ immune response against intracellular pathogens. An increase in T and natural killer lymphocytes and macrophages activation, intracellular redox state, lymphocytes proliferation and antibodies production were the most described immune mechanisms associated with synthetic amino acid supplementation. Most of the selected studies focused on three amino acids (methionine, threonine and arginine), all of which are associated with a significant improvement of the host immune response. The use of synthetic amino acid supplementation appears as an encouraging perspective for livestock infectious disease management, and research must concentrate on more analytical studies using these three amino acids.

Configurational requirements of aromatic amino acid residues for the activity of PRP-hexapeptide

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 2583-2590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kubik ◽  
Zbigniew Szewczuk ◽  
Ignacy Z. Siemion ◽  
Zbigniew Wieczorek ◽  
Krystyna Spiegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Aromatic Rings

The three analogues with D-amino acid substituents at position 1 and 5 of PRP-hexapeptide were synthesized and tested for its biological activity to check the influence of the spacial orientation of aromatic rings on the immune response. One of the analogs (Tyr-Val-Pro-Leu-D-Phe-Pro) was found to have the immunoregulatory activity.

scholarly journals Elevated levels of interleukin-27 in early life compromise protective immunity during neonatal sepsis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany G. Seman ◽  
Jordan K. Vance ◽  
Travis W. Rawson ◽  
Michelle R. Witt ◽  
Annalisa B. Huckaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neonatal Population

ABSTRACTNeonates are at increased risk for bacterial sepsis as a result of immature immunity. We established that the immune suppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-27 is elevated in early life. In the present work, we hypothesized that increased levels of IL-27 may predispose the neonatal population to more severe infection during sepsis. In a neonatal sepsis model, systemic IL-27 levels continued to rise during infection. Peripheral tissue analysis revealed systemic IL-27 expression, while myeloid cell profiling identified Gr-1 and F4/80-expressing cells as the most abundant producers of IL-27 during infection. Increased IL-27 levels were consistent with increased mortality that was improved in WSX-1-/- mice that lack a functional IL-27 receptor. Infected WSX-1-/- pups exhibited improved weight gain and reduced morbidity. IL-27 signaling in WT mice promoted increased bacterial burdens and systemic inflammation compared to WSX-1-/- neonates. This was consistent with more efficient bacterial killing by Ly6B.2+ myeloid cells and macrophages from WSX-1-deficient compared to wild-type neonates. Live animal imaging further supported a more severe and disseminated infection in WT neonates. This is the first report to describe the impact of elevated early life IL-27 on the host response in neonates while also defining the cell and tissue sources of cytokine. IL-27 is frequently associated with suppressed inflammation. In contrast, our findings demonstrate that IL-27 promotes inflammation during neonatal sepsis by directly compromising control of bacteria that drive the inflammatory response. Collectively, our results suggest that IL-27 represents a therapeutic target to limit susceptibility and improve infectious outcomes in neonatal sepsis.IMPORTANCEA number of differences in the neonatal immune response compared with adults have been well described. However, a mechanistic understanding of what needs to be overcome in the neonate to generate a more protective immune response during acute bacterial infection has been limited. The work described here helps fill the gap of what is necessary to overcome in order to achieve improved host response to infection. To further the novelty, IL-27 has not previously been attributed to dysfunction or deficiency in neonatal immunity. Our results enhance the understanding of IL-27 biology in the neonatal population while providing evidence that elevated IL-27 levels limit a protective immune response and are detrimental during neonatal sepsis. Strategies aimed at targeting circulating IL-27 concentrations early in life have the potential to improve control of bacterial infection in neonates.

scholarly journals Acetylation of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase and Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase Alters Hepatic Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in Weaned Piglets

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Lu Huang ◽  
Weilei Yao ◽  
Tongxin Wang ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Qiongyu He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Acetylation State ◽  
Tryptophan Catabolism ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism

Weaning significantly alters hepatic aromatic amino acid (AAA) metabolism and physiological functions. However, less is known about the regulating mechanism of hepatic AAA metabolism after weaning. A total of 200 21-day-old piglets (Duroc × Landrace) were assigned randomly to the control group and the weaning group. In this study, weaning significantly decreased the concentration of phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine in piglet livers (p < 0.05). Additionally, through the detection of liver AAA metabolites and metabolic enzyme activity, it was observed that hepatic tryptophan catabolism was enhanced, while that of phenylalanine was weakened (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, acetyl-proteome profiling of liver from weaned piglets showed that weaning exacerbated the acetylation of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and the deacetylation of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Analysis of PAH and TDO acetylation in Chang liver cells showed that acetylation decreased the PAH activity, while deacetylation increased the TDO activity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, metabolites of AAAs and the acetylation statuses of PAH and TDO in primary hepatocytes from weaned piglets were consistent with the results in vivo. These findings indicated that weaning altered the PAH and TDO activity by affecting the acetylation state of the enzyme in piglets’’ livers. Lysine acetylation may be a potential regulatory mechanism for AAA metabolism in response to weaning.

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