Comparison of Inflammatory Markers like C - Reactive Protein, Total Leukocyte Count and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has become an epidemic in the 21st century where India leads the world with largest number of patients. There is increasing evidence that inflammation is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated complications such as dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Many previous studies indicate inflammatory markers like CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, fibrinogen, total sialic acid, ceruloplasmin and total leucocyte count (TLC) are raised in Type II Diabetes Mellitus. However, not many studies have done association of ESR and TLC in DM. Aims: In the present study inflammatory markers like CRP, total leukocyte count and ESR were compared in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: 5mL of venous blood was taken from the study subjects.CRP, TLC and ESR was estimated. Results: There was a significant rise in the CRP, TLC and ESR values seen in patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus when compared to normal individuals. All three parameters (CRP, TLC, and ESR) were raised in a total of 7 cases (14%). 14 cases (28%) showed elevated levels of both CRP and ESR. A significant 8 cases (16%) showed elevation of CRP alone. There was a rise of ESR alone in 5 cases (10%). Conclusion: CRP, TLC and ESR are elevated in diabetic patients in comparison to normal individuals. These increase the risk of diabetic related complications like atherosclerosis and dyslipaedemia. Hence, anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with antidiabetic treatment can delay these complications.

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Antioxidant status in type ii diabetes mellitus patients with or without microvascular complications

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh0704143k ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 135 (3-4) ◽

pp. 143-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nada Kostic ◽

Zorica Caparevic ◽

Sanja Ilic

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Antioxidant Systems ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Compensatory Mechanism ◽

Type Ii ◽

Pai 1

Introduction. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems are important factors affecting the metabolism of lipoproteins in diabetes mellitus. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid and antioxidant parameters in type II diabetes mellitus patients, and also to determine the effect of diabetic complications on these parameters. Method. Lipid status, Oxidized LDL cholesterol, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) levels in plasma of 50 type II diabetic patients were measured with commercially available kits. Results. The results showed only statistically significant higher levels of triglycerides (3.12?3.9 mmol/l) in diabetics compared with the controls. Ox-LDL cholesterol (84.7?16.9 mmol/l) and SOD activities (913.4?120.3 U/gHb) in type 2 diabetes mellitus were higher than those of the controls, but there was no statistical significance. On the other hand, in patients with diabetes mellitus and complications, LDL cholesterol, PAI-1, SOD and GSH-Px activities were higher but not significantly than those without complications. Triglycerides and Ox-LDL cholesterol were lower in the group of diabetic patients with complications in comparison to the group without complications. Conclusion. These results indicate that antioxidant status may be affected in type II diabetic patients and that the rise in some enzyme activities could be a compensatory mechanism to prevent tissue damage. Our results suggest that the rise in PAI-1 in type II diabetics with complications may be a good marker of vascular endothelial dysfunction.

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A Study on Serum Uric Acid Level in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

10.53350/pjmhs211572317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 2317-2319

Author(s):

Kashif Ali Samin ◽

Khalil Ullah ◽

Muhammad Ikram Shah ◽

Abidamateen Ansari ◽

Sadia Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Uric Acid Level ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Acid Level ◽

