scholarly journals Design and Manufacturing of Small Scale Tsunami Simulator Channel

2021 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Hiba A. Bachay ◽  
Asad H. Aldefae ◽  
Salah L. Zubaidi ◽  
Wissam H. Humaish ◽  
Evgeny K. Sinichenko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Modeling ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Tidal Waves ◽  
Wave Generator ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Model Preparation ◽  
The Cost

Increasing the cost of in-situ or field tests to solve engineering problems, particularly water engineering, pushes researchers worldwide to simulate different water engineering problems using small-scale physical modeling like soil erosion, hydraulic jump, water flow, and underground water. This paper focuses on the design, manufacturing, and calibration of the 6 m small-scale tsunami simulator channel to investigate the tsunami wave behavior with time until it reaches the shore or beach. The new wave generator capable of recreating scaled tidal waves, the physical modeling of tsunamis in the laboratory, and has advanced significantly. The working principles behind the new wave generator and its design, manufacturing, and first stages of testing to validate its capacities and limitations are discussed in this paper. Each part of the generator has been represented; model preparation and new wave generator calibration have been discussed. Well, agreement of the wave height is noticed (14 cm), and this is replicated that the new wave simulator can reproduce solitary waves with high steepness.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

scholarly journals Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Istiak Hossain ◽  
Jan I. Markendahl
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSmall-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Economic Viability of Agricultural Pellets to Supplement the Current Global Wood Pellets Supply for Bioenergy Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2263
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ebadian ◽  
Shahab Sokhansanj ◽  
David Lee ◽  
Alyssa Klein ◽  
Lawrence Townley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Global Marketplace ◽  
Biomass Logistics ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Cost

In this study, an inter-continental agricultural pellet supply chain is modeled, and the production cost and price of agricultural pellets are estimated and compared against the recent cost and price of wood pellets in the global marketplace. The inter-continental supply chain is verified and validated using an integration of an interactive mapping application and a simulation platform. The integrated model is applied to a case study in which agricultural pellets are produced in six locations in Canada and shipped and discharged at the three major ports in Western Europe. The cost of agricultural pellets in the six locations is estimated to be in the range of EUR 92–95/tonne (CAD 138–142/tonne), which is comparable with the recent cost of wood pellets produced in small-scale pellet plants (EUR 99–109/tonne). The average agricultural pellet price shipped from the six plants to the three ports in Western Europe is estimated to be in a range of EUR 183–204 (CAD 274–305/tonne), 29–42% more expensive that the average recent price of wood pellets (EUR 143/tonne) at the same ports. There are several potential areas in the agricultural pellet supply chains that can reduce the pellet production and distribution costs in the mid and long terms, making them affordable supplement to the existing wood pellet markets. Potential economic activities generated by the production of pellets in farm communities can be significant. The generated annual revenue in the biomass logistics system in all six locations is estimated to be about CAD 21.80 million. In addition, the logistics equipment fleet needs 176 local operators with a potential annual income of CAD 2.18 million.

scholarly journals A Threat of Farmers’ Suicide and the Opportunity in Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Development in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Mariappan ◽  
Deyi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Cost

Agriculture is the main sources of income for humans. Likewise, agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. In India, Tamil Nadu regional state has a wide range of possibilities to produce all varieties of organic products due to its diverse agro-climatic condition. This research aimed to identify the economics and efficiency of organic farming, and the possibilities to reduce farmers’ suicides in the Tamil Nadu region through the organic agriculture concept. The emphasis was on farmers, producers, researchers, and marketers entering the sustainable economy through organic farming by reducing input cost and high profit in cultivation. A survey was conducted to gather data. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to test the hypothesis regards the cost and profit of rice production. The results showed that there was a significant difference in profitability between organic and conventional farming methods. It is very transparent that organic farming is the leading concept of sustainable agricultural development with better organic manures that can improve soil fertility, better yield, less input cost and better return than conventional farming. The study suggests that by reducing the cost of cultivation and get a marginal return through organic farming method to poor and small scale farmers will reduce socio-economic problems such as farmers’ suicides in the future of Indian agriculture.

A Hybrid Method Based on Semi-Supervised Learning for Relation Extraction in Chinese EMRs (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ChunMing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Relation Extraction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Network Layers ◽  
Relation Prediction ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND Extracting relations between the entities from Chinese electronic medical records(EMRs) is the key to automatically constructing medical knowledge graphs. Due to the less available labeled corpus, most of the current researches are based on shallow networks, which cannot fully capture the complex semantic features in the text of Chinese EMRs. OBJECTIVE In this study, a hybrid deep learning method based on semi-supervised learning is proposed to extract the entity relations from small-scale complex Chinese EMRs. METHODS The semantic features of sentences are extracted by residual network (ResNet) and the long dependent information is captured by bidirectional GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit). Then the attention mechanism is used to assign weights to the extracted features respectively, and the output of the two attention mechanisms is integrated for relation prediction. We adjusted the training process with manually annotated small-scale relational corpus and bootstrapping semi-supervised learning algorithm, and continuously expanded the datasets during the training process. RESULTS The experimental results show that the best F1-score of the proposed method on the overall relation categories reaches 89.78%, which is 13.07% higher than the baseline CNN model. The F1-score on DAP, SAP, SNAP, TeRD, TeAP, TeCP, TeRS, TeAS, TrAD, TrRD and TrAP 11 relation categories reaches 80.95%, 93.91%, 92.96%, 88.43%, 86.54%, 85.58%, 87.96%, 94.74%, 93.01%, 87.58% and 95.48%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The hybrid neural network method strengthens the feature transfer and reuse between different network layers and reduces the cost of manual tagging relations. The results demonstrate that our proposed method is effective for the relation extraction in Chinese EMRs.

