Determination of the Parameters of the Trajectory of Movement of a Standard Tool in Multi-Coordinate Machining of Spatially Modified Teeth of Spur Wheels with the Copying Technique

The article presents a methodology for determining the parameters of the spatial trajectory of movement of a standard cutting tool processing ring gears with spatially modified teeth working by the copying technique. The implementation of the methodology makes it possible to determine the reference points coordinates of the trajectory of movement of the cutting tool in the process of multiple-axis processing of spatially modified teeth of spur wheels on CNC machines. The results obtained in the development of the methodology for determining the trajectory of the cutting tool movement can be further used in the process of performing the technological preparation for the production of spatially modified ring gears, including large-scale ones, in the conditions of single and small-scale production, as well as with choosing a technological equipment, the appointment of cutting modes, as well as in the process of writing control programs for CNC machines.

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AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

Tạp chí Nghiên cứu dân tộc ◽

10.25073/0866-773x/428 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Bùi Thị Bích Lan

Keyword(s):

Social Relations ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Transition Process ◽

Impact Factors ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Technical Application ◽

Production Models ◽

Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

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Fabrication Techniques for Graphene Oxide-Based Molecular Separation Membranes: Towards Industrial Application

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11030757 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 757

Author(s):

Ohchan Kwon ◽

Yunkyu Choi ◽

Eunji Choi ◽

Minsu Kim ◽

Yun Chul Woo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Large Scale ◽

Spray Coating ◽

Dip Coating ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Separation Membranes ◽

Current Review ◽

Slot Die ◽

Continuous Fabrication

Graphene oxide (GO) has been a prized material for fabricating separation membranes due to its immense potential and unique chemistry. Despite the academic focus on GO, the adoption of GO membranes in industry remains elusive. One of the challenges at hand for commercializing GO membranes lies with large-scale production techniques. Fortunately, emerging studies have acknowledged this issue, where many have aimed to deliver insights into scalable approaches showing potential to be employed in the commercial domain. The current review highlights eight physical methods for GO membrane fabrication. Based on batch-unit or continuous fabrication, we have further classified the techniques into five small-scale (vacuum filtration, pressure-assisted filtration, spin coating, dip coating, drop-casting) and three large-scale (spray coating, bar/doctor blade coating, slot die coating) approaches. The continuous nature of the large-scale approach implies that the GO membranes prepared by this method are less restricted by the equipment’s dimensions but rather the availability of the material, whereas membranes yielded by small-scale methods are predominately limited by the size of the fabrication device. The current review aims to serve as an initial reference to provide a technical overview of preparing GO membranes. We further aim to shift the focus of the audience towards scalable processes and their prospect, which will facilitate the commercialization of GO membranes.

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DISPERSION MODELS FOR EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL SOURCES G.-J. MEJER and K.-H. KRAUSE Institut fiir landtechnische Grundlagenforschung der Bundesforschungsanstalt fiir Landwirtschaft Summary The aim of dispersion models is the prediction of atmospheric dilution of pollutants in order to prevent or avoid nuisance. Established dispersion models, designed for the large scale of industrial air pol lution have to be modified to the small scale of agricultural pol lutions. An experimental setup is described to measure atmospheric dilution of tracer gas under agricultural conditions. The experimental results deliver the data base to identify the parameters of the models. For undisturbed airflow modified Gaussian models are applicable. For the consideration of obstacles more sophisticated models are necessary. 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of dispersion models is to develop reliable methods for calcu lating the atmospheric dilution of airborne pollutants under practical conditions. One application in agriculture is the determination of that distance, at which i.g. odouriferous pollutants of an animal farm are diluted in the atmosphere to a concentration below a certain threshold, in order to allow the farmer a profitable production and likewise to prevent odour nuisance from the neighbourhood. Another application is the prediction of the effectiveness of changes in the emission source configuration, in order to reduce the odour nuisance in the existent vicinity. That could help to avoid expensive misinvestments. In air pollution control it is useful! to subdivide this large problem into three main divisions /1/, fig. 1:

Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming ◽

10.1201/9781482286311-37 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 113-113

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Dispersion Models ◽

Tracer Gas ◽

Gaussian Models ◽

Airborne Pollutants ◽

Animal Farm ◽

Reliable Methods

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A Field Efficacy Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps in Comparison with Routine Integrated Vector Management at Reducing Aedes aegypti

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association ◽

10.2987/21-7038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 242-249

Author(s):

Eva A. Buckner ◽

Katie F. Williams ◽

Samantha Ramirez ◽

Constance Darrisaw ◽

Juliana M. Carrillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Large Scale ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Small Scale ◽

