Can the sex of the second child be predicted by the birth-weight of the first child?

After a thorough literature search of the survival rates of premature infants, I believe the infant described below was the smallest to survive until this century.1 I am mindful that the reported birth weights in the past may have been inaccurate because the weighing of newborn infants was not an accepted practice prior to this century. 2 Mrs. A. (aged 30) weaned her first child on the 17th of November 1846, a fortnight after which (1st December) she menstruated naturally. Two days after the catamenia disappeared (7th December), she conceived, having the same sensations post coitu which she felt at her previous conception. At four months she quickened. She was delivered (by a midwife) of her second child, a female, on the 14th of May 1847-on the hundred and fifty-eighth day of gestation. The child had only rudimentary nails, and almost no hair, except a little, of slightly reddish colour, at the lower part of the back of the head. It weighed one pound, and measured eleven inches. It was merely wrapped up at first, laid in a box about a foot long, used by the father (who is a slater) for carrying nails, and set on the kitchen fender, before the fire, to keep it warm. It came on very well, and was subsequently treated very much the same as other children, except perhaps, that it was a little more looked after than usual, being considered a curiosity. She is still of small make but is quite healthy, and takes her food well.

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Intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity in mixed native couples in Finland

Acta Sociologica ◽

10.1177/0001699319847507 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 103-123

Author(s):

Ognjen Obućina ◽

Jan Saarela

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Parental Education ◽

Positive Association ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Parental Education Level ◽

Second Child ◽

Ethnic Affiliation ◽

First Child ◽

Strong Positive Association ◽

Using Data

The aim of this study is to analyse the factors determining the ethnic affiliation of children born to interethnic native couples in Finland, using data from couples with one Finnish-speaking and one Swedish-speaking partner, between 1988 and 2014. In addition to individual characteristics of each partner and contextual factors, we also consider the role of couple characteristics. We look at the affiliation of the first child, as well as the combined affiliation of the first two children, in order to analyse how often children from the same parents are affiliated to different ethnicities. Around 60% of first- and second-born children of interethnic couples born between 1988 and 2014 were affiliated to the Swedish-speaking minority. The affiliation of the second child seldom differs from that of the first. Children of mixed couples with a Swedish mother are more likely to be affiliated to the Swedish-speaking community. Boys are more likely than girls to be affiliated to the father’s community, and vice versa. In line with our expectations based on ethnic awareness, preference for cultural plurality and parental aspirations, the multivariate analysis shows a strong positive association between parental education level and the likelihood of the first child being Swedish speaking. The analysis also indicates that bargaining is not an important strategy when choosing a child’s ethnic identity.

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LOW FERTILITY INTENTION IN TEHRAN, IRAN: THE ROLE OF ATTITUDES, NORMS AND PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932016000109 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 292-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amir Erfani

Keyword(s):

Fertility Intentions ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Second Child ◽

Normative Pressure ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

First Child ◽

Using Data ◽

Perceived Constraints

SummaryPersistent low fertility rates are an increasing concern for countries with low fertility like Iran. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study examined the immediate factors influencing fertility intentions, using data from the 2012 Tehran Survey of Fertility Intentions. The findings show that more than half of young married adults in Tehran intend to have no more children. The multivariate analysis results indicate that individuals who view childbearing as being detrimental to their personal life, feel less normative pressure to have a/another child, and believe their childbearing decision is not contingent on the presence of economic resources required for childbearing, are more likely to want no (more) children or to be unsure rather than to want a/another child. Attitudes and normative pressure are dominant factors influencing the intention to have a first child, while the intention to have a second child is mainly affected by attitudes and perceived constraints. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

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Fertility in Real Generations of Russian Women: Trends and Regional Differences

Economics taxes & law ◽

10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-2-59-69 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 59-69

Author(s):

V. N. Arkhangelskiy

Keyword(s):