scholarly journals Loop-Type Wave-Generation Method for Generating Wind Waves under Long-Fetch Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 2129-2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohisa Takagaki ◽  
Satoru Komori ◽  
Mizuki Ishida ◽  
Koji Iwano ◽  
Ryoichi Kurose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Wave ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Wave Generation ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Wave Tank ◽  
Irregular Wave ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Type Wave ◽  
Wave Generator

AbstractIt is important to develop a wave-generation method for extending the fetch in laboratory experiments, because previous laboratory studies were limited to the fetch shorter than several dozen meters. A new wave-generation method is proposed for generating wind waves under long-fetch conditions in a wind-wave tank, using a programmable irregular-wave generator. This new method is named a loop-type wave-generation method (LTWGM), because the waves with wave characteristics close to the wind waves measured at the end of the tank are reproduced at the entrance of the tank by the programmable irregular-wave generator and the mechanical wave generation is repeated at the entrance in order to increase the fetch. Water-level fluctuation is measured at both normal and extremely high wind speeds using resistance-type wave gauges. The results show that, at both wind speeds, LTWGM can produce wind waves with long fetches exceeding the length of the wind-wave tank. It is observed that the spectrum of wind waves with a long fetch reproduced by a wave generator is consistent with that of pure wind-driven waves without a wave generator. The fetch laws between the significant wave height and the peak frequency are also confirmed for the wind waves under long-fetch conditions. This implies that the ideal wind waves under long-fetch conditions can be reproduced using LTWGM with the programmable irregular-wave generator.

scholarly journals Integration of a Solar Parabolic Dish Collector with a Small-Scale Multi-Stage Flash Desalination Unit: Experimental Evaluation, Exergy and Economic Analyses

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11295
Author(s):  
Ali Babaeebazaz ◽  
Shiva Gorjian ◽  
Majid Amidpour
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conical Cavity ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Circulation Circuit ◽  
Parabolic Dish ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Cost

In this study, a small-scale two-stage multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination unit equipped with a vacuum pump and a solar parabolic collector (PDC) with a conical cavity receiver were integrated. To eliminate the need for heat exchangers, a water circulation circuit was designed in a way that the saline feedwater could directly flow through the receiver of the PDC. The system’s performance was examined during six days in July 2020, from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., under two distinct scenarios of the MSF desalination operation under the vacuum (−10 kPa) and atmospheric pressure by considering three saline feedwater water flow rates of 0.7, 1 and 1.3 L/min. Furthermore, the performance of the solar PDC-MSF desalination plant was evaluated by conducting energy and exergy analyses. The results indicated that the intensity of solar radiation, which directly affects the top brine temperature (TBT), and the values of the saline feedwater flow rate have the most impact on productivity. The maximum productivity of 3.22 L per 5 h in a day was obtained when the temperature and saline feedwater flow rate were 94.25 °C (at the maximum solar radiation of 1015.3 W/m2) and 0.7 L/min, respectively, and the MSF was under vacuum pressure. Additionally, it was found that increasing the feedwater flow rate from 0.7 to 1.3 L/min reduces distillate production by 76.4% while applying the vacuum improves the productivity by about 34% at feedwater flow rate of 0.7 L/min. The exergy efficiency of the MSF unit was obtained as 0.07% with the highest share of exergy destruction in stages. The quality parameters of the produced distillate including pH, TDS, EC and DO were measured, ensuring they lie within the standard range for drinking water. Moreover, the cost of freshwater produced by the MSF plant varied from 37 US$/m3 to 1.5 US$/m3 when the treatment capacity increased to 8000 L/day.

scholarly journals Investing in community: community land trusts and affordable housing in Calgary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Dow
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trust Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Land Trusts ◽  
Land Trust ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Community Land Trust ◽  
The Cost

The cost of affordable rental units in Calgary is amongst the highest in Canada, despite a rental vacancy rate that is 3 percent higher than the national average (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2017). Nearly 1 in 5 Calgary households are struggling to pay for shelter costs and as of 2016, more than 42,000 households were spending more than 50 percent of their incomes on shelter, putting this population at a greater risk of becoming homeless due to job loss or from some other unexpected financial hardship (City of Calgary, 2017). Counter to popular belief, economically depressed communities with weak rental and housing markets such as Calgary following the 2015 collapse of the oil and gas sector can be subject to a critical lack of affordable housing. A soft housing market cannot make up for an insufficient range of affordable and non-market housing options. In other cities facing similar challenges, especially those in the United States, the formation of Community Land Trusts has proven to be a viable solution for providing both affordable rental and affordable ownership opportunities for residents who are struggling to afford the cost of housing in their area. This paper explores whether the Community Land Trust model is an appropriate tool to augment Calgary’s limited supply of affordable housing and will end with five recommendations to encourage the adoption of the Community Land Trust model in Calgary. Key Words: affordable housing, affordable ownership, Calgary, community land trust, small-scale affordable development.

scholarly journals Effect of a dual tire pressure on the design parameters of thick asphalt pavements using finite element freeware

DYNA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (196) ◽  
pp. 194-203
Author(s):  
Myriam Rocío Pallares Muñoz ◽  
Julián Andrés Pulecio-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Asphalt Pavements ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

<p>The effect of a dual tire pressure on the design parameters of thick asphalt pavements using finite element freeware EverStressFE©1.0 is evaluated. This is trying to represent more adjusted the footprint shape and intensity of stress generated by the tires of vehicles. To validate the elastic multilayer EverStress©5.0 software was used. The results of the deformations can be concluded that the asphalt pavement designs made with analytical methods may be slightly oversized and consequently increase the cost of construction of pavements. This study marks a route to analyze the sensitivity of various factors that may affect the design of asphalt pavements. Future research is expected to integrate dynamic conditions by introducing results of field tests to full scale.</p>

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