Semiquantitative Criteria in the Eye Bank That Correlate with Cornea Guttata in Donor Corneas

2021 ◽  
Vol 238 (06) ◽  
pp. 680-687
Author(s):  
Tarek Safi ◽  
Loay Daas ◽  
Gian-Luca Kiefer ◽  
Mansi Sharma ◽  
Alassane Ndiaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eye Bank ◽  
Circular Shape ◽  
Cornea Guttata ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Membrane Defects ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Donor Corneas ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Cornea guttata may not be recognized in the eye bank and recent studies have displayed that guttae are transplanted in about 15% of cases in varying severities. The purpose of this study was to establish semiquantitative criteria for the detection of cornea guttata in donor corneas in the eye bank. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, preoperative endothelial pictures of donor corneas were collected and classified according to the post-penetrating keratoplasty cornea guttata grade into three distinct groups: group 1 consists of healthy corneas with no guttae (guttata grade 0); group 2 constitutes corneas with mild asymptomatic cornea guttata (guttata grade +); and group 3 comprises corneas with advanced widespread cornea guttata (guttata grade ++/+++/++++). The preoperative pictures of each group were then individually analyzed using the following five semiquantitative criteria: The number and the area of the cell-depleted surfaces, the presence of less than 50% of the cells having a hexagonal or a circular shape, the presence of cell membrane defects and interruptions, the presence of blebs in the cell membrane, and the presence of groups of cells with a distinct whitish color. Results In total, 262 patients were included in this study, with a total number of 1582 preoperative donor corneal endothelial pictures. Out of those pictures, groups 1, 2, and 3 encompassed 995 (62.9%), 411 (26.0%), and 176 (11.1%) pictures, respectively. Three out of the five eye bank criteria were found to correlate with postoperative cornea guttata with a highly significant p value of < 0.001. These three criteria are the presence of less than 50% of the cells having a hexagonal or a circular shape, the presence of cell membrane defects and interruptions and, the presence of blebs. The presence of groups of cells with a distinct whitish color was only a weak predictive factor for cornea guttata (p = 0.069). There was no statistically significant correlation between the number and the area of cell-depleted surfaces and postoperative cornea guttata with a p = 0.181. Conclusion Three semiquantitative criteria that can be detected in the eye bank using inverted light microscopy seem to correlate with postoperative cornea guttata: The presence of blebs, the presence of cell membrane defects and interruptions, as well as endothelial pictures with less than 50% of the cells having a hexagonal of circular shape. The presence of groups of cells with a distinct whitish color appears to be a weak predictor of cornea guttata.

scholarly journals Young people's lifestyle and frequency of physical activity – an original study

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Barbara Janota ◽  
Elżbieta Szczepańska ◽  
Karolina Janion
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
School Students ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Introduction A healthy lifestyle, including healthy eating, frequent physical activity, abstention from recreational substances, appropriate amounts of sleep and restricted amounts of television and computer time have a positive impact on the development and health of adolescents. The aim of the study was to assess selected aspects of adolescent lifestyle with a focus on rates of physical activity. Materials and methods The study material included a questionnaire completed by 304 secondary school students. The answers were analysed with respect to the physical activity of the respondents and then grouped accordingly: group 1 consisted of respondents with a low rate of physical activity, group 2 with a moderate rate of physical activity and group 3 with a high rate of physical activity. Differences in the the percentages of healthy behaviour the groups engaged in was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA on ranks test. Post hoc, a 2-way test with Bonferroni correction was performed. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Results The recommended number of 4–5 meals a day is consumed mostly by individuals from group 2 (52.94%) and to the least extent by those in group 1 (47.17%). The recommended daily consumption of fruit is mostly reported by respondents from group 3 (39.34%) and the least, by those from group 1 (26.42%). Subjects from group 2 are least likely to drink alcohol, which is harmful for one's health (26.47%); this group also includes the largest number of individuals who do not smoke cigarettes (69.12%). The most favorable behaviour with regards to sleep is displayed by subjects from group 3, in which 10.38% of participants slept for the recommended 8–10 h a day. Conclusions The majority of adolescents, regardless of the frequency of physical activity they undertook, had an unhealthy lifestyle. The most favourable lifestyle was led by subjects who performed physical activity between once a week and a few times a month.

