Low-level arginine supplementation (0.1%) of wheat-based diets in pregnancy increases the total and live-born litter sizes in gilts

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Guo ◽  
Z. Y. Jiang ◽  
K. G. Gao ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
X. F. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Arginine Supplementation ◽  
In Pregnancy

The present study was conducted to test the effects of l-arginine supplementation of wheat-based diets on the pregnancy outcome of gilts. Pregnant gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace, n = 113) were assigned randomly into two groups representing dietary supplementation with 0.1% l-arginine as l-arginine-HCl or 0.17% l-alanine (isonitrogenous control) between Days 30 and 110 of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from the ear vein on Days 30, 70 and 90 of pregnancy. Compared with the control, arginine supplementation increased the total number of piglets born by 1.10 per litter and the number of live-born piglets by 1.10 per litter (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of spermine was higher in gilts fed arginine diets than in those fed control diets at Day 90 of pregnancy (P < 0.05). Dietary arginine supplementation increased plasma concentration of IGF-I of gilts at Day 90 of pregnancy (P < 0.01) and plasma concentrations of arginine, proline and ornithine at Days 70 and 90 of pregnancy (P < 0.05). These results indicated that low-level supplementation (0.1%) of l-arginine–HCl of wheat-based diets beneficially enhances the reproductive performance of gilts and is feasible for use in commercial production.

Ontogeny and secretory patterns of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in meat-type chickens

1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Johnson ◽  
J. P. McMurtry ◽  
F. J. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Secretory Pattern ◽  
Meat Type

ABSTRACT The ontogeny and secretory pattern of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in relation to GH secretion were studied in meat-type (broiler) poultry during prepubertal and post-pubertal growth. Male and female broiler chickens of two commercial strains (strains A and B) were reared from 1 to 198 days of age. From 1 to 49 days of age birds were reared in raised-wire cages and thereafter in deep-litter pens, with food available ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals during growth, and at 29 and 43 days of age representative birds were cannulated and serial blood samples taken at 10-min intervals for 5 to 7 h. Plasma concentrations of GH and IGF-I were measured by radioimmunoassay. Birds of strain A were heavier (P<0·05) than those of strain B from 12 to 35 days of age. In general, male birds were heavier (P<0·01) than females from 12 to 35 days of age. Plasma GH concentrations were significantly higher (P<0·05) from 12 to 35 days of age, while plasma IGF-I concentrations were lower (P<0·05) from 6 to 21 days of age in male compared with female birds. Plasma IGF-I concentration increased with age, reaching a plateau at 28 days of age, while plasma GH concentration declined over the same period. Plasma IGF-I concentrations declined in a linear manner from 49 to 198 days of age, and there was no evidence of a pubertal increase. There were no differences between strains in the plasma concentrations of GH or IGF-I. Serial blood sampling at 29 and 43 days of age showed that there was no relationship between GH and IGF-I, despite a highly pulsatile GH secretory pattern which existed at 29 days of age. These results show that as the plasma concentration of GH declines that of IGF-I increases. Plasma concentration of both GH and IGF-I in broiler chickens was sexually dimorphic, especially during the early growth phase to about 35 days of age. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 124, 81–87

scholarly journals Real-life isoniazid and rifampicin plasma concentrations in children: a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring of tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Tersigni ◽  
Giulia Boiardi ◽  
Lorenzo Tofani ◽  
Elisabetta Venturini ◽  
Carlotta Montagnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Drug Concentrations

Abstract Background Low plasma levels of first-line antitubercular drugs can be counted among the main causes of poor response to antitubercular therapy, and therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed as a method to promote tailored treatments for both child and adult patients. The main aim of the study was to evaluate serum concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) and to investigate reasons for sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations in order to fix dosages. Methods Children with TB were prospectively enrolled from January to August 2019. Two venous blood samples were collected (the first at least 15 days after the beginning of antitubercular treatment, and the second between 1 and 8 weeks later). Plasma concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Results In all, 45 children were included. Seventy blood samples for INH plasma concentration were collected between 120 and 240 min after drug intake. Adjusting for dose (mg/kg/day) and time of INH administration, when considering three different age groups (≤ 2 years, 2–12 years, > 12 years), a statistically significant lower INH plasma concentration was observed in younger children compared to the older age groups in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). A total of 68 blood samples were evaluated for RIF concentrations. Both for INH and RIF a statistically significant lower plasma concentration was also observed in adolescents (p < 0.001). Fifteen children (15/45, 33%) presented drug concentrations under the referral therapeutic range. Conclusions Based on our findings, monitoring patients’ drug plasma concentrations in children under 2 years of age and in adolescents can make treatment more patient-tailored.