Serum Uric Acid Level ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii

Background and Aim: Morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases, particularly diabetes are increasing rapidly in Pakistan, the prevalence has reached 17.1%. A strong association has been witnessed between type II diabetes mellitus with atherosclerosis and serum uric acid level. The current study aim was to assess the levels of serum uric acid in type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 85 diagnosed patients of type II diabetes mellitus in Diabetes hospital, Peshawar and the Department of General Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore during the period from March 2020 to August 2020.Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosed patients 85 and healthy control 30 were evaluated in this study. The level of hyperuricemia was defined for women > 6 mg/dl and men >7 mg/dl in men. Results: In this study, a total of 85 diabetic diagnosed patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. No significant differences were there in the baseline characteristics like anthropometric and socio-demographic parameters. The mean age for diagnosed and control cases was 58.6±8.7 and 56.5±7.6 years with an age range of 40 and 80 years. Hyperuricemia proportion among diabetic patients was 12.13% while none of the control cases had hyperuricemia. The uric acid means level increased from 4.29±0.81 mg/dl with a diabetic duration between 3 and 4 years to 4.59±0.99 mg/dl with a diabetic duration of 5 to 7 years. Furthermore, mean serum uric acid level reached 6.50±1.08 in cases with diabetic duration 8 to 12 years. Statistically, a significant association was found between diabetic duration and serum uric acid. Also, a positive correlation was found in hyperlipidemia, serum uric acid levels, and hypertension. Conclusion: In diabetic patients serum uric acid levels were found to be significantly higher. Diabetic patients had hypertension, elevated serum uric acid levels, and high triglycerides with dyslipidemia. The rise in serum uric acid levels is proportional to the duration of diabetes. Keywords: Serum uric acid, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hypertension

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Elevated serum uric acid and triglycerides level in the patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus- a Nepalese case control study

Annals of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.3126/acclm.v2i2.15590 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 26-34

Author(s):

Hridaya Parajuli ◽

Jyotsna Shakya ◽

Bashu Dev Pardhe ◽

Puspa Raj Khanal ◽

Narayan Prasad Parajuli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Hyperuricemia is associated with type 2 diabetes, which is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies resulting from defects in insulin action. The present study wascarried out to look for any association between uric acid and Type II Diabetes Mellitus and also status of triacylglycerol level among those patients.Methods: The blood samples were collected 100 diabetic and 100 non-diabetic individuals in the department of biochemistry and then analyzed for estimation of blood glucose, Uric Acid and Triacylglycerol level.Results: The average level of serum uric acid in diabetic patients was higher (5.706±1.617) in comparison to non diabetic subjects (4.322±0.784) with statistically significant difference (p≤0.05). For female the result indicate there was a positive correlation between (FBS and triglycerides) and (triglycerides and uric acids) which was statistically significant (r =-0.465, n = 41, p = 0.002) and(r =-0.370, n = 41, p = 0.017) respectively.Conclusions: This study documents that hyperuricemia is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the serum triacylglycerol and serum uric acid is also found to be associated risk factors for diabetic complications. Hence, timely diagnosis and management of diabetes is vital to control the complications related to diabetes.Ann. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2016:2(1); 26-34

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To Study the Effect of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Its Duration on Hearing

International Journal of Advanced and Integrated Medical Sciences ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10050-10093 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 140-143

Author(s):

Sameer Aggarwal ◽

Vikas Kakkar ◽

Chandni Sharma ◽

Surender Bishnoi ◽

Ankit Gulati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Pure Tone Audiometry ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Age Group ◽

Type Ii ◽

Group I

ABSTRACT Objective This study has been undertaken to study the effect of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its duration on hearing. Materials and methods The present study was conducted on 100 persons of age group 20 to 45 years. All subjects included in the study were divided into two groups. Group I: 50 patients suffering from T2DM (fasting blood sugar ≥ 126 mg/dL and postprandial ≥ 200 mg/dL) of either sex, in the age group of 20 to 45 years. Group II: 50 healthy volunteers in the age group of 20 to 45 years, of either sex were included in control group. Hearing assessment was done by using pure tone audiometry (PTA). Results In diabetic patients, the mean threshold in the PTA was higher at all frequencies as compared with healthy controls, and there was a positive correlation between the duration of diabetes and hearing loss. Conclusion Various audiological investigations have revealed that there is a strong association of diabetes with sensorineural part. The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in type II diabetics observed was 64%. In the majority of the patients, the hearing loss was bilateral, affecting mid and higher frequencies from 2 to 8 kHz. Hence, to conclude, we can say that the high prevalence of hearing loss in T2DM supports the importance of audiometric evaluation in such patients. How to cite this article Gulati A, Kakkar V, Aggarwal S, Sharma C, Panchal V, Pareek M, Bishnoi S. To Study the Effect of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Its Duration on Hearing. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(3):140-143.

