scholarly journals Genetics-assisted breeding for downy/powdery mildew and phylloxera resistance at fem

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 01020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vezzulli ◽  
L. Zulini ◽  
M. Stefanini
Keyword(s):  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Production Data ◽  
First Line ◽  
Sensorial Analysis ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Parental Lines

The genetics-assisted program for resistance to biotic stresses began at the Edmund Mach Foundation in 2007 and has developed on two lines. The first line was based on obtaining resistant materials with parents the historical varieties of Trentino. During the three-year period 2015–2017, 3 Teroldego X Merzling genotypes, 3 Marzemino X Merzling genotypes, 1 Nosiola X Bianca genotype and 1 Nosiola X Kulneany genotype were collected the data related to resistance to various fungal diseases both on the leaf and on the bunch. At harvest the plant production data and the must characteristics were recorded; the grapes were vinified and for each year the wines were subjected to sensorial analysis. 5 resistant selections were considered interesting for all the characteristics found and therefore the data for the registration to the National Register of Grapevine Varieties will be collected. The second line of research was based on the retrieval and both genotypic and phenotypic characterization of potentially parental lines acquired from foreign breeding programs and of wild materials. Once the crossings have been planned and obtained, the evaluation of the progeny takes place following a process of Marker-Assisted Selection optimized in order to maintain a compromise between efficiency and cost containment.

scholarly journals Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a Cross-Sectional Study of Isolates Recovered from Routine Urine Cultures in a High-Incidence Setting

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Bailey ◽  
Robert F. Potter ◽  
Meghan A. Wallace ◽  
Caitlin Johnson ◽  
Gautam Dantas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
First Line ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gradient Diffusion

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to perform genomic and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates recovered from urine samples from patients in St. Louis, MO, USA. Sixty-four clinical isolates were banked over a 2-year period and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion (penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, and ciprofloxacin) and gradient diffusion (tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, and delafloxacin). The medical records for the patients were evaluated to determine the demographics, location, and prescribed treatment regimen. Isolate draft genomes were assembled from Illumina shotgun sequencing data, and resistance determinants were identified by ResFinder and PointFinder. Of the 64 isolates, 97% were nonsusceptible to penicillin, with resistant isolates all containing the blaTEM-1b gene; 78 and 81% of isolates were nonsusceptible to tetracycline and doxycycline, respectively, with resistant isolates all containing the tet(M) gene. One isolate was classified as non-wild-type to azithromycin, and all isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone; 89% of patients received this combination of drugs as first-line therapy. Six percent of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, with most resistant isolates containing multiple gyrA and parC mutations. Correlation between disk and gradient diffusion AST devices was high for tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (R2 > 99% for both). The rates of N. gonorrhoeae antibiotic resistance in St. Louis are comparable to current rates reported nationally, except ciprofloxacin resistance was less common in our cohort. Strong associations between specific genetic markers and phenotypic susceptibility testing hold promise for the utility of genotype-based diagnostic assays to guide directed antibiotic therapy. IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, which is most commonly diagnosed using a DNA-based detection method that does not require growth and isolation of N. gonorrhoeae in the laboratory. This is problematic because the rates of antibiotic resistance in N. gonorrhoeae are increasing, but without isolating the organism in the clinical laboratory, antibiotic susceptibility testing cannot be performed on strains recovered from clinical specimens. We observed an increase in the frequency of urine cultures growing N. gonorrhoeae after we implemented a total laboratory automation system for culture in our clinical laboratory. Here, we report on the rates of resistance to multiple historically used, first-line, and potential future-use antibiotics for 64 N. gonorrhoeae isolates. We found that the rates of antibiotic resistance in our isolates were comparable to national rates. Additionally, resistance to specific antibiotics correlated closely with the presence of genetic resistance genes, suggesting that DNA-based tests could also be designed to guide antibiotic therapy for treating gonorrhea.

scholarly journals Phenotypic diversity and carcass quality of creole goats with genetic potential for resistance to infection caused by worm

