Food processing and structure impact the metabolizable energy of almonds

The addition of cassava leaves meal (CLM) in broiler rations in the form of pellets require specific and uniform size because it will determine the characteristics of the material, especially the particle size plays an important role during the process of making ration (mixing and pelleting process). Research has been conducted from March to October 2013 in the Laboratory of the Department of Animal Husbandry. The study aims to look at the characteristics of the pellet that containing cassava leaves meal by using a variety of screen sizes as well as its influence on metabolizable energy, nutrient digestibility, histology of the digestive tract and broiler performance. Research using a completely randomized design (CRD), with three treatments and seven replicates and each experimental unit consisted of nine broilers. The treatment applied is T1 = CLM milled using screen of 2 mm, T2 = CLM milled using screen of 3 mm, and T3 = CLM milled using screen of 5 mm. Observations included physical characteristics of the pellets, nutrients digestibility, metabolizable energy, histology of ileum and broiler production performance. The data obtained were tested by analysis of variance and a further test usingDuncan's multiple range test. The results showed that CLM milled using 2 mm screen to produce a compact pellet characteristics and performance of broiler production is better than the screen size 3 and 5 mm and the pellet with CLM milled using a screen 2, 3, and 5 mm produce normal ileal tissue in broiler.

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Gizzard vs. teeth, it's a tie: food-processing efficiency in herbivorous birds and mammals and implications for dinosaur feeding strategies

Paleobiology ◽

10.1666/10031.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 577-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Julia Fritz ◽

Jürgen Hummel ◽

Ellen Kienzle ◽

Oliver Wings ◽

W. Jürgen Streich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Food Processing ◽

Bird Species ◽

Size Reduction ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Mammal Species ◽

Particle Size Reduction ◽

Processing Efficiency ◽

Data Set ◽

Significant Difference

Particle size reduction is a primary means of improving efficiency in herbivores. The mode of food particle size reduction is one of the main differences between herbivorous birds (gizzard) and mammals (teeth). For a quantitative comparison of the efficiency of food comminution, we investigated mean fecal particle sizes (MPS) in 14 herbivorous bird species and compared these with a data set of 111 non-ruminant herbivorous mammal species. In general MPS increased with body mass, but there was no significant difference between birds and mammals, suggesting a comparable efficiency of food processing by gizzards and chewing teeth. The results lead to the intriguing question of why gizzard systems have evolved comparatively rarely among amniote herbivores. Advantages linked to one of the two food comminution systems must, however, be sought in different effects other than size reduction itself. In paleoecological scenarios, the evolution of “dental batteries,” for example in ornithopod dinosaurs, should be considered an advantage compared to absence of mastication, but not compared to gizzard-based herbivory.

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Fattening steers in confinement: Evaluation of productive performance through simulation of feeding strategies

Ciencia Veterinaria ◽

10.19137/cienvet202022204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 135-156

Author(s):

Diego Avilio Ocampos Olmedo ◽

◽

Pedro Paniagua Alcaraz ◽

Claudio Tobal ◽

Luis Alberto Alonzo Griffith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Live Weight ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Management Tool ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Physiological Maturity ◽

Process Innovations ◽

Data Tables

A simulation model was designed in order to serve as a management tool to estimate the rate of change in live weight in confined steers. The main components of the production system integrated in the model were the animal, the environment and the diet. The quantified biological interrelationships are summarized in the voluntary consumption of dry matter and nutritional balances of metabolizable energy and digestible protein. The potential consumption estimated by the physiological maturity dependent on the zebu, bullfighting or hybrid animal biotype, sex and age was corrected by indexes related to the size of the food particle and actual digestibility of the diet. This was estimated through the development and validation of indexes and correction functions considering the level of tannins, silica, crude protein and non-structural carbohydrates together with the particle size taken from data tables of the Cornell model. The confidence of the model to predict the increase rate in live weight was evaluated by means of the t student test with experimental data from 12 batches of steers of breeds of early physiological maturity, during 119 days. The daily gains of average weights of the model presented a similar trend to the observed data (P: 0.65). In addition, the regression analysis between simulated and observed variables presented a similar trend both for estimating consumption (R2 = 0.62) and for estimating daily weight gain (R2 = 0.58). The model allows evaluating process innovations to determine production functions related to live weight in different scenarios incorporating variables such as bovine biotype, modified diet quality based on its digestibility, particle size, and environmental temperature.