scholarly journals Change in plasma concentration of clozapine and norclozapine following a switch of oral formulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204512531989926
Author(s):  
Farinaz Keshavarzi ◽  
Tony Fox ◽  
Eromona Whiskey ◽  
David Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Oral Formulation ◽  
Electronic Records ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Clozapine Concentration ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Oral Liquid

Background: Clozapine formulation has been shown to affect plasma concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine. Changes in formulation might result in toxicity or treatment failure. Methods: We identified, from electronic records, patients who switched from clozapine tablets to oral liquid or vice versa and compared plasma concentrations before and after the switch. Results: We identified 13 patients with 85 blood samples who changed formulation of clozapine. Overall mean standardized clozapine plasma level was 0.67 mg/l daily dose on liquid and 0.87 mg/l daily dose on tablets ( p = 0.035). Conclusion: Use of clozapine liquid results in lower plasma clozapine concentration than the same dose of tablets.

scholarly journals The impact of dietary supplementation of arginine during gestation in a commercial swine herd: I. Gilt reproductive performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3617-3625
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Hines ◽  
Matthew R Romoser ◽  
Zoë E Kiefer ◽  
Aileen F Keating ◽  
Lance H Baumgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Swine Herd ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dietary Strategy ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Supplemental arginine (Arg) during gestation purportedly benefits fetal development. However, the benefits of a gestational Arg dietary strategy in commercial production are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of this study examined Arg supplementation during different gestational stages and the effects on gilt reproductive performance. Pubertal gilts (n = 548) were allocated into 4 treatment groups: Control (n = 143; 0% supplemental Arg) or 1 of 3 supplemental Arg (1% as fed) treatments: from 15 to 45 d of gestation (n = 138; Early-Arg); from 15 d of gestation until farrowing (n = 139; Full-Arg); or from 85 d of gestation until farrowing (n = 128; Late-Arg). At farrowing, the number of total born (TB), born alive (BA), stillborn piglets (SB), mummified fetuses (MM), and individual piglet birth weights (BiWt) were recorded. The wean-to-estrus interval (WEI) and subsequent sow reproductive performance (to third parity) were also monitored. No significant effect of supplemental Arg during any part of P0 gestation was observed for TB, BA, SB, or MM (P ≥ 0.29). Offspring BiWt and variation among individual piglet birth weights did not differ (P = 0.42 and 0.89, respectively) among treatment groups. Following weaning, the WEI was similar among treatments (average of 8.0 ± 0.8 d; P = 0.88). Litter performance over 3 parities revealed a decrease (P = 0.02) in BA for Early-Arg fed gilts compared with all other treatments, whereas TB and WEI were similar among treatments over 3 parities (P &gt; 0.05). There was an increased proportion of sows with average size litters (12 to 16 TB) from the Full-Arg treatment sows (76.8% ± 3.7%) when compared with Control (58.7% ± 4.2%; P = 0.01); however, the proportion of sows with high (&gt;16 TB) and low (&lt;12 TB) litters was not different among treatments (P = 0.20). These results suggest that gestational Arg supplementation had a minimal impact on reproductive performance in first parity sows. These data underscore the complexity of AA supplementation and the need for continued research into understanding how and when utilizing a gestational dietary Arg strategy can optimize fetal development and sow performance.

scholarly journals Absorption and pharmacokinetics of grapefruit flavanones in beagles

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Lourdes Mata-Bilbao ◽  
Cristina Andrés-Lacueva ◽  
Elena Roura ◽  
Olga Jáuregui ◽  
Elvira Escribano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
Citrus Flavonoids ◽  
L 14

