How do contract types and incentives influence driver behavior?−An analysis of the Kigali bus network

AbstractThe rapidly growing city of Kigali has a bus network that is undergoing increased development as underlined in its Transport Master Plan. Two schemes of bus driver remuneration coexist in the city: One constitutes a hybrid salary and commission system, while the other pays a fixed monthly salary. This paper examines the effect of these differing compensation schemes on driver behavior in Kigali using survey data from 2019. The analysis applies linear models incorporating various aspects of driver behavior in a principal-agent framework. The results indicate that the performance-based compensation scheme is associated with higher per-trip passenger fluctuation and faster driving (possibly due to drivers aiming to accrue a higher income) compared to the fixed-wage system. Policy implications comprise the inclusion of further criteria in incentive contracts to internalize potential negative externalities on society, e.g., to hinder the endangerment of passenger safety by appropriately incentivizing drivers. In conclusion, bus drivers who are compensated by performance are more likely to alter their behavior, responding to the incentive scheme through several channels.

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What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records

Built Environment ◽

10.2148/benv.46.1.55 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 55-75

Author(s):

Ying Long ◽

Jianting Zhao

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Average Distance ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Rating System ◽

City Centre ◽

Average Score ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Usage Frequency ◽

Share Data ◽

The City

This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system, the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.

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They Do Their Best, but Their Best Isn’t Good Enough: How Social Housing Can Support Older Tenants Aging in Place

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 23-23

Author(s):

Christine Sheppard ◽

Andrea Austen ◽

Sander Hitzig

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Social Housing ◽

Service Providers ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Service Model ◽

Building Trust ◽

Age In Place ◽

Access To Health ◽

The City

Abstract Toronto Community Housing (TCH) is the second largest social housing landlord in North America, and is home to over 27,000 older adults, half of whom live in 83 “seniors-designated” buildings. There is inadequate and inconsistent delivery of services in these buildings, negatively impacting tenants’ ability to age in place. We conducted two half-day consultations with service providers (n=74) and tenants (n=100) to identify strategies to improve unit condition, promote stable tenancies (i.e., prevent evictions) and enhance access to health and support services for older adults living in TCH. Through facilitated discussion, participants identified their top two recommendations for each priority area and reflected on the strategies that were hardest and easiest to implement, as well as the ones that would have the most and least impact on quality of life for older tenants. Participants recognized the need for more education as a way to empower older tenants and reduce stigma associated with unit condition issues (e.g., pest problems) and arrears. More frequent touch points with tenants was also recommended as a way to identify older adults at-risk of eviction and work proactively (instead of reactively) to support them. Service providers and tenants believed that system navigators working directly in the buildings would be a key facilitator to building trust and helping older tenants access needed services. Outcomes of the have several program and policy implications for TCH, as they partner with the City of Toronto to design a new integrated service model for the seniors-designated buildings.

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An Ecosystem Innovation Framework: Assessing Mobility as a Service in Budapest

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3753

Author(s):

Athena Roumboutsos ◽

Ioanna Pagoni ◽

Athena Tsirimpa ◽

Amalia Polydoropoulou

Keyword(s):

Urban Transport ◽

Decision Makers ◽

First Year ◽

Negative Externalities ◽

Modal Shift ◽

Present Contribution ◽

Public And Private ◽

Document Collection ◽

Smart Mobility ◽

The City

Smart Mobility and the introduction of innovation in the complex and dynamic actor ecosystem of urban transport is faced with the need to manage change in order to secure sustainability and protect against negative externalities. The present contribution provides decision-makers with a tool to assess innovation strategies and monitor change over time. The proposed EcoSystem Innovation Framework (ESIF) is applied to a flagship innovation: Mobility as a Service (MaaS). The application concerns the City of Budapest, a location with highly-utilized resources and low car ownership, in contrast to other locations where MaaS is implemented. The ESIF is constructed through qualitative research (stakeholder workshops, interviews, document collection and analysis) for three (3) points in time: Summer 2018; Summer 2019 and end of 2020 (first year of the COVID-19 pandemic). The ESIF analysis was able to guide decision-makers and highlight potential future trends demonstrating the potential of the ESIF framework. For the City of Budapest, the ESIF highlighted the delicate balance in the promotion of MaaS, as the dichotomy between public and private on-demand mobility may trigger a negative modal shift. The COVID-19 pandemic has enhanced this potential. Despite public sector efforts, market opportunity has surfaced leading to contrasting interests in the ecosystem.

