Molecular weight of condensed tannins of some tropical feed-leaves and their effect on in vitro gas and methane production

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Petlum ◽  
P. Paengkoum ◽  
J. B. Liang ◽  
K. Vasupen ◽  
S. Paengkoum
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Neem Leaves

The concentration and molecular weights (MW) of condensed tannins (CT) of three locally available tropical plant species leaves which have potential to be used as ruminant feed, and their effects on in vitro gas, including methane, production were investigated. Leaves of three plant species, namely, leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), cassava (Manihot esculenta, Cranzt), and Siamese neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss. var. Siamensis Valeton) were used in the present study. CT contents ranged from 1.2% in the leucaena to 5.0% in Siamese neem. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the purified CTs, determined using gel-permeation chromatography, were 3222, 3409 and 3612 Da for leucaena, cassava and Siamese neem respectively. The above values were within the range reported for CTs of various tropical plant species. We know of no published data on MW of CTs from leaves of cassava and Siamese neem and, thus, this research, for the first time, reported the MWs of the above two plant materials. Subsequently, two CT extracts with differing MWs, such as CTs extracted from leaves of Siamese neem and leaves of leucaena, were selected as the representative of high and low MWs of CT respectively, and used for investigation of the effect of the MW of CT on in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters. Supplementation of CTs of a higher MW extracted from leaves of Siamese neem (at 2–6 mg/100 mg DM) significantly inhibited in vitro total gas and methane production, while supplementation of CTs with a lower MW extracted from leaves of leucaena had no effect, except for total gas production at the highest level (6 mg/100 mg DM) of supplementation. Similarly, CT from Siamese neem leaves had a stronger inhibitory effect (P < 0.001) on in vitro volatile fatty acid, acetic acid and butyric acid production. The above results indicated that concentrations and the MW of CT varied among the plant species; in addition, the efficacy of CTs to inhibit ruminal CH4 emission are influenced by their MW.

The need to complement in vitro gas production measurements with residue determinations from in sacco degradabilities to improve the prediction of voluntary intake of hays

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blümmel ◽  
P. Bullerdieck
Keyword(s):  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Residue Determination ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
In Sacco Degradability ◽  
In Sacco

AbstractThe need to complement in vitro gas production measurements with residue determination is demonstrated by the recalculation and reassessment of published data on in vitro gas production, in sacco degradabilities and voluntary dry matter intake (DMI). The in sacco degradability — gas volume ratio was determined at 24 and 48 h of incubation, termed partitioning factor (PF) and combined with rate and extent parameters of in sacco degradability and in vitro gas production to predict DMI. In vitro gas production and in sacco degradability characteristics (a + b) and c as described by the equation y = a + b(1−ect) explained 0·373 and 0·668 respectively of the variation in DMI of 19 legume and grass hays. The complementation of gas production parameters by the PF24 increased the R2 value to 0·744 with PF24 accounting for 0·407 of the variation in DMI, the rate of gas production (c) for 0·218 and the extent of gas production (a + b) for 0·119 of the variation in DMI. As a single parameter, PF48 showed the highest correlation (R2 = 0·597) with DMI but the combination of PF4S with rate and extent of in sacco or in vitro gas production measurements did not improve the correlation further, probably due to an intercorrelation between rates of fermentation and PF4S. Hays which were degraded at faster rates had higher PF values indicating proportionally higher microbial yield and lower short-chain fatty acid production per unit substrate degraded. Generally, hays with high in sacco degradabilities but proportionally low gas production i.e. hays with high PF values showed higher DMI.