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Study of Prevalence of Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

The Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10045-0057 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 55-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

NH Rekha ◽

MS Bharath ◽

SP Channakeshava

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Major Health ◽

Medical College

ABSTRACT Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder. Prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally and it is one of the major health problems of the 21st century. The disturbance in serum magnesium (SMg) has been reported among patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Hypomagnesemia has negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Aim This study was undertaken to know the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and its relation with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The study was conducted on 200 patients with type II diabetes and 100 healthy controls at RajaRajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru. Results Out of 200 diabetic patients, 115 (57%) had hypomagnesemia. We observed mean SMg (1.7 mg) significantly low in diabetic patients compared with controls (2.1 mg). We also found HbA1c was high (9%) in hypomagnesemia patients. We found that diabetic hypomagnesemic patients had high mean fasting blood glucose (242.6 mg%) and postprandial blood sugar (313 mg%) than controls. How to cite this article Rekha NH, Bharath MS, Channakeshava SP. Study of Prevalence of Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Sci 2017;3(2):55-58.

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Acute Kidney Injury is A Risk Factor among Type 2 Diabetic Patients after UTI due to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Organisms

10.53350/pjmhs211551718 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 1718-1720

Author(s):

Kashif Ali Samin ◽

Sara Malik ◽

Sidra Sadiq ◽

Talha Rasheeq ◽

Nisar Khan Sajid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very communal, and patients with diabetics develop UTIs more frequently. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be a complication of UTI. This study is designed to determine whether Urinary tract infections because of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) could be a risk factor of acute kidney injury in individuals with type-II diabetes mellitus. Methods: This case study was conducted in the Outpatient department of Diabetes Hospital Peshawar and Nishter Hospital Multan for duration of six months from August 2020 to January 2021. People of type II diabetes were assessed with culture confirmed UTI. The cases of UTI patients complicated with AKI were included in the study group, and people without AKI were taken as a control group. ESBLs positivity from isolated organisms have been assessed as risk factors for AKI. A total of 140 subjects were selected with equal distribution in two groups. The group A has UTI complicated with AKI and group B included has patients without AKI but with UTI. Results: UTI was diagnosed in 140 cases among type-II diabetic patients with 2:4 male to female ratio. The duration and mean age of diabetes mellitus were 8.60±5.35and55.80±14.10 years, correspondingly. The strongest common etiological factor was Escherichia coli (60.7%), trailed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.4%). In ESBL positive organism; E. coli was present in 81.4% and K. pneumoniae in 10% of individuals. Of the 140 UTI cases, AKI was observed in 70 (50%); out of which 48 (62.5%) were ESBL-positive microorganisms and 22 (22/70, 31.43%) for non-ESBL microorganisms. Conclusions: Nearly50% of the patients with type-II diabetes mellitus and UTI had ESBL-positive microorganisms as etiological mediators in this analysis. Owing to the presence of ESBL-positive microorganisms, UTI was the main cause of AKI and is a strong risk factor. Keywords: ESBL, Acute kidney injury, UTI, type 2 diabetes, risk factor.

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Evaluation of sweet taste sensitivity in type-II Diabetes Mellitus patients

International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research ◽

10.31878/ijcbr.2020.63.03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 10-12

Author(s):

Z. Naveen Kumar ◽

B.N.S. Gowri Kumari

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Taste Sensitivity ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean

Background: The objective is to evaluate the sweet taste sensitivity among type-II diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: This is a cross sectional study consisted of 227 subjects (127 type-II Diabetic patients & 100 non diabetic individuals) of both the genders and age matched. Sweet taste sensitivity tests were done using different concentrations of glucose solution and compared among the diabetic patients with FBS more than 180mg/dl and diabetic patients with FBS less than 180mg/dl and also compared among the diabetic patients and non diabetic individuals. The final concentration at which patient was able to perceive the taste was recorded. statistical analysis was done using Student’s unpaired T test. Pvalues of < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean of sweet taste sensitivity among diabetic patients with FBS >180 mg/dl was 6245 mg/l and the mean of sweet taste sensitivity in the diabetic patients with FBS <180 mg/dl was 2249mg/l with P<0.001 which is significant. The mean of sweet taste sensitivity among diabetic patients with FBS >180 mg/dl was 6245mg/l and the mean of sweet taste sensitivity in the non diabetic individuals was 1979mg/l with P<0.01 which is significant. the mean of sweet taste sensitivity among diabetic patients with FBS <180 mg/dl was 2249 mg/l and the mean of sweet taste sensitivity in the non diabetic individuals was 1979mg/l with P>0.05 which is not significant. Conclusion: In our study it was concluded that type-II Diabetes Mellitus patients have lesser sensitivity for the sweet taste. Loss of sensitivity leads to the increase in sugar consumption being the risk factor for worsening the disease.

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Serum chromium, glycosylated hemoglobin level and body mass index among control and uncontrol sudanese patients with type II diabetes mellitus: Correlation study

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.2.0219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 196-203

Author(s):

Nassr Eldin M. A. shrif ◽

Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Dawood ◽

Abdelmahmoud Mokhtar Bashir ◽

Hassan Mohammed Khair Ibrahim ◽

Abd Elgadir A Altoum

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Chromium Level ◽

Serum Chromium ◽

R Value

Background: Chromium is an essential micronutrient which is required for the normal functioning of insulin and regulation of blood sugar levels. It acts as a vital antioxidant for maintaining insulin homeostasis. In diabetes mellitus, the free radical production is increased and levels of antioxidants like chromium, vanadium, selenium and manganese are reduced. Aim: To study the level of serum chromium level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with glycemic control. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty individuals were enrolled in this study, classified into 60 type II diabetes mellitus (type II DM) patients and 60 apparently health as control group. Serum chromium and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) level were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry and Ichroma. Results: The results showed significant decrease in serum chromium level in type II DM patients (0.0151±0.005) when compared with healthy group (0.122±0.691) with p-value (0.002). In addition to that there was significant decrease in mean concentration of serum chromium level in controlled diabetic patients (0.0206± 0.003) when compared with uncontrolled diabetic patients (0.0120±0.002) with P-value (0.04).Also there was significant positive correlation between chromium level and Body Mass Index (BMI) (R-value 0.450, P-value 0.014), and significant negative correlation between chromium level and age (R-value- 0.660, P-value 0.011) , a significant strong negative correlation between chromium level and HbA1c (R-value -0.843, P-value 0.0260). Conclusion: The study concluded that, serum chromium level is significantly decrease in type II DM.

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Changes in protein expression due to metformin treatment and hyperinsulinemia in a human endometrial cancer cell line

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248103

Author(s):

Carsten Lange ◽

Amanda Machado Weber ◽

Ronny Schmidt ◽

Christoph Schroeder ◽

Thomas Strowitzki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Endometrial Cancer ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Metformin Treatment ◽

