scholarly journals Electrocoagulation with AC Electrical Current at Low Voltage for Separation of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Product Mixture

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 01011
Author(s):  
Warakorn Sakkamas ◽  
Ajalaya Boripun ◽  
Rossarin Ampairojanawong ◽  
Sayan Ruankon ◽  
Thanapong Suwanasri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Separation Time ◽  
Product Mixture ◽  
Point To Point

Electrocoagulation with AC electrical current at low voltage was implemented to remove crude glycerol from biodiesel which was produced via transesterification reaction of refined palm oil (RPO) as feedstock with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide derivative-catalyst at 60°C for 2 hr using the conventional heating in the water bath. Effects of point-to-point electrode configuration, electrode materials, inter-electrode distances, optimized AC low voltages, molar ratios of glycerol and biodiesel product mixture on the separation time and the separation efficiency were studied. Electrocoagulation process with applied AC at 96 V and using Al point-to-point electrodes at the inter-electrode distance of 0.1 cm could efficiently remove free glycerol more than the gravitation settling for the separation time of 120 s. The separation efficiency was over 99.99%. Even though the clear interface between biodiesel and glycerol was firstly observed after applying the electrocoagulation for 30 s, the separation time had to proceed for additional 90 s to eliminate unreacted catalyst. The methyl ester content of 98.56±0.47 wt% was obtained after purification with 2 times of water-washing. This process can be achieved by shortening the separation time and could significantly reduce the water consumption during the purification process.

LOW-NOISE SILICON-ON-INSULATOR HALL DEVICES

2004 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. L345-L354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. HADDAB ◽  
V. MOSSER ◽  
M. LYSOWEC ◽  
J. SUSKI ◽  
L. DEMEUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Silicon Layer ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hall Sensors ◽  
Soi Technology

Hall sensors are used in a very wide range of applications. A very demanding one is electrical current measurement for metering purposes. In addition to high precision and stability, a sufficiently low noise level is required. Cost reduction through sensor integration with low-voltage/low-power electronics is also desirable. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possible use of SOI (Silicon On Insulator) technology for this integration. We have fabricated SOI Hall devices exploring the useful range of silicon layer thickness and doping level. We show that noise is influenced by the presence of LOCOS and p-n depletion zones near the edges of the active zones of the devices. A proper choice of SOI technological parameters and process flow leads to up to 18 dB reduction in Hall sensor noise level. This result can be extended to many categories of devices fabricated using SOI technology.

scholarly journals Arrhythmiarizikó és cardialis szövődmények áramütéses balesetet követően

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (47) ◽  
pp. 1979-1988
Author(s):  
Dávid Pilecky ◽  
Enikő Kovács ◽  
Endre Zima
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Severe Burns