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Decreasing Corn Particle Size Increases Metabolizable Energy When Fed to Gestating Sows

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports ◽

10.4148/2378-5977.8171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Gage E. Nichols ◽

Caitlin E. Evans ◽

Julia P. Holen ◽

Rachel N. Kort ◽

Haley K. Wecker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Corn Particle Size

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Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 2. The effect of moisture content and of particle size of the roughage component on the performance of male cattle

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100035406 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 41-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Z. Holzer ◽

H. Tagari ◽

J. D. Levy ◽

R. Volcani

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Control Diet ◽

Live Weight ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Intact Male ◽

Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽

Consequent Reduction ◽

Gut Fill ◽

Friesian Cattle

SummaryTwo levels of roughage in a complete fattening diet (25 and 45%), two particle sizes of the roughage component (6 and 12 mm diameter of sieve holes), and three levels of moisture (10, 50 and 75%) were examined in a feeding trial designed in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement.Intact male Israeli-Friesian cattle were grown from an initial weight of about 300 kg to a slaughter weight of about 520 kg. Live-weight gains were 956, 1080 and 1025 g/day, and carcass gains were 516, 584 and 563 g/day for diet moisture contents of 10, 50 and 75%, respectively. The roughage content of the diet and particle size had no significant effects. Efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight or carcass weight was directly related to the moisture content of the diet.Weight of gut fill was directly related to the roughage content of the diet, to diet particle size and to moisture content. Animals on the moist diets had less carcass fat but more depot fat than those on the dry ration. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen liquor of animals fed on moist diets was significantly higher, and the acetate: propionate ratio was significantly lower than that of animals on the dry control diet.The improvement in performance of animals fed on moist diets may be attributed to the accumulated effect of three factors, even though the effect of each separately may not be great: (a) Increased dry-matter intake; (b) Improvement in digestibility; and (c) Increased concentration of propionic acid and consequent reduction of the acetate: propionate ratio.

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44 Effects of Decreasing Corn Particle Size on Metabolizable Energy and Proportions of Fecal Volatile Fatty Acids in Gestating Sows

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.250 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 146-147

Author(s):

Rachel Kort ◽

Gage E Nichols ◽

Caitlin E Evans ◽

Julia P Holen ◽

Haley Wecker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Particle Size ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Valeric Acid ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Second Phase ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Corn Particle Size

Abstract The objective of the first experiment was to determine the effects of corn particle size on the diet apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and N-corrected ME (AMEn) in addition to estimating the ME of corn in gestating sows. A total of 27 sows, during the second phase of gestation, were fed a common diet manufactured with corn ground to one of 3 target particle sizes (dgw): 400, 800, or 1200 µm. Titanium dioxide (0.25%) was included in the diet as an indigestible marker for digestibility calculations. Sows were fed experimental diets for 7 days to allow for diet adaptation before a 2-day collection period of urine and fecal samples. Reducing dgw of corn from 1,200 to 400 µm increased (linear, P < 0.01) ATTD CP and GE, DE, ME, AMEn and calculated ME of corn. The objective of the second experiment was to determine the effects of corn particle size on the total concentration and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the feces of gestating sows. A total of 27 sows were fed treatments similar to Exp. 1 from day 61 to 82 of gestation. On day-82 and 83 of gestation, 2 fecal grab samples were collected for VFA analyses. Sows fed diets with decreasing corn dgw had increased (quadratic, P = 0.021) fecal acetic acid proportions, and decreased propionic (quadratic, P = 0.019) and valeric acid (P = 0.005). In conclusion, for every 100 µm decrease in corn dgw from 1,200 to 400 µm, corn ME value increased by 28.6 kcal/kg. Additionally, decreasing corn particle size led to an increase in the proportion of acetic acid and a decrease in propionic and valeric acid in fecal samples of gestating sows.