Regional Differences ◽

Birth Rates ◽

Second Child ◽

Younger Women ◽

Fertility Trends ◽

Number Of Children ◽

First Child ◽

Generational Changes ◽

The Difference ◽

Families With Children

The subject of the research is fertility trends in real generations of women in Russia. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that the majority of works devoted to the analysis of the fertility trends and the possible impact of demographic policies thereon in Russia are based on the use of calendar birth rates (total, special, age, total coefficient, etc.) subject to timing fluctuations, e.g. earlier childbirth due to favorable circumstances. The influence of this factor can be bypassed by using birth rates for real generations. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the dynamics of generational changes in birth rates and their regional differences. The results of the analysis showed that after a significant reduction in the average number of children born in the generations of women of the 1960s — early 1970s, the value slightly increased for women of the mid- and late 1970s. and would probably be somewhat higher for women born in the 1980s. The proportion of women who gave birth to at least one child is decreasing hampering the increase in the average number of children born in real generations. On the contrary, an increase in the proportion of women who gave birth to the second and third child contributes to this increase. While the share of those who gave birth to the second child among women who gave birth to the first child in the generations of the late 1970s, despite a significant increase, is lower than among women of the mid‑1950s, the proportion of those who gave birth to the third child among women who gave birth to the second child, is higher than in older generations. The increase in the proportion of women in the generations of the late 1970s who gave birth to the second and third children is to some extent due to more active measures for supporting families with children that are largely focused on supporting second and subsequent births of children. If the implementation of measures for supporting families with children in the 1980s helped to smooth out the difference in the average age of the mother who gave birth to the second and first child from 4.53 years in the generation of women born in 1950 up to 3.31 years in the generation of 1963, then in younger women the difference tended to increase and now it is the maximum for women of 1975. (5.91 years). It is concluded that the policy of encouraging child bearing needs to be continued.

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Einfluss der Bildung der Frau auf das Zweitgeburtsverhalten in Polen während der sozioökonomischen Transformation

Journal of Family Research ◽

10.20377/jfr-174 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 295-318

Author(s):

Paulina Galezewska

Keyword(s):

Rapid Decline ◽

Family Policies ◽

Second Child ◽

Highly Educated ◽

First Child ◽

Future Fertility ◽

Women's Lives ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Piecewise Exponential ◽

University Degree

Since the collapse of state socialism in Poland in 1989, a rapid decline in fertility has been observed in parallel with educational expansion. Polish women with university degree tend to postpone their childbearing, and often have fewer children than their less educated counterparts. Thus, an increase in the number of highly educated women may have an impact on the future fertility development of a country. The birth of a first child is fairly universal in women’s lives in Poland, hence, this study focuses on the transition to the second child. Using the Employment, Family and Educational Survey (2006), several piecewise exponential models were estimated. The analyses reveal a strong negative effect of women’s education on the second birth risk. We conclude that Polish women with university degree are exposed to higher opportunity costs, and these are not addressed adequately by existing family policies and labour market regulations related to working mothers. Zusammenfassung In Polen wurde nach dem Systemumbruch im Jahr 1989 ein starker Geburteneinbruch beobachtet, der nahezu parallel von einer Bildungsexpansion begleitet wurde. Der schnell steigende Anteil junger hoch gebildeter Frauen sollte sich stark auf die zukünftige Fertilitätsentwicklung Polens auswirken, denn Akademikerinnen bekommen nicht nur später, sondern auch weniger Kinder. Die Studie lenkt den Fokus auf das Zweitgeburtsverhalten, da die Geburt des ersten Kindes in Polen weiterhin als universell gilt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse auf Basis des Employment, Family and Education Surveys (2006) zeigen eine mit steigendem Bildungsniveau signifikant sinkende Zweitgeburtenrate. Hochschulabsolventinnen sind in Polen mit hohen Opportunitätskosten konfrontiert, die nur eingeschränkt von den geltenden familienpolitischen Maßnahmen und Arbeitsmarktregulierungen minimiert werden.