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Temporal analysis of the relationship between dengue and meteorological variables in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2001-2009

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2012001100018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (11) ◽

pp. 2189-2197 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Adriana Fagundes Gomes ◽

Aline Araújo Nobre ◽

Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz

Keyword(s):

Minimum Temperature ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Linear Models ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Dengue, a reemerging disease, is one of the most important viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Climate is considered an important factor in the temporal and spatial distribution of vector-transmitted diseases. This study examined the effect of seasonal factors and the relationship between climatic variables and dengue risk in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2001 to 2009. Generalized linear models were used, with Poisson and negative binomial distributions. The best fitted model was the one with "minimum temperature" and "precipitation", both lagged by one month, controlled for "year". In that model, a 1°C increase in a month's minimum temperature led to a 45% increase in dengue cases in the following month, while a 10-millimeter rise in precipitation led to a 6% increase in dengue cases in the following month. Dengue transmission involves many factors: although still not fully understood, climate is a critical factor, since it facilitates analysis of the risk of epidemics.

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Behavioural changes in urban mobility in Barcelona due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

10.31219/osf.io/urvn8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Corinna Peters

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Public Transport ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Urban Mobility ◽

The City

This study assesses changes in mobility behaviour in the City of Barcelona due the COVID‐19pandemic and its impact on air pollution and GHG emissions. Urban transport is an important sourceof global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Improving urban mobility patterns is therefore crucial formitigating climate change. This study combines quantitative survey data and official governmentdata with in‐depth interviews with public administration officials of the City. Data illustrates thatBarcelona has experienced an unprecedented reduction in mobility during the lockdown (a 90%drop) and mobility remained at comparatively low levels throughout the year 2020. Most remarkableis the decrease in the use of public transport in 2020 compared to pre‐pandemic levels, whereas roadtraffic has decreased to a lesser extent and cycling surged at times to levels up to 60% higher thanpre‐pandemic levels. These changes in mobility have led to a radical and historic reduction in airpollution, with NO2 and PM10 concentration complying with WHO guidelines in 2020. Reductions inGHG emissions for Barcelona’s transport sector are estimated at almost 250.000 t CO2eq in 2020 (7%of the City’s overall annual emissions). The study derives policy implications aimed at achieving along‐term shift towards climate‐friendlier, low‐emission transport in Barcelona, namely how torecover lost demand in public transport and seize the opportunity that the crisis brings for reform byfurther reducing road traffic and establishing a 'cycling culture' in Barcelona, as already achieved inother European cities.

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City Best Practices to Improve Transit Operations and Safety

10.31979/mti.2021.1951 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michelle DeRobertis ◽

Christopher E. Ferrell ◽

Richard W. Lee ◽

David Moore

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Land Development ◽

Metropolitan Planning ◽

Passenger Safety ◽

Municipal Policies ◽

Transit Services ◽

Transit Agencies ◽

The City ◽

Policies And Practices

Public, fixed-route transit services most commonly operate on public streets. In addition, transit passengers must use sidewalks to access transit stops and stations. However, streets and sidewalks are under the jurisdiction of municipalities, not transit agencies. Various municipal policies, practices, and decisions affect transit operations, rider convenience, and passenger safety. Thus, these government entities have an important influence over the quality, safety, and convenience of transit services in their jurisdictions. This research identified municipal policies and practices that affect public transport providers’ ability to deliver transit services. They were found from a comprehensive literature review, interviews and discussions with five local transit agencies in the U.S., five public transportation experts and staff from five California cities. The city policies and practices identified fall into the following five categories: Infrastructure for buses, including bus lanes, signal treatments, curbside access; Infrastructure for pedestrians walking and bicycling to, and waiting at, transit stops and stations; Internal transportation planning policies and practices; Land development review policies; Regional and metropolitan planning organization (MPO) issues. The understanding, acknowledgment, and implementation of policies and practices identified in this report can help municipalities proactively work with local transit providers to more efficiently and effectively operate transit service and improve passenger comfort and safety on city streets.

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The Behavioral Promise and Pitfalls in Compensating Store Managers

Management Science ◽

10.1287/mnsc.2019.3458 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (10) ◽

pp. 4899-4919

Author(s):

Shan Li ◽

Kay-Yut Chen ◽

Ying Rong

Keyword(s):