Összefoglaló. Az áramütés súlyos esetben hirtelen halállal vagy több szervrendszer kiterjedt károsodásával járhat. A magasfeszültségű áramütés (>1000 V) általában súlyosabb égési sérülésekkel és magasabb kórházi mortalitással jár, mint az alacsonyfeszültségű, de a sérülések súlyosságát a feszültségen kívül a test ellenállása, az áramexpozíció ideje, az áram fajtája, erőssége és útja is befolyásolja. A kritikus állapotú vagy súlyos égési sérüléseket szenvedett betegek sürgősségi ellátása komplex és multidiszciplináris szemléletet igényel. A súlyos szövődményekkel járó áramütéses balesetek ugyanakkor a fejlett országokban ritkák: az áramütés következtében sürgősségi osztályon jelentkező betegek döntő többsége panaszmentesen vagy minor panaszokkal kerül felvételre. A ritmuszavarok az áramütéses balesetek messze leggyakoribb cardialis szövődményei, és rendszerint közvetlenül az áramütés után jelentkeznek. Az elektromos áram kamrafibrillációt vagy asystoliát is kiválthat, mely a baleset helyszínén ellátás nélkül halálhoz vezethet. Bár sok helyen elterjedt gyakorlat az áramütést szenvedett betegek rutinszerű monitorozása, a klinikailag releváns arrhythmiák összességében ritkák, és a felvételi EKG alapján diagnosztizálhatók, ezért EKG-monitorozás csak meghatározott rizikófaktorok esetén szükséges. Jelen munkánk célja összefoglalni az áramütést szenvedett betegek optimális sürgősségi ellátásával kapcsolatos legfontosabb szempontokat, különös tekintettel az áramütéses balesetet követően fellépő cardialis szövődményekre és arrhythmiákra, valamint az EKG-monitorozás indikációira. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(47): 1979–1988. Summary. Electrical accidents (EA) may cause sudden death or severe injuries of multiple organs. High voltage injuries (>1000 V) are associated with more severe burn injuries and higher in-hospital mortality than low voltage injuries, however, the severity of complications depends on several other factors like resistance of the body, duration of current exposition, intensity, type and pathway of current. Critically ill patients with severe burns and/or other injuries require a multidisciplinary intensive treatment. However, such complications are rare in the developed countries: most patients present in the emergency department with no or minor symptoms and do not require hospital admission. Arrhythmias are the most frequent cardiac complications after EA. Electrical current may cause ventricular fibrillation or asystolia which can lead to death on the scene. In patients presenting in the emergency department, clinically relevant arrhythmias are rare and can be diagnosed by a 12-lead ECG, therefore a systematic monitoring may not be indicated. Aim of our work is to review the most frequent complications after an electrical accident with special focus on cardiac complications and arrhythmias. The other aim of the manuscript is to summarize the most important aspects of emergency treatment and indication for ECG monitoring after electrical accident. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(47): 1979–1988.

The Design of High Speed LVDS Parallel Port Communication Protocol

2015 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 852-856
Author(s):  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Chen Xi Yang ◽  
Jia Kang Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Gigabit Ethernet ◽  
System A ◽  
Double Edge ◽  
Differential Signaling ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Edge Sampling ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
And Control

In the image display and control system, a high speed dissymmetrical point to point communication port and protocol between GENIC(Gigabit Ethernet Network Interface Card) and SDRAM based on LVDS (Low Voltage Differential signaling) and STOP-WAIT ARQ protocol are designed, while the port’s speed should not below 1Gbps. Five lines LVDS signal pairs are used in one direction, including one clock and four data in the port’s electrical connections. Double-edge sampling and source synchronizing are also used. Mode 256 checkout is used to guarantee the reliable data transmission. Analysis shows that the port’s bandwidth is 1.2Gbps, the efficiency of protocol is above 99% and the protocol works steadily and reliably.

An Impact of a Low Voltage Steady Electrical Current on the Solidification of a Binary Metal Alloy: A Numerical Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr A. Nikrityuk ◽  
Kerstin Eckert ◽  
Roger Grundmann ◽  
Yuansheng S. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Metal Alloy ◽  
Binary Metal

Unilateral facial nerve paralysis after electrocution injury

2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Ahmed ◽  
W Farhan ◽  
L Durham
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Penetrating Trauma ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Neurological Function ◽  
Electrical Injury ◽  
Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Neurological Condition

We present a case of acute, unilateral facial nerve paralysis in a patient who had received a low voltage electrical current. This is an extremely rare cause of this neurological condition. The patient regained complete neurological function approximately three months after the incident. Unilateral facial nerve paralysis most commonly occurs due to infection or blunt or penetrating trauma; it has not been previously reported as a result of low voltage electrical injury.

EFFECTS OF SURFACE PROPERTIES ON FLUID ENGINEERING GENERATED BY THE SURFACE-DRIVEN CAPILLARY FLOW OF WATER IN MICROFLUIDIC LAB-ON-A-CHIP SYSTEMS FOR BIOENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750041 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUBHADEEP MUKHOPADHYAY ◽  
JYOTI PRASAD BANERJEE ◽  
SUSANTA SINHA ROY ◽  
SANJEEV KUMAR METYA ◽  
MARK TWEEDIE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Microfluidic Devices ◽  
Bend Angle ◽  
Separation Time ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Flow Features