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Hubungan Jenis Kelamin, Usia, dan Urutan Kelahiran dengan Kemampuan Mengkombinasikan Warna Menggunakan Media Finger Painting

Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah ◽

10.30651/jkm.v0i0.5762 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nurafiffah Sekar Pamuji ◽

Sodikin Sodikin

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Cognitive Development ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Second Child ◽

First Child ◽

The Media ◽

Quantitative Descriptive

Objective: Cognitive development includes children's thinking abilities in processing learning outcomes. The ability to recognize colors is included in cognitive development. Combining color with coloring followed by children drawing using finger painting media is an activity that is not monotonous. In preschool children this activity can express their feelings, develop intellectual, physical, perception, creativity, aesthetic and social. This research aims to find out determine the relationship between children's characteristics and the ability to combine colors using the media of finger painting in PAUD Giri Saloka Karangendep.Methods: This research is a quantitative descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study was preschool children with a total of 28 respondents using the total sampling method in February 2020. The research instrument used an observation sheet with the Chi-Square test.Results: Most respondents were female (71.4%), aged 6-7 years (75%) and the order of the first child (35.7%), second child (28.6%) and last child (35.7%). Gender (p = 0.034; value = 6.767; df = 2), age (p = 0.029; value = 7.111; df = 2), child order (p = 0.884; value = 1.167; df = 4) indicate that there is no significant relationship (p value> 0.05).Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between sex and age with the ability to combine colors using finger painting media. Meanwhile, there is no significant relationship between the order and the ability to combine colors using finger painting media.

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Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Risk of Infection and Correlates of Transmission

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.90.3.369 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 369-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Clara Gabiano ◽

Pier-Angelo Tovo ◽

Maurizio de Martino ◽

Luisa Galli ◽

Antonio Mazza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Drug Use ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Infection Status ◽

First Child ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

One thousand eight hundred eighty-seven children born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive mothers, including 1045 infants prospectively followed up from birth, were studied. Intravenous drug use was the most frequent maternal risk factor, although the percentage of women infected by sexual contact increased from 5.8% in 1985 to 28.5% in 1990. Of the 551 first children followed up from birth and older than 15 months of age, 101 (18.3%) acquired infection and seroconverted to HIV-1. Another 31 (5.6%) asymptomatic seronegative children showed the presence of viral markers, for an apparent mother-to-off-spring transmission rate of 23.9%. Overlapping results were seen in 22 second-born children followed up from birth. Of 59 sibships with definite infection status, when the first child was infected, 14 (40%) of 35 second children were infected, whereas when the first child was not infected, only 2 of 24 (8.3%) second children were infected. Discordance in HIV-1 transmission was found in 1 of 18 pairs of twins. Univariate and multivariate analyses of possible risk factors for HIV-1 transmission performed on the entire population of children and in the cohort of those followed up from birth were basically in agreement in indicating that the development of symptoms in the mother before delivery and breast-feeding (indeed adopted in only 22 infants in whom HIV-1 infection was identified at birth) were significantly and independently associated with a higher transmission rate. In addition, girls were more frequently infected than boys. Preterm delivery and low birth weight correlated with maternal drug use. Child's infection status did not influence gestational age nor birth weight. In contrast, maternal infection itself seemed to reduce fetal growth, which was further impaired when the mother was symptomatic.

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Colobomatous cysts of optic nerve

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped74153-158 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 153-158

Author(s):

Nataliia N Sadovnikova ◽

Vlidimir A Shereshevsky ◽

Natalia V Prisich ◽

Vladimir V Brzesky ◽

Dmitriy Yu Li

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Observation ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Corneal Opacity ◽