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 849-857
Author(s):  
Vanessa dos Santos Neri ◽  
José Lindenberg Rocha Sarmento ◽  
Laylson da Silva Borges ◽  
Tatiana Saraiva Torres ◽  
Luciano Silva Sena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Resistance To Infection

Abstract: The objective of this work was to phenotypically characterize creole goats of the Moxotó, Azul, Canindé, Repartida, Marota, and Graúna breeds, comparing them with the Boer, Anglo Nubian, and Alpine exotic breeds, to identify the genetic groups of greater potential for carcass quality and resistance to infection caused by worm. Data on morphometric measurements were obtained for the count of worm eggs in grams of feces (WEGF), Famacha score, carcass measurements, and body weight from 308 animals, in a farm in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Repartida goats showed the highest average for wither height (61.55 cm) and rump height (62.16 cm), and Moxotó goats had the greatest ear length (13.45 cm). The Moxotó breed showed the highest means for carcass and body weight. The lowest average for body weight was observed in Azul goats (24.35 kg), and the lowest WEGF was detected in Repartida goats (200 eggs per gram of feces). The average Famacha score was 2.77. Average linkage was the method that best summarized the information on the morphometric and carcass data. The use of morphometric and carcass measurements provides satisfactory results in the phenotypic characterization of the animals. The Brazilian creole goats, which are considered resistant to worm infection and show high-quality carcass traits, may be indicated for conservation and genetic breeding programs.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characterization of exotic tomato germplasm: An excellent breeding resource

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253557
Author(s):  
Zeshan Hassan ◽  
Sami Ul-Allah ◽  
Azhar Abbas Khan ◽  
Umbreen Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Khurshid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Locally Grown

Tomato production in Pakistan faces significant problems of low yields due to various biotic and abiotic stresses primarily because of a narrow genetic base of the cultivars being used. Therefore, Introduction and evaluation of the exotic tomato germplasm has become necessary to acquire elite material to develop future breeding programs. To this end, the present study was conducted for the phenotypic characterization of twenty exotic tomato genotypes along with two locally grown cultivars in semi-arid subtropical climate. Data were collected for morphological, fruit quality and fruit yield traits. A significant (p<0.05) phenotypic variation was observed for all the studied traits. Maximum yield was obtained from “Rober” i.e., 1508.31 g per plant. The maximum shelf life was observed in the Cromco, with the least weight loss (2.45%) and loss in the firmness of fruit (22.61%) in 4 days. Correlation analyses revealed a strong genetic association among morphological and yield related traits. High estimates of the heritability (ranged from 79.77% to 95.01% for different traits), along with a high genetic advance (up to 34%) showed the potential usefulness of these traits and genotypes to develop breeding programs to improve the tomato yield and fruit quality.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of New Apricot Cultivars Grafted on Different Prunus Rootstocks

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1464
Author(s):  
Patricia Irisarri ◽  
Pilar Errea ◽  
Ana Pina
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Graft Compatibility ◽  
Graft Interface ◽  
Incompatibility Reactions ◽  
New Cultivars

In the last years, an important renewal of plant material from different breeding programs is taking place in apricot in order to improve resistance to biotic stresses, extension of the harvest season, fruit quality, and productivity. However, the graft compatibility of many of these cultivars with most popular Prunus rootstocks is unknown, and this is an essential agronomical trait for their better performance and longevity. Hence, the introduction of new cultivars requires knowledge of the extent and nature of incompatibility reactions before releasing these cultivars on the market. In this study, the determination of graft compatibility was carried out in 13 new apricot cultivars grafted on four Prunus rootstocks: ‘Marianna2624′ (P. cerasifera ×x P. musoniana), ‘Miragreen’ (P. cerasifera × P. davidiana), ‘Mirared’ (P. cerasifera × Nemared), and ‘Montclar’ (P. persica L. seedlings) at early stages of development. By combining cytomorphological, anatomical, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression analysis at the graft interface, as well as different vegetative parameters, the results highlighted ‘Miragreen’ and ‘Mirared’ as promising rootstocks for apricot, showing the highest degree of compatibility with more than 90% of the apricot cultivars. These results provide useful information for breeders and growers by selecting the most suitable scion-rootstock for efficient orchard design by planting compatible graft combinations.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characterization of sheep populations in Tahtay Maichew district, Northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Abebe Hailu ◽  
Amine Mustefa ◽  
Tesfalem Asegede ◽  
Abraham Assefa ◽  
Seble Sinkie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coat Color ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