332 Effect of Chemical and Biological Preservatives on in vitro Fermentation and Methane Production of Ensiled and Aerobically Exposed Wet Brewer’s Grains

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Marjorie A Killerby ◽  
Diego Zamudio ◽  
Kaycee Ames ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Thomas Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
System Data

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of preservatives on the in vitro fermentation measures of wet brewer’s grain (WBG) silage at different stages of storage. Treatments (TRT) were sodium lignosulfonate at 1% (NaL1) and 2% (NaL2; w/w of fresh WBG), propionic acid (PRP; 0.5% w/w of fresh WBG), a combination inoculant (INO; Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri each at 4.9 log cfu/fresh WBG g), and untreated WBG (CON). WBG (Fresh) were packed into 8.8 L mini-silos and stored for 60 d at 21°C (Ensiled), then they were opened and aerobically exposed for 10d (AES). Samples from each stage of storage (STG; Fresh, Ensiled and AES) were analyzed for in vitro ruminal digestibility (24 h).Gas kinetics were recorded using the Ankom RF Gas Production System. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 5 (TRT) × 3 (STG) factorial arrangement. Apparent in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) decreased across STG, (51.5, 47.2 and 40.9 for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively) and increased for NaL1, NaL2 and PRP (~47.8) vs. CON (43.0 ± 2.12%). PRP increased apparent in vitro OM digestibility (OMD) when Ensiled (54.5) and NaL2 increased it for AES (47.1) vs CON (46.3 and 39.9 ± 1.73%, respectively). The asymptotic maximal (M) and rate (k) of gas production decreased across STG (214.6, 181.5, 155.1 and 14.6, 12.6, and 9.8, for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively). PRP increased (200.0) and NaL1 decreased (169.3) M vs. CON (183.9± 7.81ml/incubated DM g), while NaL1 and NaL2 (~11.4) decreased k vs. CON (13.4 ± 0.85%/h). Methane concentration and yield were higher in Fresh vs. other STG (0.94 vs. ~0.84 ± 0.07mM and 0.27 vs. ~0.23 ± 0.03mmol/g fermented OM). Spoilage of WBG decreases fermentability and methane production while PRP and NaL improve digestibility with the former also increasing M and k.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

scholarly journals In Vitro Screening of Plant Materials to Reduce Ruminal Protozoal Population and Mitigate Ammonia and Methane Emissions

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Pichad Khejornsart ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Tropical Climates

Alternative feed sources can be utilized to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions, a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of tropical plants to improve digestibility, reduce protozoal populations, improve rumen fermentation, and minimize methane emissions from ruminants. The plants considered herein grow in tropical climates, are easily accessible in large quantities, and are directly related to human food production. Nine plants that grow naturally in tropical climates were assessed. Plant supplementation substantially enhanced accumulative gas production at 24 h (p < 0.05). The apparent organic matter digestibility (AOMDvt) of the diet was not affected by five of the nine plants. With the addition of the plant material, ammonia nitrogen concentrations were reduced by up to 47% and methane concentrations were reduced by 54%. Five of the nine plant materials reduced methane production in terms of CH4/dry matter and CH4/digestibility of the organic matter by 15–35% and 8–24%, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation with plants with high tannin contents was shown to be a viable strategy for improving rumen fermentation, reducing protozoal populations, and limiting methane emissions. In this regard, the leaves of Piper sarmentosum, Acmella oleracea, Careya arborea, and Anacardium occidentale were especially promising.

Essential oils from Lippia turbinata and Tagetes minuta persistently reduce in vitro ruminal methane production in a continuous-culture system

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Garcia ◽  
P. E. Vercoe ◽  
M. J. Martínez ◽  
Z. Durmic ◽  
M. A. Brunetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Tagetes Minuta