Pathogenetic Mechanism ◽

Second Child ◽

Embryonal Development ◽

First Child

Objectives of publication:presentation of a rare clinical observation from our own practice.Key points:colobomatous orbital cyst with microphthalmos — rare anomaly of an embryonal development of an eyeball, it is formed owing to “filling” of an optic nerve with the intraocular liquid coming to him from a vitreous chamber through сoloboma of disk because of violation of hydrodynamics in a forward segment of an eye. Usually this anomaly is combined with microphthalmic eye, though cases of a colobomatous cyst with a normal size of an eyeball, and also with other anomalies of development of an eye (inferior uveoretinal coloboma, prepupillary membrane, corneal opacity) are described.Сlinical observation:during 2015 in our department there were two children to whom after the carried-out inspection the diagnosis of a colobomatous cysts of optic nerve has been exposed. Concerning the first child waiting tactics has been recognized expedient, at repeated surveys in 1 and 4 months of any dynamics in the ophthalmologic status it hasn’t been revealed. To the second child because of the expressed exophthalmos with lagophthalmia, with perforation threat, surgical intervention – a puncture and drainage of a cyst of an optic nerve is performed. After operation the correct situation and mobility of an eyeball were restored, xerotic changes of a cornea and conjunctiva have decreased.Conclusions:from the pathogenetic mechanism of cystous formation of an orbit, it is more logical to specify the clinical diagnosis a mention in him an optic nerve – “сolobomatous cysts of optic nerve”. Surgical treatment depends on the sizes of cyst, degree of exophthalmos and existence of complications.

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Comparisons on perinatal depression between the first-child women and the second-child women in West China under the universal 2-child policy

Medicine ◽

10.1097/md.0000000000020641 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (23) ◽

pp. e20641

Author(s):

Xiu-Jing Guo ◽

Jing Chen ◽

Jian-Hua Ren ◽

Xue Deng ◽

Liang-Zhi Xu

Keyword(s):

Perinatal Depression ◽

West China ◽

Second Child ◽

First Child ◽

Child Policy

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Obituary notices of fellows deceased

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character ◽

10.1098/rspb.1924.0036 ◽

1924 ◽

Vol 96 (679) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

New England ◽

Rhode Island ◽

Second Child ◽

War Of Independence ◽

The Earth ◽

First Child ◽

The City

Isaac Bayley Balfour, third child and second son of Prof. John Hutton Balfour and his wife, Marion Spottiswood Bayley, born in 27, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, on March 31, 1853, was descended from families well known in his native city. John Balfour, mariner and merchant, burgess of Edinburgh and owner of estates in America, married in 1696 a daughter of William Arroll, merchant in Stirling, and obtained sasine of the Midlothian property of Braidwood at Temple, near Gorebridge, in 1710. John, first child of John Balfour and Isobel Arroll, born in 1697 and still living in 1710, predeceased his father ; Sarah, second child, born in 1698, was married in 1720 to William Hutton, merchant in Edinburgh and treasurer of the city; Andrew, third child and younger son, born in 1700, succeeded his father in 1731 and was still owner of Braidwood in 1774. Andrew Balfour, first child of Andrew Balfour of Braidwood, and his wife, Margaret Robertson, born in 1737, became a merchant in Edinburgh; John, their fifth child and second surviving son, born in 1749, settled when a young man in Charlestown, South Carolina. Four years later his brother Andrew, abandoning business in Edinburgh, also emigrated to America. Arriving in New England in 1772, he settled in Rhode Island, and espoused the cause of the colonies, taking part during 1775-77 in the War of Independence against England. Now styled Col. Balfour, he visited his brother in Charles town. John, however, was a loyalist, and the brothers soon separated ; Andrew in 1778 became a farmer in North Carolina. When John Balfour died in South Carolina on November 15, 1781, his house was destroyed by irregulars who claimed to be republicans. Four months later—March 10, 1782—Col. Andrew Balfour was assassinated in North Carolina by irregulars who professed to be loyalists. The widow of Andrew Balfour brought up her two children as American citizens ; the widow of John took her three children to Edinburgh, where one of those to advise her as regards their education was her late husband’s cousin, Dr. James Hutton (1726-97), son of William Hutton and Sarah Balfour, best remembered now as the author of the Huttonian ‘ Theory of the Earth.’

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