The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of three different grapefruit flavanone forms in dog plasma and demonstrated their absorption after an oral intake of a grapefruit extract; pharmacokinetic parameters of these forms were also determined. Ten healthy beagles were administered 70 mg citrus flavonoids as a grapefruit extract contained in capsules, while two additional dogs were used as controls and given an excipient. The grapefruit flavanone naringin, along with its metabolites naringenin and naringenin glucuronide, was detected in dog plasma. Blood samples were collected between 0 and 24 h after administration of the extract. Naringin reached its maximun plasma concentration at around 80 min, whereas naringenin and naringenin glucuronide reached their maximun plasma concentrations at around 20 and 30 min, respectively. Maximum plasma concentrations of naringin, naringenin and naringenin glucuronide (medians and ranges) were 0·24 (0·05–2·08), 0·021 (0·001–0·3) and 0·09 (0·034–0·12) μmol/l, respectively. The areas under the curves were 23·16 l (14·04–70·62) min × μmol/for nariningin, 1·78 (0·09–4·95) min × μmol/l for naringenin and 22·5 (2·74–99·23) min × μmol/l for naringenin glucuronide. The median and range values for mean residence time were 3·3 (1·5–9·3), 2·8 (0·8–11·2) and 8·0 (2·3–13·1) h for naringin, naringenin and naringenin glucuronide, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrate the absorption of grapefruit flavanones via the presence of their metabolites in plasma, thus making an important contribution to the field since the biological activities ascribed to these compounds rely on their specific forms of absorption.

EFFECT OF LACTATION FEED INTAKE AND GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SOWS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. KIRKWOOD ◽  
E. S. LYTHGOE ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
In Pregnancy

Twenty-four first parity and 48 multiparity crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design involving high (H) or low (L) lactation feed intakes and the intramuscular injection, or not, of 50 μg of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the onset of the first postweaning estrus. All sows were weighed at farrowing and weaning. The H feed intake entailed feeding sows at levels of 10, 13, and 14% of each sow's immediate postfarrowing metabolic weight during weeks 1, 2, and 3–4 of lactation, respectively. Low-fed sows received 50% of the H feed level. The diet contained 12.5 MJ DE kg−1 and 16% crude protein. Between weaning and mating, and following mating, all sows were fed 2.25 kg daily of the lactation diet. After weaning, sows were exposed to a boar twice daily to facilitate estrus detection. GnRH was administered at the onset of standing heat. All sows were slaughtered 25 d after mating at which time the reproductive tracts were removed and examined to determine the number of ovulations and the number of viable embryos. Low-level feeding resulted in an extension of the remating interval (5.9 ± 0.3 vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 d; P < 0.05), an increased incidence of anestrus (16.7 vs. 3.6%; P > 0.1) and a reduction in pregnancy rates (69.7 vs. 81.6%; P > 0.1). Interactions were noted between lactation feeding level and GnRH injection (P < 0.05) and between parity and GnRH injection (P < 0.05) for number of viable embryos. The data obtained suggest that both low level of feeding during lactation and a young age are associated with decreased embryo numbers, but this situation is alleviated by the administration of GnRH. Key words: Sows, feed intake, estrus, GnRH

Effects of injecting growth hormone or thyroxine on milk production and blood plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors I and II in dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Davis ◽  
P. D. Gluckman ◽  
I.C. Hart ◽  
H. V. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Igf I ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Three cows received injections of thyroxine (T4; 20 mg/day), four cows GH (40 mg/day) and three cows saline (control; 10 ml/day) on days 5–8 of a 16-day experimental period during peak lactation. Milk yield increased 13% in cows given GH (from 14·6 to 16·5 kg/day) and 15% in cows given T4 (from 15·8 to 18·2kg/day) but did not change in control cows. Injection of T4 increased milkfat and lactose content but reduced milk protein content. Injection of GH was without effect on milk composition during the injection period but milk protein rose after injections ceased. Injection of T4 increased plasma concentrations of T4 and tri-iodothyronine six- to sevenfold, with maxima occurring on day 9. Injection of GH increased the plasma concentration of GH five- to tenfold 5 h after injection. The plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was increased in cows given GH in both morning (08.30 h) and afternoon (14.30 h) blood samples, the difference being greatest in afternoon samples in which plasma IGF-I content increased from 3·3 to 6·8 nmol/l. Injection of T4 reduced the plasma concentration of IGF-I in morning samples but the concentration in afternoon samples remained relatively constant throughout the 16-day experimental period. The plasma concentration of IGF-II rose in morning samples in all treatment groups to reach a maximum of 200–250 nmol/l by day 9. The galactopoietic response to injection of GH but not T4 was associated with an increase in plasma concentration of IGF-I. Changes in plasma concentration of IGF-II were not associated with changes in milk yield. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 17–24