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of essential oils (EO) from Lippia turbinata (LT) and Tagetes minuta (TM) as well as the rotation of both EO on fermentation parameters in vitro. Daily addition of LT, TM, or a 3-day rotation between them (TM/LT), as well as a control (without EO), was evaluated using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). The experiment lasted 19 days, with a 7-day adaptation period, followed by 12 days of treatment (Days 0–12). The EO were dissolved in ethanol (70% vol/vol) to be added daily to fermenters (300 μL/L) from Day 0. Daily measurements included methane concentration, total gas production, apparent DM disappearance and pH, which started 2 days before the addition of treatments. On Days 0, 4, 8 and 12 apparent crude protein disappearance and neutral detergent fibre disappearance, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentration and composition were determined. Methane production was significantly inhibited shortly after addition of both EO added individually, and persisted over time with no apparent adaptation to EO addition. The TM/LT treatment showed a similar effect on methane production, suggesting that rotating the EO did not bring further improvements in reduction or persistency compared with the inclusion of the EO individually. Gas production, total volatile fatty acid concentration and composition and apparent crude protein disappearance were not affected by EO addition. Compared with the control, a 5% reduction of apparent DM disappearance and a 15% reduction of neutral detergent fibre disappearance were observed with the addition of EO. Only TM and TM/LT reduced ammonia concentration. Given the significant and persistent antimethanogenic activity of both EO, and the potential of T. minuta to modify nitrogen metabolism, EO from these plant species are of interest for developing new feed additives with potential application in ruminant nutrition that are also likely to be acceptable to consumers.

scholarly journals The Role of Condensed Tannins in the In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Kinetics in Ruminant Species: Feeding Type Involved?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ives C. S. Bueno ◽  
Roberta A. Brandi ◽  
Gisele M. Fagundes ◽  
Gabriela Benetel ◽  
James Pierre Muir
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Fermentation Kinetics ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Diets

Animal feeding behavior and diet composition determine rumen fermentation responses and its microbial characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen fermentation kinetics of domestic ruminants feeding diets with or without condensed tannins (CT). Holstein dairy cows, Nelore beef cattle, Mediterranean water buffalo, Santa Inês sheep and Saanen goats were used as inoculum donors (three animals of each species). The substrates were maize silage (Zea mays), fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Acacia (Acacia molissima) extract was used as the external CT source. The in vitro semi-automated gas production technique was used to assess the fermentation kinetics. The experimental design was completely randomized with five inoculum sources (animal species), four substrates (feeds) and two treatments (with or without extract). The inclusion of CT caused more severe effects in grazing ruminants than selector ruminants.

scholarly journals Silage of Intercropping Corn, Palisade Grass, and Pigeon Pea Increases Protein Content and Reduces In Vitro Methane Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Beatriz Ligoski ◽  
Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves ◽  
Flavio Lopes Claudio ◽  
Estenio Moreira Alves ◽  
Ana Maria Krüger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

Legume–grass intercropping systems are a sustainable option to improve nutritional quality of animal feed and decrease livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study evaluated yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of silages produced with intercropped palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha.(A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) and corn (Zea mays. L.). Forage was harvested and placed inside micro-silos, which were opened after 100 days and samples were collected for chemical composition and in vitro gas production analyses. Intercropped silage had higher crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin content than corn silage. Moreover, intercropped silage decreased total gas and methane production. Therefore, intercropped silage showed potential to increase conserved feed nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions in livestock production systems.

scholarly journals In vitro study on the effects of condensed tannins of different molecular weights on bovine rumen fungal population and diversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1451-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mookiah Saminathan ◽  
Suriya Kumari Ramiah ◽  
Han Ming Gan ◽  
Norhani Abdullah ◽  
Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Bovine Rumen ◽  
Molecular Weights

scholarly journals In vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production of tropical perennial grass species

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belete Shenkute Gemeda ◽  
Abubeker Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

This study characterised 16 tropical perennial grass species in terms of in vitro methane output and related their digestibility and rumen fermentation with methane output. The grass samples were collected, dried in a forced oven, and ground and analysed for nutrient composition. In vitro gas production and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure gas production through in vitro incubation at 39°C. Anthephora argentea and Stipagrostis ciliate produced the highest concentration of methane in terms of g kg–1 digestible dry matter (DDM) and g kg–1 digestible organic matter (IVOMD). Cenchrus ciliaris, Setaria verticillata and Panicum coloratum produced the lowest (P < 0.05) methane when expressed in terms of g kg–1 DDM and g kg–1 IVOMD. Ash, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrate, neutral and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, and crude protein were negatively correlated with methane production. Methane production positively correlated with neutral and acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose. It is important to focus on screening and selecting perennial grass with higher nitrogen content and low methane production to mitigate methane production under tropical conditions.

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