Eighteen quantitative measurements and fourteen qualitative characteristics taken from 306 adult sheep (57 rams and 249 ewes) were used to characterize sheep populations of district, Ethiopia. Most traits showed significant variation by zone, sex and age groups with higher values generally recorded for rams as compared to ewes. Middle age group animals displayed highest values for several traits, reflecting the optimal production age. zone affected ewes more than rams. The highland sheep height at withers, widest shoulder points and longest hair, indicative of adaptation to their environment. Qualitative characteristics of the studied sheep populations such as tail shape, plain coat color pattern, skin, hairy fiber and the absence of horn, toggle, ruff and beard suggest that they constitute a previously sheep breed. Tan coat color differentiated high and midland sheep from lowland sheep where white and brown colors were dominant. Canon bone length, height at withers and tail length were the three most important variables used in discriminating the sheep populations. On average 66% of the animals could be classified into their respective zone. Our data suggest that highland sheep populations are distantly related to lowland sheep, while midland sheep are more closely related to lowland sheep. It can be concluded that breeding programs specific to each zone need to be designed for sustainable utilization and conservation of the studied sheep populations. Furthermore, molecular based studies might allow further characterization of Ethiopian sheep breeds.

scholarly journals Characterization of cis-elements in hormonal stress-responsive genes in Oryza sativa

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Saidi ◽  
Zohreh Hajibarat
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Cis Elements ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Responsive Element ◽  
Dehydrin Gene

Phytohormones play a key role in plant growth and development. The process of plant’s perception and response to abiotic and biotic stresses is controlled mainly by the phytohormones which act as an endogenous messenger in the regulation of the plant’s status. They can be activated by different signaling pathways in response to environmental stresses. Plants respond to environmental stress through interaction of transcription factors with a handful of cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Some examples of cis elements include abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE), G-box (CACGTG) element, and W-box. In order to investigate the effects of different hormonal stresses which have a key role in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in rice, microarray data was used. Of the available data, 931 genes revealed significant differences in response to different hormonal stresses such as auxin, cytokinin, abcisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. The present results showed that 388 genes were up-regulated, and 543 genes were down-regulated. Most of the genes were up-regulated in response to Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) hormone. Genes Ontology analysis revealed that they respond to various hormones involved in auxin- responsive genes, auxin-activated signaling pathway and cellular responses to environmental stimuli. G-box had the highest number of cis elements involved in hormonal stress and was regulated by auxin signaling and various stresses. Dehydrin was the only gene up-regulated in response to the six hormones. This gene can be activated in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. As such, dehydrin gene can be used in crop breeding programs to increase tolerance to different environmental stresses in various plant species.

scholarly journals Characterization of onion genotypes by use of RAPD markers

Genetika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Pavlovic ◽  
Jasmina Zdravkovic ◽  
Dejan Cvikic ◽  
Milan Zdravkovic ◽  
Sladjan Adzic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Polymorphic Band ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
F1 Generation

In order to estimate, at the molecular level, the divergence of parental lines that were used in diallel crossbreeding for production of superior offspring (F1 generation hybrids) at the Institute for Vegetable Crops, the molecular analysis using five RAPD markers for five pairs of parents has been performed. It gives an insight into their genetic polymorphism and the possibility of their further use in breeding programs. Information from this research has pioneered the application of molecular markers of onion in Serbia. Analyses were performed using the RAPD primers, which in previous studies established a high degree of polymorphism. In all five cases there was a corresponding amplification of DNA segments. From totally 50 bands analyzed, the length of fragments ranged from 500 to 3000 bp. Number of polymorphic band per example was 8 to 13. In our research at the level of the analyzed primers, a high degree of polymorphism between analyzed genotypes has been found. Based on UPGMA dendogram, analyzed genotypes were divided into two main clusters and two subclusters.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Genetically Distinct Phytophthora cinnamomi Isolates from Avocado