Operations Management ◽

Profit Sharing ◽

Compensation Contracts ◽

Effort Level ◽

Store Manager ◽

Compensation Systems ◽

Fairness Concerns ◽

Fixed Wage ◽

Performance Based Compensation ◽

New Formulation

Compensation systems have rapidly been shifting away from a fixed wage contractual payment basis. Many companies today are creating incentive compensation contracts to reward hard-working employees for jobs done well. Profit sharing (“sharing compensation contract”) and target with bonus (“target compensation contract”) are two common performance-based compensation contracts prevalent in business. We theoretically and behaviorally study the sharing and target compensation contracts in an operational context where a firm sets the parameters of the compensation contracts and a store manager, after observing the compensation contract offered to him, chooses his effort level (unobservable by the firm) and makes ordering decisions for the store. Our experimental data suggest systematic deviations from the theoretical benchmark and reveal behavioral promise and pitfalls under the two compensation contracts. In particular, the store manager is more willing to exert high effort under the target contract all else being equal. However, the store manager is also more likely to punish the firm for perceived “unfair” offers by submitting an extremely low order quantity. We find that bounded rationality plays an important role in driving a higher effort rate under the target contract than the sharing contract. We introduce a new formulation of the fairness concerns, which is referred to as by-state fairness, where individuals, rather than considering whether the expected profits received are fair, consider the fairness in the potential realized outcomes. This new formulation explains why managers are more likely to order very little to punish the firm under the target contract. In addition, we conduct validation experiments to verify our behavioral explanation. This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management.

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What's the cause of the decrease in the number of angkot's passengers for LDG route in the city of Malang

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201818110007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 181 ◽

pp. 10007

Author(s):

Budi Sugiarto Waloeya ◽

Imma Widyawati Agustin ◽

Dadang Meru Utomo

Keyword(s):

Performance Analysis ◽

Public Interest ◽

Public Transport ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Public Perception ◽

Driver Behavior ◽

The Public ◽

Route Information ◽

Main Factors ◽

The City

Increasing the number of population every year in the city of Malang makes the increase also the number of private vehicle users who trigger the occurrence of congestion and lack of public interest to ride public transport, especially in terms of operation and service of public transportation. The main purpose of the research is to explore factors causing the decrease of public transport passengers for LDG route. The research used Importance Performance Analysis. The results showed that the main factors causing the decrease of the number of passengers on the LDG route in Malang City based on the public perception such as driver behavior, the condition of the transport (inside and outside), transportation hygiene, the availability of place to put luggage, the availability of seating, the availability of route / route information LDG transport, duration of stop transportation time at the terminal, and length of travel time.

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Past, Present, and Future of Social Housing in Seoul: Where Is Social Housing Heading to?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12198165 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 8165

Author(s):

Sang-Hyun Chung ◽

Seung-je Kim ◽

So-Youn Park ◽

Jun Ha Kim

Keyword(s):

Affordable Housing ◽

Social Housing ◽

Social Economy ◽

Policy Implications ◽

The Public ◽

Western Countries ◽

South Korean ◽

Private Organizations ◽

Housing Shortages ◽

The City

In Seoul, a metropolitan city, affordable housing is a major issue. Since 2012, social housing has been implemented as a means to solve housing shortages in the South Korean capital. Various policies in different times have been applied, and Seoul came up with a unique form of social housing: providing housing to those in need. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of social housing in Seoul and to discuss policy implications. First, this paper defines the concept of social housing in Seoul by comparing that of social housing in Western countries. The major differences in the concept of social housing between Seoul and Western countries lies in the provider of social housing. The providers of social housing in Seoul are social economy actors, including non-private organizations and cooperative unions that work as agencies to pursue the public interest. In addition, this paper presents an overview of the historical development and specific features of social housing. Finally, a discussion is presented on the implications for social housings, including the need for the allocation of social housing throughout the city, the extended length of residence, and reliable financial support to social housing providers.

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City Profile: Madurai, India

Environment and Urbanization Asia ◽

10.1177/0975425319867487 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 308-330

Author(s):

Debolina Kundu ◽

Baishali Lahiri ◽

Arvind Pandey ◽

Pragya Sharma

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

The State ◽

Urban Agglomeration ◽

Policy Implications ◽

The Third ◽

Old City ◽

Basic Services ◽

Shrinking City ◽

The City

Madurai city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, is one of the ancient temple cities of India and has been existing since two millennia. It is the second largest city in terms of area and the third largest in terms of population in the state. Despite this, the city’s population and economy is shrinking. In 2010, the city’s boundary expanded to cover the entire urban agglomeration. But even after 9 years of integration, differences exist between the newly merged areas and the old city. The spatial division in provision of basic services coupled with the characteristics of a shrinking city has posed fundamental challenges in the path of sustainable development. This article discusses the development of Madurai city with regard to its history, demography, economy, health and education infrastructure. It also offers insights into the unique challenges faced by the city and discusses the policy implications for reversal of the retardation of the city to that of holistic progress.

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