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Production of Bio-Based Pigments from Food Processing Industry By-Products (Apple, Pomegranate, Black Carrot, Red Beet Pulps) Using Aspergillus carbonarius

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof6040240 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 240 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ezgi Bezirhan Arikan ◽

Oltan Canli ◽

Yanis Caro ◽

Laurent Dufossé ◽

Nadir Dizge

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Food Processing ◽

Pigment Production ◽

Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽

Food Processing Industry ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Fermentation Conditions ◽

Black Carrot ◽

By Products

Food processing industry by-products (apple, pomegranate, black carrot, and red beet pulps) were evaluated as raw materials in pigment production by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus carbonarius. The effect of fermentation conditions (solid and submerged-state), incubation period (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d), initial substrate pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5), and pulp particle size (<1.4, 1.4–2.0, 2–4, and >4 mm) on fungal pigment production were tested to optimize the conditions. Pigment extraction analysis carried out under solid-state fermentation conditions showed that the maximum pigment production was determined as 9.21 ± 0.59 absorbance unit at the corresponding wavelength per gram (AU/g) dry fermented mass (dfm) for pomegranate pulp (PP) by A. carbonarius for 5 d. Moreover, the highest pigment production was obtained as 61.84 ± 2.16 AU/g dfm as yellowish brown at initial pH 6.5 with < 1.4 mm of substrate particle size for 15-d incubation period. GC×GC-TOFMS results indicate that melanin could be one of the main products as a pigment. SEM images showed that melanin could localize on the conidia of A. carbonarius.

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Utilization Of Glycerol By Product From Transesterification Of Waste Cooking Oil As A Cosurfactant In Nanocream Preparation

International Journal of Science, Technology & Management ◽

10.46729/ijstm.v2i4.264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 1258-1264

Author(s):

Zulmai Rani ◽

Julia Reveny ◽

Urip Harahap

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Ir Spectroscopy ◽

Food Processing ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Economic Value ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Nano Size

Waste cooking oil (used cooking oil ) is oil derived from leftover cooking oil for frying food. Waste cooking oil is still considered as waste by some people and waste cooking oil that should not be suitable for consumption is sometimes still widely reused in food processing, this can endanger health and reduce the nutritional value of food. In order to be used and have economic value, it is overcome by synthesizing waste cooking oil into glycerol so it can be used as cosurfactant. Besides as cosurfactant, this waste cooking oil glycerol also can be used for various chemical industies, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals industries. For cosmetic preparation, it can make a nanocream preparation. The purpose of this research was to utilize waste cooking oil into a glycerol which is used as a cosurfactant, to characterize the synthesis results based on IR Spectroscopy data and to formulate it to nanocream preparation. The research was conducted in an experimentally by making glycerol from side product of waste cooking oil. Separating glycerol process conducted by transesterification reaction. Glycerol of waste cooking oil by product was characterized with IR Spectroscopy and evaluated include organoleptic, glycerol contents, density, viscosity, ash content, and moisture content. Formulation of nanocream preparation using 30% of Tween 80 as surfactant, glycerol by-product as cosurfactant 7,5% concentration, and 20% of VCO as oil phase. The nanocream preparation was measured for its particle size with the aim of being able to determine the particle size of the formula to form nanoparticle size. The results showed that glycerol of waste cooking oil by product shows the presence of OH, CH-aliphatic, C=O carbonyl and C-O. particle size of nanocream preparation obtained was 397,76 nm. Based on the result of this research, the conclusion is glycerol of waste cooking oil by-product can form nano size with presence of glycerol as cosurfactant. The particle size of the nanocream preparation obtained was still in the nanocream requirement range, namely 20-500 nm.

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