Integrated Vector Management ◽

Control Programs ◽

Vector Management ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Eggs And Larvae

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. This mosquito is difficult to control with conventional methods due to its container-inhabiting behavior and resistance to insecticides. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a potent larvicide, has shown promise as an additional tool to control Aedes species in small-scale field trials. However, few large-scale field evaluations have been conducted. We undertook a 6-month-long large-scale field study to compare the effectiveness and operational feasibility of using In2Care Mosquito Traps (In2Care Traps, commercially available Aedes traps with PPF and Beauveria bassiana) compared to an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy consisting of source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding for controlling Ae. aegypti eggs, larvae, and adults. We found that while the difference between treatments was only statistically significant for eggs and larvae (P < 0.05 for eggs and larvae and P > 0.05 for adults), the use of In2Care Traps alone resulted in 60%, 57%, and 57% fewer eggs, larvae, and adults, respectively, collected from that site compared to the IVM site. However, In2Care Trap deployment and maintenance were more time consuming and labor intensive than the IVM strategy. Thus, using In2Care Traps alone as a control method for large areas (e.g., >20 ha) may be less practical for control programs with the capacity to conduct ground and aerial larviciding and adulticiding. Based on our study results, we conclude that In2Care Traps are effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti and have the most potential for use in areas without sophisticated control programs and within IVM programs to target hotspots with high population levels and/or risk of Aedes-borne pathogen transmission.

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Low-cost Large Scale Vermicompost Unit

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2115/1/012026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2115 (1) ◽

pp. 012026

Author(s):

Sonam Solanki ◽

Gunendra Mahore

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Key Innovation ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Long Run ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Term Maintenance

Abstract In the current process of producing vermicompost on a large-scale, the main challenge is to keep the worms alive. This is achieved by maintaining temperature and moisture in their living medium. It is a difficult task to maintain these parameters throughout the process. Currently, this is achieved by building infrastructure but this method requires a large initial investment and long-run maintenance. Also, these methods are limited to small-scale production. For large-scale production, a unit is developed which utilises natural airflow with water and automation. The main aim of this unit is to provide favourable conditions to worms in large-scale production with very low investment and minimum maintenance in long term. The key innovation of this research is that the technology used in the unit should be practical and easy to adopt by small farmers. For long-term maintenance of the technology lesser number of parts are used.

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The Scalability of Wet Ball Milling for The Production of Nanosuspensions

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology ◽

10.2174/2211738507666190401142530 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 147-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria L.A.D. Lestari ◽

Rainer H. Müller ◽

Jan P. Möschwitzer

Keyword(s):

Ball Milling ◽

Large Scale ◽

Milling Time ◽

High Energy ◽

Small Scale ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Scale Production ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Large Scale Production

Background: Miniaturization of nanosuspensions preparation is a necessity in order to enable proper formulation screening before nanosizing can be performed on a large scale. Ideally, the information generated at small scale is predictive for large scale production. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the scalability when producing nanosuspensions starting from a 10 g scale of nanosuspension using low energy wet ball milling up to production scales of 120 g nanosuspension and 2 kg nanosuspension by using a standard high energy wet ball milling operated in batch mode or recirculation mode, respectively. Methods: Two different active pharmaceutical ingredients, i.e. curcumin and hesperetin, have been used in this study. The investigated factors include the milling time, milling speed, and the type of mill. Results: Comparable particle sizes of about 151 nm to 190 nm were obtained for both active pharmaceutical ingredients at the same milling time and milling speed when the drugs were processed at 10 g using low energy wet ball milling or 120 g using high energy wet ball milling in batch mode, respectively. However, an adjustment of the milling speed was needed for the 2 kg scale produced using high energy wet ball milling in recirculation mode to obtain particle sizes comparable to the small scale process. Conclusion: These results confirm in general, the scalability of wet ball milling as well as the suitability of small scale processing in order to correctly identify the most suitable formulations for large scale production using high energy milling.

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Solutions for changing production scale in the agricultural sector in Vietnam

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017510008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 10008

Author(s):

Thi Hoai Nguyen ◽

Duc Luan Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Labor Productivity ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Current Situation ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Number Of Solutions ◽

Production Scale ◽

Large Scale Production

In this paper, the authors analyze the current situation of agricultural production in Vietnam and affirm that fragmentation is one of the basic causes leading to ineffective potentials and low labor productivity. Based on this, the authors propose a number of solutions to convert small-scale production to large-scale production in order to improve labor productivity and optimally exploit resources in the agricultural sector in Vietnam today.

