scholarly journals Microalgae is an unclaimed bioenergy resource in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Yuri Kozhevnikov ◽  
Inna Knyazeva ◽  
Oksana Vershinina
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Renewable Raw Material ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Overview Analysis

There were considered the technological and biological aspects of the perspective of microalgae as a biological resource of alternative energy. An overview analysis of the current state of the art from the point of view of assessing the use of microalgae as a renewable raw material of high productivity for producing third-generation biofuels is presented. In recent decades, research in the field of technologies for the production of biomass of microalgae for energy purposes has focused mainly on the search for strains with a high oil content. In particular, it was found that the lipid content of some strains of algae can be increased to 65% by dry weight under conditions of reduced availability of nitrogen-containing nutrients. One of the directions in research is the use of a photobioreactor for accelerated cultivation of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Bin.

DIRECTIONS FOR ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITRUS FRUIT GROWING IN AZERBAIJAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Nurida Аlish Gasimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Current State ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Fruit Growing

The increase in citrus production is of particular economic importance both from the point of view of meeting the demand of the population for these products, and from the point of view of its use as an industrial raw material. The article studies and analyzes the current state of citrus cultivation in Azerbaijan, the possibilities of increasing their production; relevant suggestions and recommendations are made.

scholarly journals Tactical Innovation to Incorporate Post-Consumer Expanded Polystyrene in Artisanal Chains for the Doping of Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 12963
Author(s):  
Nayeli Montalvo-Romero ◽  
Aarón Montiel-Rosales ◽  
Gregorio Fernández-Lambert ◽  
Fabiola Sánchez-Galván ◽  
Horacio Bautista-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Subjective Analysis ◽  
Contour Graph ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact

In its original manufacturing purpose, Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is an industrial product with a short life cycle and waste with high negative environmental impact. Given this externality, this article contributes to the state of the art by proposing reuse EPS as a raw material valuable to the process of manufacturing hats in a Mexican company. The SCAMPER technique is used to formulate a hardener, which is optimized with a Taguchi design. Statistically, there is no difference between the quality of the conventional hardener and the mixture based on post-consumer EPS to make hats based on the standards defined by the company; a subjective analysis supported by the judgment of experts validates the quality of the hats. A contour graph and response surface reflect different combinations of solute and solvent to formulate the glue for the doping of the hat, with the same hardness results. This allows the artisan to assess the formulation from an economical point of view, as well as with respect to the arrangement of materials. These results specifically propose the sustainable alternative of integrating waste from the post–consumer EPS chain into the artisanal hat value chain, and are replicable to other similar products.

scholarly journals Miscanthus plants processing in fuel, energy, chemical and microbiological industries

2019 ◽  
pp. 403-411
Author(s):  
Olga Babich ◽  
Olga Krieger ◽  
Evgeny Chupakhin ◽  
Oksana Kozlova
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Renewable Raw Material ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The increasing shortage of fossil hydrocarbon fuel dictates the need to search for and develop alternative energy sources, including plant biomass. This paper is devoted to the study of the Miscanthus plants biomass potential and the analysis of technologies of its processing into products targeted at bioenergy, chemistry, and microbiology. Miscanthus is a promising renewable raw material to replace wood raw materials for the production of chemical, fuel, energy, and microbiological industries. Miscanthus is characterised by highly productive (up to 40 tons per one hectare of dry matter) C4-photosynthesis. Dry Miscanthus contains 47.1–49.7% carbon, 5.38–5.92% hydrogen, and 41.4–44.6% oxygen. The mineral composition includes K, Cl, N and S, which influence the processes occurring during biomass combustion. The total amount of extractives per dry substance lies in the range of 0.3–2.2 % for different extraction reagents. Miscanthus has optimal properties as an energy source. Miscanthus × giganteus pellets showed the energy value of about 29 kJ/g. For the bioconversion of plants into bioethanol, it is advisable to carry out simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, thus reducing the duration of process steps and energy costs. Miscanthus cellulose is of high quality and can be used for the synthesis of new products. Further research will focus on the selection of rational parameters for processing miscanthus biomass into products with improved physical and chemical characteristics: bioethanol, pellets, industrial cellulose, bacterial cellulose, carbohydrate substrate.