Predictive Value of Minimal Residual Disease: Analysis By Flow-Cytometry in Children with Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 2494-2494
Author(s):  
Myriam Ruth Guitter ◽  
Jorge Gabriel Rossi ◽  
Elisa Sajaroff ◽  
Carolina Carrara ◽  
Pizzi Silvia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Introduction: Despite the advances observed in the outcome of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment during the last 20 years, relapse remains the most common cause of treatment failure in childhood ALL. Several factors have been associated to the prognosis of these patients; however, minimal residual disease (MRD) emerges as a relevant predictor of outcome. Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess MRD by flow-cytometry in relapsed ALL and to evaluate its prognostic impact as a predictor factor of outcome at the end of the induction therapy and prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients and Methods: From Aug'10 to Jun'15, 123 ALL patients were treated at our center. MRD determination at least at two time-points during relapse treatment was a requirement for considering a patient eligible for the present study. Sixty-six cases were excluded due to the following causes: 10 patients died during induction, 2 died early in complete remission (CR), 29 did not respond to chemotherapy, in 13 patients MRD determination was not performed: 4 did not have clinical data available, 4 patients were Down Syndrome and 4 children received treatment for relapse in other centers. Thus, fifty-seven patients achieved CR and were evaluated for MRD at two time points. Of them, 56 patients belonged to S4 and S3 and 1 patient to S1 group as defined by the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster stratification for relapsed ALL. MRD was analyzed by multiparametric flow-cytometry following ALL-IC 2009 guidelines. Negative MRD was defined as disclosing less than 0.1% of blasts. For this analysis, patients were stratified based on MRD levels at two different time points: after end of induction, before HSCT or at any other time point during the follow-up for patients who did not undergo HSCT. Three groups were defined: Group-1: negative at both time points (n= 23), Group-2: positive at 1 time point (n= 13) and Group-3: positive at both time points (n= 21). Patients who relapsed before receiving HSCT were considered Group-3. Twenty-five patients underwent HSCT: 13 of them from Group-1, 9 from Group-2 (2 had positive MRD previous to receive HSCT) and 3 patients from Group-3. HSCT was performed with matched familiar donor in 16 cases and matched unrelated donor in 9 cases. Results: The distribution of events according to receiving or not HSCT was: 5 died due to transplant related mortality (TRM), 9 relapsed after receiving HSCT and 16 during treatment with chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 16 (range: 6-67) months, overall 3-year EFS probability (EFSp) (SE) was 32 (8)%. The 3-year EFSp was 75 (11)% for Group-1, 24 (14)% for Group-2 and 0% for Group-3 (p-value <0.00001). Comparing patients who did not receive HSCT vs. patients who did, EFSp (SE) was 32 (12)% and 29 (11)% respectively (p-value: non-significant). The EFSp (SE) according to MRD groups in patients who underwent HSCT was: Group-1: 53 (19)%, Group-2: 14 (13)% and 0% for Group-3 (p-value: 0.06). Conclusions: MRD quantification by flow-cytometry demonstrated to be a significant prognostic factor for relapsed ALL. Both, TRM and death in CR rates, were high and should be decreased by improving supportive measures. MRD determination by flow-cytometry in patients who underwent HSCT showed a trend to achieve a better EFSp, thus representing a relevant tool for stratifying relapsed ALL patients in order to achieve a better selection of patients to receive HSCT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION;

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Khan ◽  
Amin Fahim ◽  
Aneela Qureshi ◽  
Ghulam Shah Nizamani ◽  
Mohammad Ahmed Azmi
Keyword(s):  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Mild Preeclampsia ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To assess the early detection of thrombocytopenia in womenpresenting with varying degree of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Study Design: A casecontrol study. Place of Study: Hematology laboratory Isra University Hospital Hyderabad.Duration of Study: From July 2009 to December 2010. Materials and Methods: Total 130pregnant women were included in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups asGroup 1 with pre-eclampsia, Group 2 with eclampsia and Group 3 with normotensive pregnantwomen as control group. The Group 1 was further divided into two sub groups such as Subgroup1a with mild preeclampsia and Sub-group 2b with severe pre-eclampsia. Results:Anticoagulated whole blood samples (5cc) from all subjects were analyzed for the detection ofthrombocytopenia for the possible involvement of pregnancy induced hypertension. It was notedthat out of total subjects, 33(25.39%) had mild pre-eclampsia, 17(13.07%) had severe preeclampsia,15(11.54%) had eclampsia and 65 (50.0%) were normotensive pregnant women.Based on the comparative findings, the results showed significant differences between group 3and group 1a (p-value 0.001), group 3 and group 1b (p-value 0.001), group 2 and group 3 alsoshowed same results (p-value 0.001) but the subjects of group 1a and 1b when compared,showed non-significant findings (p value 0.955). Conclusion: The results suggested that earlydetection of platelet count provide significant role for the assessment of severity of disease inwomen with pregnancy induced hypertension when compared with normotensive pregnantwomen.

