scholarly journals Environmental safety management of urban building by regulation of formation process of exhaust gases of motor vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 04065
Author(s):  
Liparit Badalyan ◽  
Vladimir Kurdjukov ◽  
Alla Ovcharenko
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Modern Development

Modern development of the construction industry involves accounting and assessment of operating conditions of structures. Excessive technological environmental impact can lead to economic losses and a decrease in the efficiency of investment projects in construction. Mobile sources emission record is an important component of the ecosystem state diagnosis in modern cities. For scientifically substantiated and reliable determination of the mass flow of the motor vehicles pollutants it is necessary to take into account the mixture formation and combustion of the working mixture in the internal combustion engine. The article describes the authors' approach to calculating the volumetric flow rate of exhaust gases based on the characteristics of the vehicle's transport operations available for operational control. Studies have shown that, when using a particular fuel, the determination of the volume flow rate of exhaust gases can be reduced to finding the power of the engine . In addition, the composition changes of the fuel (or fuel replacement) and the regulation of the effective power of the engine (by organization of traffic) allow to influence on the volume and composition of the emission of exhaust gases of vehicles and on the pollution of the urban environment in general. The results of the studies make it easier to calculate the mass of pollutant emissions by the transport stream into the outer air and can be used as preliminary data to assess the negative anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem.

scholarly journals Assessment of impact of vehicle traffic conditions: urban, rural and highway, on the results of pollutant emissions inventory

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Hubert Sar ◽  
Krystian Szczepański ◽  
Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Gas Cleaning ◽  
The Impact

The use of motor vehicles varies considerably under distinct traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities as well as on motorways and expressways. The impact of road traffic on the natural environment has been studied for many years, including in terms of the nature of the operation of motor vehicles. This problem is particularly important in highly urbanized areas, where traffic congestion is the source of increased emissions of harmful compounds contained in exhaust gases. For this reason, many cities have traffic restrictions, especially for those cars that do not meet the most stringent emission standards. Environmental protection is the driving force behind the development of modern combustion engine supply systems, which allow for proper control of the combustion of petroleum-derived fuels. The exhaust gas cleaning systems in the form of catalytic converters or particulate matter filters are also playing a very important role. Considerable differences in internal combustion engine operating states, both static and dynamic, result in important differences in pollutant emissions. Likewise, the national annual pollutant emission is affected by the share of distances travelled by vehicles under various traffic conditions. At the same time, it is very difficult to estimate exhaust emissions from road transport sources. Very interesting method of emission estimation is the application of the data included in the emission inventory which are a valuable source of information on exhaust emissions under various operating conditions. In the present study, the annual pollutant emissions were analyzed: at a national level (total pollutant emission) and in distinct traffic conditions. There were found large differences between individual pollutants’ shares in the emissions from vehicles under the tested traffic conditions. This is particularly evident for nitrogen oxides with the highest emission share outside cities, as opposed to other substances with the highest emission shares in cities, where traffic congestion is taking place.

Determination of a most representative cycle from cylinder pressure ensembles via statistical method using distribution skewness

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110655
Author(s):  
Jorge Pulpeiro González ◽  
Carrie M Hall ◽  
Christopher P Kolodziej
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Pressure Trace ◽  
Combustion Knock ◽  
Engine Operating Condition ◽  
Combustion Processes

In internal combustion engine research, cylinder pressure measurements provide valuable information about the underlying thermodynamic and combustion processes, and are typically collected in ensembles of several 100 traces. Although in some particular fields of combustion research all traces are analyzed, in most cases only one trace is studied because analyzing all the traces is impractical due to the large number of collected samples. Instead, an ensemble-averaged pressure trace is commonly calculated and used for analysis. However, this pressure trace is highly smoothed and dynamic information is lost during the averaging process. With the average trace, pressure rise rates are lower and pressure oscillations such as the ones resulting from combustion knock are lost. In this work, a statistical method was developed to determine the “most representative cycle,” which is the cycle from the ensemble that has the pressure trace most representative of the engine operating condition. Eleven characteristic parameters are computed from each pressure trace and probabilistic distributions are obtained for each of the parameters using all the traces in the ensemble. Finally, the most representative cycle is selected by means of a cost function minimization. The benefits of this method are illustrated using experimental data from four very different engine platforms, under four different combustion modes and over a range of operating conditions.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Operation of the Tank Equipment for Ultrasonic Purification of the Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Gases