Type Ii ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Cancer Activity

The incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) has increased over the past years and mainly affects women above the age of 45 years. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes mellitus as well as associated conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia lead to elevated levels of circulating estrogens. Increased estrogen concentrations, in turn, further trigger the proliferation of endometrial cells and thus promote EC development and progression, especially in the absence of progesterone as seen in postmenopausal women. Elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic patients further contribute to the risk of EC development. Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing biguanide drug, commonly used in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, especially in obese patients. Besides its effects on glucose metabolism, metformin displayed anti-cancer effects in various cancer types, including EC. Direct anti-cancer effects of metformin target signaling pathways that are involved in cellular growth and proliferation, e.g. the AKT/PKB/mTOR pathway. Further proteins and pathways have been suggested as potential targets, but the underlying mechanism of action of metformin’s anti-cancer activity is still not completely understood. In the present study, the effects of metformin on protein expression were investigated in the human EC cell line HEC-1A using an affinity proteomic approach. Cells were treated with 0.5 mmol/L metformin over a period of 7 days and changes in the expression pattern of 1,300 different proteins were compared to the expression in untreated control cells as well as insulin-treated cells. Insulin treatment (100 ng/mL) was incorporated into the study in order to implement a model for insulin resistance and associated hyperinsulinemia, conditions that are often observed in obese and diabetic patients. Furthermore, the culture medium was supplemented with 10 nmol/L ß-estradiol (E2) during treatments to mimic increased estrogen levels, a common risk factor for EC development. Based on the most prominent and significant changes in expression, a set of 80 proteins was selected and subjected to a more detailed analysis. The data revealed that metformin and insulin targeted similar pathways in the present study and mostly acted on proteins related to proliferation, migration and tumor immune response. These pathways may be affected in a tumor-promoting as well as a tumor-suppressing way by either metformin treatment or insulin supplementation. The consequences for the cells resulting from the detected expression changes were discussed in detail for several proteins. The presented data helps identify potential targets affected by metformin treatment in EC and allows for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the biguanide drug’s anti-cancer activity. However, further investigations are necessary to confirm the observations and conclusions drawn from the presented data after metformin administration, especially for proteins that were regulated in a favorable way, i.e. AKT3, CCND2, CD63, CD81, GFAP, IL5, IL17A, IRF4, PI3, and VTCN1. Further proteins might be of interest, where metformin counteracted unfavorable effects that have been induced by hyperinsulinemia.

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Association of Genetic Polymorphism in Apolipoprotein A5 and Lipoprotein Lipase Genes with Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Rural South Western Maharashtra

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal ◽

10.13005/bpj/2271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 1695-1706

Author(s):

Pratik P. Durgawale ◽

Kailas D. Datkhile ◽

Virendra C. Patil ◽

Vasant V. Devkar ◽

Sarjerao A. Dabane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Lipoprotein Lipase ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Type Ii Diabetes ◽

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Apolipoprotein A5 ◽

Negatively Associated

The most commonly found type of diabetes in India is type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is characterized by decrease in insulin secretion and decrease in insulin sensitivity. Several environmental factors, genetic factors, socio-economic factors, life style, dietary habits have contributed to the surge of T2DM cases in India. Numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism are likely to be candidates as the markers for obesity and T2DM. In the present study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of two genes namely Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) and Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) involved in triglyceride metabolism were investigated using polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The control group comprised of non-obese, non-diabetic subjects (n=120) and T2DM cases were divided into obese (n=120), and non-obese (n=120) groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The demographic features between the control and cases were compared using Chi-square distribution. The genotype frequencies of control and cases were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and binary logistic regression analysis (Odds’ ratio (OR) and adjusted Odds’ ratio). It was observed that APOA5 rs3135506 (OR = 0.46 (0.27-0.79); p = 0.007) was negatively associated, while APOA5 rs662799 (OR = 2.22 (1.28-3.84); p = 0.006) was significantly associated in non-obese diabetic patients. APOA5 rs3135506 (OR = 0.03 (0.01-0.06); p < 0.001) was negatively associated and rs662799 (OR = 4.68 (1.47-14.93); p = 0.01) was significantly associated in obese diabetic patients. Both LPL SNPs (rs285 and rs320) were found not to be associated with T2DM. The association of Apo A5 variants with T2DM may be because of post transcriptional inhibition leading to reduced Apo A5 expression or these alleles may be in linkage disequilibrium with alleles which directly affect the functioning of APOA5. The observations indicated that T2DM is a multi-factorial disease with a large number of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.

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