Radiation-induced changes in the inflammatory microenvironment composition of lung cancer brain metastases.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2528-2528
Author(s):  
Ariane Steindl ◽  
Maximilian Mair ◽  
Angelika Martina Starzer ◽  
Karin Dieckmann ◽  
Georg Widhalm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
P Value ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

2528 Background: Radiotherapy was postulated to impact the inflammatory microenvironment composition in patients with lung cancer brain metastases (BM). Methods: Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded BM specimens from treatment naïve patients (group 1) and from patients treated with radiation therapy including whole brain radiotherapy and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (group 2) or prophylactic cranial irradiation (group 3) before BM resection were identified from the Vienna Brain Metastasis Registry. T cell subsets (CD3+,CD8+,CD45RO+,FOXP3+,PD-L1+) were investigated using the Ventana Benchmark Ultra system Definiens software. Results: Specimens from 41 patients (28/41;68.3% NSCLC, 13/41;31.7% SCLC) were included in the study. A significant difference in CD3+TIL density between group 1 (median: 964.5cells/mm2) and group 2 (median: 283.4cells/mm2; p-value=0.021; Mann-Whitney-U test), as well as group 3 (median: 168.8 cells/mm2; p-value= 0.028; Mann-Whitney-U test) were observed. Furthermore, CD8+ and FOXP3+TIL densities of group 2 (CD8+ median: 172.1cells/mm2; FOXP3+ median: 210.7cells/mm2) were numerically lower compared to group 1 (CD8+ median: 190.1 cells/mm2; FOXP3+ median: 221.2 cells/mm2). Of 10/41 (24.4%) patients further resected BM tissue specimens after initial resection were available. Here, the inflammatory microenvironment of BM treated with radiation therapy between the resections was significantly associated with lower densities of CD3+ (median: 105.1 cells/mm2) and CD8+ (median: 20.3cells/mm2) compared to radiation-naïve patients (CD3+ median: 825.4cells/mm2; CD8+median: 105.5cells/mm2; p=0.037; Mann-Whitney U-test). Conclusions: Radiation treatment was associated with lower densities of TIL subsets in our BM cohort. Although results have to be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size, further studies investigating the sequencing of radiotherapy and immune modulating therapies might be of interest. [Table: see text]

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO DIFFERENT DOSES OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS ADJUNCT TO LIDOCAINE IN INTRAVENOUS REGIONAL ANESTHESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2259-2264
Author(s):  
Diana Salam Sami ◽  
Ali Hadi Muslih
Keyword(s):  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Motor Block ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Sensory Block ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intravenous Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Group 1

The aim: To compare the different doses of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to lidocaine in intravenous regional anesthesia. Materials and methods: Ninety patients participated in this study in Al-Yarmook teaching hospital in period between January 1st 2016 – July 1st 2016, divided randomly in to 3 groups. Group 1: received lidocaine diluted with normal saline; Group 2 – lidocaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; Group3 -lidocaine with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg. Statistical analysis was done by IBM SPSS program version 20 and Microsoft excel version 2010 , the means were compared by ANOVA methods and Dunnett t3, significancebetween groups were recorded if p value less than 0.05. Results: Dexmedetomidine was effective in decreasing the sensory block onset time and motor block onset time and prolongation of the motor and sensory recovery with no significant hemodynamic changes than is often shown by the lidocaine alone, it also prolongs the time interval for analgesic requirement after the operation. For the group 3 it was faster than in group 2 and faster than in group 1 significantly (p value < 0.001) to form a sensory block onset and motor block onset; and it took significantly more time to recover the sensation than in group 1 (p value <0.001) and 2 (p value <0.002) , and more time for motor recovery than in group 1 (p value < 0.001). Group 3 had the longest time to call for the analgesia after operation than group 2 and 3 (p value < 0.001); and group 2 also had longer time for the same process than group 1 (p value < 0.001). Conclusions: A variety of adjuvants have been used in IVRA to decrease tourniquet pain, improve block quality, and prolong analgesia after cuff deflation. Opioids are relatively ineffective and cause nausea, vomiting, and dizziness after tourniquet deflation, but several NSAIDs have been shown to be beneficial, dexmedetomidine improves block quality and postoperative analgesia.