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger J. Belisle ◽  
Brandon McKee ◽  
Wei Hao ◽  
Margaret Crowley ◽  
Mary Lu Arpaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Mycelial Growth Rate ◽  
Potassium Phosphite

Phytophthora cinnamomi, the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), is the most destructive disease of avocado worldwide. A previous study identified two genetically distinct clades of A2 mating type avocado isolates in California; however, the phenotypic variation among them was not assessed. This study described the phenotype of a subset of isolates from these groups regarding growth rate, growth temperature, virulence, and fungicide sensitivity. Isolates corresponding to the A2 clade I group exhibited higher mycelial growth rate and sensitivity to higher temperatures than other isolates. Among the fungicides tested, potassium phosphite had the highest 50% effective concentration for mycelial growth inhibition and oxathiapiprolin had the lowest. Mycelial growth rate and potassium phosphite sensitivity phenotypes correlate with specific groups of isolates, suggesting that these traits could be a group characteristic. Moreover, isolates that are more virulent in avocado and less sensitive to potassium phosphite were identified. A detached-leaf P. cinnamomi inoculation method using Nicotiana benthamiana was developed and validated, providing an alternative method for assessing the virulence of a large number of isolates. This information will help avocado PRR management and assist breeding programs for the selection of rootstocks resistant against a more diverse pathogen population.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis of TM6 MADS-box gene in the Octoploid Strawberry by CRISPR/Cas9 directed mutagenesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Martín-Pizarro ◽  
Juan Carlos Triviño ◽  
David Posé
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Mads Box Gene ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe B-class of MADS-box transcription factors has been studied in many plant species, but remain functionally uncharacterized in the Rosaceae family. APETALA3 (AP3), a member of this class, controls the identity of petals and stamens in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, we identified two members of the AP3 lineage in the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa): FaAP3 and FaTM6. Interestingly, FaTM6, and not FaAP3, shows an expression pattern equivalent to that of AP3 in Arabidopsis. Genome editing using Cluster Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is becoming a robust tool for targeted and stable mutagenesis of DNA. However, whether it can be efficiently used in an octoploid species such as F. × ananassa is not known. Here we report for the first time the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in F. × ananassa to characterize the function of FaTM6 in flower development. An exhaustive analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the FaTM6 locus spanning the target sites showed a high efficiency genome editing already in the T0 generation. The phenotypic characterization of the mutant lines indicates that FaTM6 plays a key role in petal and especially in anther development in strawberry. in an octoploid species such as F. × ananassa, and offer new opportunities for engineering strawberry to improve traits of interest in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Selection of Potato Parental Lines with Complex Resistances to Potato Pathogens and Pests

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Bogdan Flis
Keyword(s):  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
National Research Institute ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Commercial Breeding ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Genetic Pool ◽  
Phenotypic Tests ◽  
Resistance To Viruses ◽  
Potato Pathogens ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The efficiency of breeding new potato cultivars may be increased by pre-breeding that is by developing parental lines, which have new traits, not present in the genetic pool available for breeders or have new combinations of genes, or have improved level of economically important traits. The use of parental lines in commercial breeding programs is expected to ensure the biological progress in the newly created cultivars of potato. At the beginning, the development of parental lines in Młochów Research Center of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) was focused on resistance to viruses and later on resistance to late blight and other pathogens. The procedures of selecting resistant parental lines are described. These procedures were initially based on purely phenotypic tests for resistance, which lately were supplemented with marker assisted selection (MAS) applying molecular markers linked with some resistance genes.

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