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Regeneration Technique of Bamboo Species through Nodal Segments: A Review

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v8i1.30209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 54-68

Author(s):

Meena Maiya Suwal ◽

Janardan Lamichhane ◽

Dhurva Prasad Gauchan

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Shoot Multiplication ◽

Nodal Segments ◽

Individual Species ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Bamboo Species

Micropropagation is an alternative technique to propagate at large scale plants to meet global plant demand. Various researchers have worked on the micropropagation technique to regenerate bamboo species by using nodal segments from years. Contamination, browning, necrosis, and acclimatization with physiological stress are the extreme problems of the micropropagation technique. But, many numbers of papers have been published on micropropagation of the bamboo species through nodal segments as explants. The proliferation of the bamboo shoots is dependent on the season of collection, size of explants, the position of explants, diversity of plants, concentration and combination of plant growth regulators, most adequate culture medium, environmental condition of the equipment, handling, and individual species. Bamboo is a monocarpic fast-growing, tall perennial grass and having the high potential to generate economic and social benefits. It helps to maintain land patterns and control soil erosion. The long life cycle of the bamboo produces a huge amount of seeds but unfortunately, mostly, they are non-viable. So, bamboos are propagated from vegetative by cutting and air layering. However, these methods are only for a small scale and they also tend to destroy large mother plant stocks and difficult to be transported. So, the in vitro propagation technique is useful to obtain large progenies from desired genotypes. Mostly, BAP and TDZ growth hormones are widely used for shoot multiplication and IBA, NAA and IAA are used for root initiation as per developed protocols in tissue culture for large scale production. This review intends to explore an overview of the recent literature reports to summarize the importance of micropropagation by using nodal segments of bamboo species and factors influencing it.

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Large-Scale Production of Bioactive Terrein by Aspergillus terreus Strain S020 Isolated from the Saudi Coast of the Red Sea

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom9090480 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 480 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hani Z. Asfour ◽

Zuhier A. Awan ◽

Alaa A. Bagalagel ◽

Mahmoud A. Elfaky ◽

Reda F. A. Abdelhameed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

High Resolution ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Large Scale ◽

Aspergillus Terreus ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Carcinoma Cells ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Fungal Strains

The diversity of symbiotic fungi derived from two marine sponges and sediment collected off Obhur, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), was investigated in the current study. A total of 23 isolates were purified using a culture-dependent approach. Using the morphological properties combined with internal transcribed spacer-rDNA (ITS-rDNA) sequences, 23 fungal strains (in the majority Penicillium and Aspergillus) were identified from these samples. The biological screening (cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities) of small-scale cultures of these fungi yielded several target fungal strains which produced bioactive secondary metabolites. Amongst these isolates, the crude extract of Aspergillus terreus strain S020, which was cultured in fermentation static broth, 21 L, for 40 days at room temperature on potato dextrose broth, displayed strong antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and significant antiproliferative effects on human carcinoma cells. Chromatographic separation of the crude extract by silica gel column chromatography indicated that the S020 isolate could produce a series of chemical compounds. Among these, pure crystalline terrein was separated with a high yield of 537.26 ± 23.42 g/kg extract, which represents the highest fermentation production of terrein to date. Its chemical structure was elucidated on the basis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with reported data. The compound showed strong cytotoxic activity against colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), with IC50 values of 12.13 and 22.53 µM, respectively. Our study highlights the potential of A. terreus strain S020 for the industrial production of bioactive terrein on a large scale and the importance of future investigations of these strains to identify the bioactive leads in these fungal extracts.

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Pharmaceutical Particles Design by Membrane Emulsification: Preparation Methods and Applications in Drug Delivery

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612823666161117160940 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 302-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Emma Piacentini ◽

Marijana Dragosavac ◽

Lidietta Giorno

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Particle Size ◽

Rational Design ◽

Large Scale ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Membrane Emulsification ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Promising Tool

Nowadays, the rational design of particles is an important issue in the development of pharmaceutical medicaments. Advances in manufacturing methods are required to design new pharmaceutical particles with target properties in terms of particle size, particle size distribution, structure and functional activity. Membrane emulsification is emerging as a promising tool for the production of emulsions and solidified particles with tailored properties in many fields. In this review, the current use of membrane emulsification in the production of pharmaceutical particles is highlighted. Membrane emulsification devices designed for small-scale testing as well as membrane-based methods suitable for large-scale production are discussed. A special emphasis is put on the important factors that contribute to the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. The most recent studies about the utilization of the membrane emulsification for preparing particles as drug delivery systems for anticancer, proteins/peptide, lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive drugs are reviewed.

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