scholarly journals Outcome of Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated by Whole Body Cooling and Magnesium Sulfate

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. e280-e286
Author(s):  
Safwat M. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Mohamed Sabry M. Abdel Rahman ◽  
Asmaa H. Shoreit ◽  
Moustafa Ez El Din ◽  
Enas A. Hamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Group 1

AbstractTherapeutic hypothermia (TH) either by selective head cooling or whole-body cooling decreases brain damage and provide neuroprotection and reduced mortality rate in cases of moderate-to-severe hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy (HIE) of newborns, especially if started at first 6 hours after birth. Also, management with adjuvant therapies like magnesium sulfate (MS) provides more neuroprotection. The interventional randomized controlled research aimed to assess short-term actions of TH as sole therapy and in combination with MS as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of HIE newborn infants. A total of 36 full-terms and near-term infants delivered at Assiut University Children's Hospital and fulfilled HIE criteria were enrolled. They were divided equally into three groups; Group 1 (n = 12) received whole body cooling during first 6 hours of life as a sole therapy; Group 2 (n = 12) received whole body cooling in addition to MS as adjuvant therapy; Group 3 (n = 12) received supportive intensive care measures as a control. TH plus MS group (group 2) had a significantly good short-term outcomes as short period of respiratory support and mechanical ventilation (p-value =0.001), less in incidence of convulsion (p-value = 0.001) and early in feeding initiation (p-value = 0.009), compared with other groups managed by TH (group 1) or by supportive treatment (group 3). In conclusion, whole body cooling in addition to MS as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of HIE neonates is safe therapy that improves short-term outcome both clinically and radiologically.

scholarly journals Is striae gravidarum related to cesarean scar and peritoneal adhesions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (08) ◽  
pp. 1550-1554
Author(s):  
Sarwat Faridi ◽  
Humaira Imran ◽  
Bushra Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Peritoneal Adhesions ◽  
Cesarean Scar ◽  
Intraperitoneal Adhesions ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Striae Gravidarum ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: Determination of the relationship among the peritoneal adhesions, cesarean scar and striae gravidarum. Study Design: Cross sectional Study. Settings: Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: June 2018 to May 2018. Material & Methods: A total of 150 cases of cesarean section which presented at gynecology and obstetrics department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur were involved in this study. Davey scoring system was applied in order to determine the severity of striae gravidarum. Intraperitoneal adhesions were classified into five subcategories on the basis of Modified Blauer classification. Grouping was done on the random basis. Three groups were made. Group 1 consisted of the women with no striae gravidarum, group 2 had women with number of striae gravidarum from mild to moderate and group 3 had women of severe number of striae gravidarum. Comparison between different groups was done using the Mann-Whitney and student T test. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables while qualitative variables were assessed by their frequency and percentage. Statistically significant P value was 0.05 or less. Results: Intraperitoneal adhesions of grade 2-4, pigmentations and keliods were frequent in group 2 and 3 but the difference between these groups was not statistically significant (p-value 0.517, 0.427 and 0.372, respectively). There was no difference present among the group regarding the appearance of scar as well (p=0.541). As far as the length and width of the scar was concerned, the length was relatively more in patients of group 3 while width was relatively more in patients of group 1 but there were no statistically significant differences (Table-II) (p=0.289 and p=0.248 respectively). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is no association between intraperitoneal adhesions and striae gravidarum but correlation between scar characteristics and striae gravidarum are evident.