Thixoforming of Steel: A State of the Art from an Industrial Point of View

2008 ◽  
Vol 141-143 ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Cezard ◽  
T. Sourmail
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Forming Tools

Since the first research works in the end of 1980s on the semi-solid forming of steel, this process has presented a great interest and a real industrial potential. Several research teams, all over the world, have shown the feasibility of such a process. Working on the parameters which have an influence on the process, they pointed out the "technical locks" which must be overcome to allow industrialization of the process. A first and perhaps most important difficulty is the reliability of the forming tools in an industrial production context. Much work has therefore been devoted to identify ways to increase tools life. A second important point is the possibility to obtain sound microstructure and satisfactory mechanical properties. This paper is a state of the art review on the subject of the thixoforming of steel, restricted to forming of semi-solid reheated steel. Semi-solid forming process carried out after partial solidification are therefore not covered. The reader interested in such processes may refer to the review recently published by Hirt et al. [1]. The present review considers, in turn, the different steps of an hypothetical production line and their particular challenges, from the raw material to the final product.

Abiogenic and Biogenic Petroleum Origin: A Common Theory for Geological Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Irina Volkova ◽  
Dmitry Gura ◽  
Ilia Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Petroleum Origin ◽  
New Ideas

Biogenic and abiogenic origins of petroleum are a pertinent problem today, which have been examined in this article including the current state of theories and experimental facts. The paper provides an overview of works on this subject over the past decade. As analysis of scientific research efforts, majority of scientists suggest that petroleum is organic in origin. The second theory also includes reliable facts and hypotheses about the existence of abiogenic hydrocarbons. This origin is associated with tectonic geological processes, in particular, orogenesis, rifting, excessive releases, erosion, sediment deposition, deep gas releases, etc. The results of experimental studies, the existing concepts presented in this review, show that despite disagreements between the proponents of both theories, common beliefs remain prevalent, namely, about the process of hydrocarbons formation both on Earth and other objects of the solar system. The analysis concludes that the consolidation of these theories is of high scientific interest and has great potential for confirmation of numerous hypotheses, facts from the scientific point of view and the search for alternative energy sources due to environmental and economic issues associated with the impoverishment of natural resources. This review study is valuable for generalising various scientific theories, which can be used for future research efforts and modelling new ideas about the origin of hydrocarbons.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Chemical Changes in Red Lentil Seeds during The Germination Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildikó Szedljak ◽  
Anikó Kovács ◽  
Gabriella Kun-Farkas ◽  
Botond Bernhardt ◽  
Szabina Králik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Germination Process

Abstract Red lentils are a very important raw material in the food industry due to their high protein content and high level of health-promoting components. The nutritive value of red lentils is the most important attribute from a research point of view; it can be increased by germination, soaking as well as physical and biochemical processes. The antinutritive materials are reduced or denatured by the germination process and indigestible components become available to the human body. Heat treatment was applied to achieve different temperatures and increase the microbiological stability of germinating samples. The effect of heat treatment on the amounts of certain components and the activity of oxidative enzymes was tested during our experiments; the nutritional characteristics (water-soluble total polyphenol content (WSTPC), water-soluble protein content (WSPC), water-soluble antioxidant capacity, in addition to peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities) of different treatments in red lentil samples were monitored. The WSTPC in our samples ranged from 0.726 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent GAE/g DW (DW being dry weight) to 1.089 mg GAE/g DW, and the WSPC varied from 19.078 g / 100g DW to 29.692 g / 100 g DW. Results showed that germination led to an increase in the WSTPC and WSPC. The peroxidase enzyme activity also exhibited an increase during germination which could result in deepening of the colour of the finished products. Germination resulted in the water-soluble antioxidant capacity of red lentil samples decreasing.

scholarly journals On the occurrence, origin, and intake of the nuclides, 210Po and 210Pb, in sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos collected in China