scholarly journals Dietary l-arginine supplementation enhances intestinal development and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in weanling piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Yao ◽  
Shu Guan ◽  
Tiejun Li ◽  
Ruilin Huang ◽  
Guoyao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

Oral administration of l-arginine has been reported to prevent gut disease in human infants. However, little is known about the effects of dietary arginine supplementation on intestinal development of weaned piglets. In the present study, twenty 21-d-old castrated piglets with 5·3 (sem 0·13) kg body weight (BW) were weaned from sows, individually housed and randomly assigned to one of the two maize- and soyabean meal-based diets supplemented with 0 or 1 % l-arginine. After consuming the diets for 7 d, six pigs were randomly selected from each group to obtain various tissues. Compared with control pigs, dietary supplementation with 1 % l-arginine did not affect feed intake but enhanced (P < 0·05) the relative weight of the small intestine (+33 %), daily BW gain (+38 %) and feed efficiency (+28 %). The villus height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in arginine-supplemented piglets was 21, 28 and 25 % greater (P < 0·05) than in the non-supplemented control group. Arginine supplementation increased (P < 0·05) protein levels for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosae by 14, 39 and 35 %, respectively. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 1 % l-arginine increased (P < 0·05) plasma concentrations of arginine and insulin (+36 %), and decreased (P < 0·05) plasma concentrations of cortisol ( − 33 %), NH3 ( − 21 %) and urea ( − 19 %). These results indicate that arginine supplementation enhances intestinal growth, development and expression of VEGF in early-weaned pigs fed a maize- and soyabean meal-based diet. The findings may have important implications for neonatal pigs under stressful or diseased conditions.

Serum half-life and in-vivo actions of recombinant bovine placental lactogen in the dairy cow

1992 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Byatt ◽  
P. J. Eppard ◽  
J. J. Veenhuizen ◽  
R. H. Sorbet ◽  
F. C. Buonomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Single Compartment Model

ABSTRACT The clearance rate of recombinant bovine placental lactogen (rbPL) from the blood serum of four lactating dairy cows was measured using a specific radioimmunoassay. Two animals were non-pregnant, while the other two were at approximately 120 days of gestation. The rbPL was administered as an i.v. bolus injection (4 mg total) via an indwelling jugular catheter. Blood samples were taken periodically for 180 min and assayed for rbPL. Analysis of the clearance curves for the bolus injection suggested a single-compartment model and a serum half-life of 7·25 min. In a second experiment with the same animals, following cessation of lactation, rbPL or bovine GH (bGH) were administered by s.c. injection (50 mg/day) for 5 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken twice per day during the treatment period and a 3-day pretreatment period. Samples were analysed for glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), creatinine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II, tri-iodothyronine (T3), progesterone and IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) to determine whether rbPL mediates similar metabolic effects to those of bGH. Administration of bGH stimulated an increase in NEFA, glucose, T3 and insulin, whereas none of these variables was affected by rbPL. The plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II were both increased by treatment with rbPL but, to a lesser extent than occurred with bGH. Interestingly, BUN and IGFBP-2 concentrations were reduced equally by bGH and rbPL. These results suggest that rbPL does not necessarily act as a GH agonist but, rather, may have distinct effects on intermediary metabolism that could be mediated through another specific receptor. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 132, 185–193

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