In this research paper, in total 212 individual leakage-free Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic devices are fabricated by maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography and direct bonding technique. The effect of channel aspect ratio on dyed water flow is investigated using these microfluidic devices. Experimental studies show that the dyed water flow is faster on the surface of higher wettability. The effect of capillary pressure on dyed water flow is studied in the fabricated PMMA microfluidic devices. According to the experimental observations, the centrifugal force has prominent effect on the dyed water flow. Also, the effect of bend angle is investigated on the surface-driven capillary flow of water. The polystyrene microparticles have been separated in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems using the investigated flow features. A 100% separation efficiency is achieved in these lab-on-a-chip systems. These microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems can be used to separate blood cells from human whole blood for further clinical tests. These experimental studies are important in bioengineering applications. The effect of bend angle as channel geometry to control the surface-driven capillary flow is investigated as a novel approach to control the separation time in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems. Also, the effect of surface wettability as surface property to control the surface-driven capillary flow is investigated as a novel approach to control the separation time in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems.

Morphological cardiac changes in electrocution deaths: A literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Matteo Favia ◽  
Federica Mele ◽  
Francesco Introna ◽  
Antonio De Donno
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Forensic Pathologist ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
Cardiac Lesions ◽  
Electrical Injuries

Electrical injury may lead to damage to the conducting tissue, myocardial changes and even sudden cardiac death. Victims of low-voltage electrocution may have no electric marks, burns or other signs typical of electrical injuries. In these cases, the absence of other specific findings could make the identification of the cause of death very difficult. A broad spectrum of cardiac changes in cases of electrocution has been described in the literature, including the break-up of myocardial fibres, cardiomyolysis, haemorrhagic areas, the separation of myofibres and alternating hypercontracted–hyperdistended myocytes. All the described alterations, however, cannot be exclusively attributed to electrocution, since no specific morphological cardiac findings have so far been identified in electrocution. However, a few histological patterns recur, and their knowledge may be important for the forensic pathologist. This literature review describes the main pathological patterns observed in cases of fatal electrocution based on a literature search carried out up to September 2019 in the databases PubMed and Scopus. The search criteria included the keywords for cardiac lesions and electrocution. On the grounds of the literature data, a list of major and minor diagnostic markers for the passage of the electrical current through the heart tissue was created.

scholarly journals Exploratory study on internal recycling of crude glycerol for biodiesel production: Catalyst replacement

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Dias ◽  
Pedro Leite ◽  
Maria Alvim-Ferraz ◽  
Manuel Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Catalyst Distribution

The present study evaluated the recycling of crude glycerol as source of catalyst for biodiesel production. For that purpose, two sets of experiments were conducted. In the first set (A), biodiesel was synthesized by conventional methanolysis of sunflower oil using NaOH as catalyst at 65?C during 1 h and varying catalyst concentration (0.4 - 1.2 wt.%) or methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1-12:1). The second set (B) was performed by replicating the conditions of set A and considering the use of crude glycerol as source of catalyst. The evaluation of excess methanol and catalyst distribution in the crude products was performed. For both sets of experiments, product yield and quality (viscosity and purity) were determined. Methanol was predominantly in the glycerol phase (54 - 68%), with negligible effect of variation in catalyst concentration and higher percentages found when higher methanol to oil molar ratios were used, due to a higher polarity of this phase. In most cases, catalyst was predominantly in the crude glycerol (53 wt.% in average) and no clear relation was found between catalyst distribution and the different reaction conditions studied. The results from set A showed a clear influence of catalyst concentration in biodiesel conversion and a minor effect of methanol to oil molar ratio. The best conditions were 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 0.6 wt.% of catalyst leading to a product yield of 95.1 wt.%, a purity of 99.3% and a viscosity of 4.59 mm2s-1. The second set of experiments showed different trends and variability compared to the first one and the results indicated that catalyst might be altered during glycerol storage. It was found an effect of methanol to oil molar ratio in reaction conversion with the highest purity (96.9 wt.%) being obtained when the highest molar ratio was used (12:1) possibly due to the reduced mass transfer limitations. Overall, the results clearly show the potential of using crude glycerol as source of catalyst, avoiding the use of new catalyst and allowing a more sustainable biodiesel production.

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