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska ◽  
Jerzy Falandysz ◽  
Aleksandra Moniakowska
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Radiation

Abstract The dried sclerotium of the fungus Wolfiporia cocos is edible and has medicinal value. This study aimed to understand the accumulation of radioactivity arising from the alpha 210Po, and beta-emitting 210Pb, in the sclerotium’s shell and core and assess a potential effective dose for consumers. Sclerotia were collected in the wild and from cultivars in China’s Anhui and Yunnan provinces. The mean values of 210Po activity concentration levels were 0.36 Bq kg−1 dry weight in the core and 12.0 Bq kg−1 dw in the shell; 210Pb activities were 0.43 and 9.84 Bq kg−1 dw, respectively. The potential effective radiation doses from core layers (as a major raw material of the sclerotium) ranged from 0.13 to 3.43 µSv kg−1 dw from 210Po decay and from 0.11 to 1.52 µSv kg−1 dw from 210Pb decay. Corresponding values for shell ranged from 0.80 to 42.4 for 210Po and from 0.53 to 13.6 µSv kg−1 dw for 210Pb. In general, the intake of W. cocos sclerotia varies between consumers, but this would not significantly change the effective radiation doses from 210Po and 210Pb isotopes. The consumption thus appears to be safe from a radiological protection point of view. Graphical abstract

Paper 22: Timing Belt Drives

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (15) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
D. A. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Application ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Belt Drives ◽  
Application Point ◽  
Current State ◽  
Timing Belt ◽  
Drive Belt ◽  
Synchronous Drive

Over the last 15 years the synchronous drive belt has become an established part of the power transmission scene. It is not a direct substitute for any of the more traditional transmission media; the unique properties of the belt make it complementary to them. This paper describes the current state of the art mainly from an industrial application point of view. This approach necessarily includes certain production information and the background to the power rating table.

Materials Requirements for IR Detectors and Imagers

1986 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Performance Goals ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Ir Detectors ◽  
Current State ◽  
Considerable Complexity

ABSTRACTThe requirements of infrared systems have increased significantly over the years, from the simple linear, low resolution, photoconductive array to the present-day, large area, high-density, photodiode (MIS and metalurgical) arrays, with on-focal-plane signal processing of considerable complexity. The success that has been achieved in meeting the performance goals appropriate for these systems has been due, to a large degree, to significant advances in the relevant materials technologies. The technologies of importance over the last twenty years are briefly reviewed, and the current state of the art, with its dominance by intrinsic alloy materials, is addressed in detail. The limitations of current bulk and epitaxial intrinsic materials technologies are considerable, both from a performance and a producibility point of view, when compared to the quality and quantity of material required by future infrared systems. These limitations are considered together with possible ways to overcome them.

scholarly journals Characteristic Biofuel Microalgae Chlorella sp. as Renewable Energy Source

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 00002
Author(s):  
Anggra Fiveriati ◽  
Yeddid Yonatan ◽  
Olga Anne ◽  
Praptiningsih Gamawati Adinurani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
The World

World consumption of energy is estimated to increase by 49 % from 2007 to 2035, which means averagely 1.4 % yr–1. Many countries in the world began to develop alternative energy that can overcome the resources. Microalgae is one of the renewable energy that has excellent potential for making biodiesel because it contains much oil. Microalgae is the fastest organism in the photosynthesis, so it makes microalgae have high productivity. In this article, researchers use Chlorella sp. because these microalgae contain oil up to 28 % to 32 % from its dry weight, and on the other hand, this type of microalgae is easy to grow and easy to harvest. From the experimental results, the density characteristics of biodiesel Chlorella sp. have values from 0.84 g mL–1 to 0.848 g mL–1, and it is lower than the density of petroleum (diesel), and viscosity value from 2.5 cSt to 3.91 cSt, cetane numbers 51.17 to 53.72 also heating value 44.04 mJ kg–1 and Flashpoint 131 °C. The characteristic result shows that the Chlorella sp. microalgae biodiesel is still in SNI standard (Indonesia National Standard) so that the Chlorella sp. can be used as a substitute diesel fuel.

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