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. B219-B226
Author(s):  
Adil Kadyrov ◽  
Aleksandr Ganyukov ◽  
Igor Pak ◽  
Bahtiyar Suleyev ◽  
Kyrmyzy Balabekova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Equipment Operation

The article presents results of scientific and experimental studies of the authors on operation of the tank equipment for ultrasonic purification of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines designed to reduce environmental pollution. The scheme of the experimental device implementing the principle of the tank equipment operation for ultrasonic cleaning of the motor vehicles exhaust gases is presented; the obtained experimental data of ultrasonic coagulation processes were processed and analyzed. Empirical relationships of the coagulation coefficient and its rate of change are derived from experimental data.

Experimental Investigation With Optical Diagnostics of a Lean-Premixed Aero-Engine Injection System Under Relevant Operating Conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Malbois ◽  
E. Salaun ◽  
F. Frindt ◽  
G. Cabot ◽  
B. Renou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Length ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Laser Propagation ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Gradient Based

A Lean-Premixed (LP) aero-engine injection system was experimentally studied using optically-based measurements. Experiments were conducted under relevant operating conditions up to 1.38 MPa and using commercial kerosene as fuel. First of all, the structure of the reaction zone and the flame length into the combustion chamber have been studied with CH* chemiluminescence. It is observed from the data measurements that combustion can produce two types of flames, a V-shaped flame in which combustion is stabilized a few mm downstream from the injector and a tulip flame in which combustion is developing inside the injection system. The flame is found to be shorter and more confined when increasing the pressure. To complement this study, experiments were also performed using the OH-PLIF measurement technique. Data processing of the absorption of OH fluorescence signals along the laser propagation allowed the determination of the absolute distribution of OH concentration without any calibration of the OH fluorescence signals. The obtained values are in agreement with estimated premixed adiabatic chemical equilibrium results. Furthermore, the flame front location and its structure were captured from gradient-based filtering operations on OH-PLIF signals. Finally, pollutant emissions were also measured with an exhaust gas sampling probe positioned downstream from the combustor outlet. It has been found that NOx emission increases with Fuel Air Ratio (FAR) and pressure whereas CO exhibits an inverse trend.

Determination of Pollutant Emissions in Car Exhaust Gases

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-225
Author(s):  
E. Grimm ◽  
A. Emling ◽  
D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Car Exhaust

The ever increasing density of industrial areas and the corresponding increase of petrol driven engines emitting harmful elements such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide in the exhaust make it necessary to substantially reduce these toxic levels to create better living conditions. Measures applied in various countries to limit these pollutions are discussed and the operating principles and design of analysers are detailed.

scholarly journals Investigations of hydraulic operating conditions of air lift pump with three types of air-water mixers

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kalenik
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Delivery Pipe ◽  
Air Lift

Abstract: Investigations of hydraulic operating conditions of air lift pump with three types of air-water mixers. The paper presents the analysis of results of the investigations concerning the influence of various constructive solutions of the air-water mixers on hydraulic operating conditions of the air lift pump. The scope of the investigations encompassed the determination of characteristics of delivery head and delivery rate for three types of air-water mixers applied in the constructed air lift pump. Using the obtained results, the efficiency of the three types of air-water mixers applied in this air lift pump was determined. The analysis was carried out and there was checked whether the improved analytical Stenning-Martin model can be used to design air lift pumps with the air-water mixers of these types. The highest capacity in the water transport was reached by the air lift pump with the 1st type air-water mixer, the lowest one – with the 3rd type air-water mixer. The water flow in the air lift pump increases along with the rise in the air flow. The lower are the hydraulic losses generated during flow of the air flux by the air-water mixer, the higher is the air lift pump capacity. Along with the rise in the water delivery head, the capacity of the air lift pump decreases. The highest efficiency is reached by the air lift pump with the 1st type air-water mixer, the lowest – with the 3st type air-water mixer. The efficiency of the air lift pump for the three investigated types of air-water mixers decreases along with the rise in air flow rate and water delivery head. The values of submergence ratio (h/L) of the delivery pipe, calculated with the use of the improved analytical Stenning-Martin model, coincide quite well with the values of h/L determined from the measurements.

scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from a Combustion Engine under Simulated Actual Operating Conditions in Real Driving Emissions Test

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska ◽  
Zdzislaw Chlopek ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Specific Distance

The paper describes the methodology of research of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine under engine states determined by the vehicle actual operation in the RDE test. The processes of quantities determining the vehicle motion and engine states have been recorded, along with the exhaust emission intensity. Based on the developed research methodology, zero-dimensional characteristics of the processes of the emission intensity have been determined under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. The authors also determined the average specific distance exhaust emissions under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. Based on the above results, the unique characteristics of the relation of the average specific distance emissions and the average vehicle speed have been obtained. The obtained characteristics may be used in the modeling of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles under actual traffic conditions. The authors also explored the sensitivity of the average specific distance emissions to the vehicle driving style.

scholarly journals Optimization of Determination of Sucralose in Drink by HPLC

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Li
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
National Standards

To optimize the method for determination of Sucralose in drink by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using HPLC with RID, operating conditions were C18 reversed phase chromatograph column, 40:60 = methanol: 0.125% potassium hydrophosphate as mobil phase, measured at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. In the range of 20 ~ 400 mg L, with the concentration of Sucralose and corresponding peak area as standard, r = 0.9999, it has good correlation, the recovery of sucralose is 94~108%.The lower limit of detection of Sucralose was 0.0024 g/kg. This method not only meets the requirements of national standards, but also fast, sensitive, and environmentally friendly, improves the detection efficiency and safety of the detection of sucralose in drink by high performance liquid chromatography.

scholarly journals Research of ecological indicators of two-way vehicle in stationary conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Maciej Andrzejewski ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Stationary Test ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Stationary Conditions ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Operating Points ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

The article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the specific emission of the object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.

Emission Performance of a Micro Gas Turbine LPP-Combustor With Fuel Film Evaporation

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Liedtke ◽  
A. Schulz ◽  
S. Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Fuel Film ◽  
Emission Performance ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Flame Tube ◽  
Film Evaporation ◽  
The Impact

The present paper describes the emission performance of a newly designed liquid fuelled micro gas turbine combustor. In order to reduce pollutant emissions, in particular nitrogen oxides NOx, lean premixed pre-vaporized combustion is utilized. Both, combustor inlet pressure and temperature are very low due to the thermodynamic cycle conditions chosen. As a consequence, the heat available for fuel spray evaporation is not sufficient. The present combustor concept therefore uses fuel film evaporation on the hot inner surface of a premix tube. The heat for evaporating the liquid fuel film is provided by the outer counter flow of hot exhaust gases. To establish almost adiabatic conditions within the reaction zone the flame tube features a multi-layered design, consisting of ceramic rings forming the inner wall, an insulation compliant layer, and the outer metal casing. To demonstrate the potential for reducing pollutant emissions overall NOx and CO concentrations of the exhaust gases have been measured and analyzed. The impact of combustor loading parameter, equivalence ratio, staging of the combustion, and ratio between calculated reaction times and mean residence times on the formation of pollutant emissions is investigated in detail. Furthermore, the impact of the flame tube volume on pollutant emissions and combustion stability is considered at various operating conditions. Measured pollutant emissions indicate the great potential for pollutant reduction that is associated with the specific geometry of the combustor.

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