scholarly journals 455. Diagnostic Value of Hematological Parameters in Different Stages of the Disease in Covid-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S330-S330
Author(s):  
Ruhma Ali ◽  
Aditya Patel ◽  
Kok Hoe Chan ◽  
Jihad Slim
Keyword(s):  
Disease Stage ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Baseline Characteristic ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Aggregate Index ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background COVID-19 infection is associated in some individuals with a rapid onset of systemic proinflammatory state leading to cytokine storm followed by multisystem organ failure. We are interested in studying the prognostic value of complete blood count parameters in different stages of the diseases based on the serology. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to our hospital between 10/1/2020 to 2/28/2021. Study individuals had complete CBC profile and COVID-19 serology with well-defined clinical outcome (discharged alive or expired). They were divided in 3 groups based on serology results: group 1 (early disease) had no antibodies, group 2 (immune phase) had + IgM, and group 3 (late phase) had only + IgG. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. Simple t-test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Anova test was used to compare the difference across multiple groups. GraphPad PRISM was used for all analysis. Results A total of 202 confirmed covid 19 cases were included in the study. There was no difference between the 3 groups in terms of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). We did observe an increase in incidence in Latinx (group 1, 34%; group 2, 51%; group 3, 38%). Hypertension and diabetes were major co-morbidities in these patients. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and platelet count (PC) showed significant changes across the 3 groups: mean ANC for group 1, 4.868 (SD 3.117); group 2, mean 6.951 (SD 3.843); and group 3 mean 5.59 (SD 3.236). PC in group 1 mean 193.2 (SD 90.25); group 2 mean 271.1 (SD 143.4); and group 3 mean 228.6 (SD 75.33) p-value 0.0008. The difference can be seen in the derived monocyte platelet rationMPR, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio NLR, platelet lymphocyte ratio PLR and aggregate index of systemic inflammation AISI values and they tend to be higher in group 2 (MPR p-value 0.0067, NLR p-value 0.0123, PLR p-value 0.0294, AISI p-value of 0.0190). Baseline characteristic CBC parameters Conclusion The study demonstrates that MPR, NLR, PLR and AISI have a potential role in categorizing the disease stage based on only CBC profiling.Properly designed prospective studies with a larger sample size should be performed to confirm the disease stratification ability of derived CBC indices like MPR, NLR, PLR and AISI. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid 25(OH)Vitamin D3 Levels in HIV-1 and Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Center in North India

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Sinha ◽  
Kartik Gupta ◽  
Dibyakanti Mandal ◽  
B.K. Das ◽  
R.M. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Vitamin D is an immunomodulator, and its deficiency is associated with Tuberculosis (TB) infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is a rich milieu of macrophages that form the first line of defense against invading TB bacilli. As there is an increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in TB and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) subjects, we intend exploring the possibility of a localized deficiency of vitamin D metabolites in BALF of these patients. Objective: The primary objective was to assess the level of 25D3 in serum and BALF of subjects and look for a significant difference among patients and controls. The secondary objective was to find a correlation between serum and BALF 25D3 levels. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study with subjects divided into four groups: Controls (group 1), HIV positive without active TB (group 2), active TB without HIV (group 3), and HIV-TB coinfection (group 4). BALF and serum 25D3 levels were compared between the groups. Results: Among the 149 (an immunomodulator) successive subjects enrolled, there were 40 subjects in group 1 (HIV-TB-), 48 in group 2 (HIV+TB-), 37 in group 3 (HIV-TB+), and 24 in group 4 (HIV+TB+). Females constituted 31.6% of the study subjects. In groups 3 and 4, there were significantly lower serum 25D3 levels compared to group 1 (p-value group 3: 0.002; group 4: 0.012). In groups 2, 3, and 4, there were significantly lower BALF 25D3 levels compared to group 1 (p-value group 2: 0.000; group 3: 0.000; group 4: 0.001). There was a significant correlation between serum and BALF 25D3 levels (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 0.318, p-value = 0.0001). Conclusion: Lower levels of serum and BALF 25D3 were observed in HIV, TB, and HIV-TB coinfected patients. Localized deficiency of vitamin D metabolites might be associated with increased vulnerability to TB infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of myopia in school children in Southern Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Deshmukh ◽  
Rishi Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Among the refractive errors, myopia is the most common in school children. Due to myopia, school children are unable to see the blackboard which severely affects their performance. Moreover, they are unable to play outdoor sports thereby hampering their all-round development.Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational and analytical study. All children from 5-12 years attending eye OPD were included. Detailed history was taken and complete ophthalmic examination was done. Low myopia was defined as refractive error of -0.25D to -3D. Moderate myopia was defined refractive error of -3.25 D to -6 D. High myopia was defined as refractive error of ≥-6D. The children were divided into 3 groups according to their age (in years): group-1 (5-7), group-2 (8-9) and group-3 (10-12). The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 24.  P value was calculated by chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:   153 children were examined, out of which 72 (47.1%) were males and 81 (52.9%) were females. Group-1, group-2 and group-3 had 38, 38, 77 children respectively. Out of 153 children, 26 (16.99%) were found to be myopic. Out of 26 myopic children, males were 11 (42.3%) and females were 15 (57.69%) (p>0.05), Low, moderate and high myopia was found in 19 (73.07%), 6 (23.07%) and 1 (3.84%) child respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in school children is 16.99%. There is a need for regular screening of school children to diagnose myopia in them. The limitation of this study is hospital based and small sample size. So, we recommend a community-based study with a larger sample size.

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