scholarly journals The frontiers of biomedical science and its application to animal science in addressing the major challenges facing Australasian dairy farming

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray D. Mitchell ◽  
Mallory A. Crookenden ◽  
Kanchan Vaswani ◽  
John R. Roche ◽  
Hassendrini N. Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Linked Gene ◽  
Transition Cows ◽  
Milk Fever ◽  
Exciting Opportunity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Circulating Rna

Extraordinary advances are occurring in biomedical science that may revolutionise how we approach health and disease. Many have applications in the dairy industry. We have described one particular area of extracellular vesicles that have already proven to be of interest in diagnostics and prognostics for fertility and assessment of ‘transition’ cows (i.e. evaluation of the problems related to the risk of clinical diseases in dairy cows, such as mastitis and milk fever, during transition period). The addition of measurements of circulating RNA and DNA may prove of value in identifying dairy cows with higher risks of clinical diseases and potentially poor fertility. We describe the exciting opportunity provided by the possibility of generating exosomes to order as therapeutic agents to potentially enhance fertility. The even more radical concept of using exosomes to deliver a CRISPR-linked gene editing function is presented. Undoubtedly, the use of biomedical advances to assist the dairy industry is an obvious and practical approach that has significant merit.

Advances in understanding the needs and improving the welfare of transition dairy cows

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-218
Author(s):  
Julia Lomb ◽  
◽  
Kathryn L. Proudfoot ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Transition Cows ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Biological Health ◽  
Time Periods

One of the most challenging time periods in a dairy cow’s life is when she gives birth and transitions into lactation (the ‘transition’ period). This chapter reviews the latest research assessing the welfare of transition cows. The chapter begins by focusing on the biological health of dairy cows before and after giving birth, as cows are at high risk of disease post-calving. It then goes on to discuss the affective states of transition dairy dairy cows, including pain associated with labor and disease. Finally, the chapter concludes by assessing the natural maternal behavior of cows before calving through a case study.

scholarly journals The Physiological Roles of Vitamin E and Hypovitaminosis E in the Transition Period of High-Yielding Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Satoshi Haga ◽  
Hiroshi Ishizaki ◽  
Sanggun Roh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows

Levels of alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) decline gradually in blood throughout prepartum, reaching lowest levels (hypovitaminosis E) around calving. Despite numerous reports about the disease risk in hypovitaminosis E and the effect of α-Toc supplementation on the health of transition dairy cows, its risk and supplemental effects are controversial. Here, we present some novel data about the disease risk of hypovitaminosis E and the effects of α-Toc supplementation in transition dairy cows. These data strongly demonstrate that hypovitaminosis E is a risk factor for the occurrence of peripartum disease. Furthermore, a study on the effectiveness of using serum vitamin levels as biomarkers to predict disease in dairy cows was reported, and a rapid field test for measuring vitamin levels was developed. By contrast, evidence for how hypovitaminosis E occurred during the transition period was scarce until the 2010s. Pioneering studies conducted with humans and rodents have identified and characterised some α-Toc-related proteins, molecular players involved in α-Toc regulation followed by a study in ruminants from the 2010s. Based on recent literature, the six physiological factors: (1) the decline in α-Toc intake from the close-up period; (2) changes in the digestive and absorptive functions of α-Toc; (3) the decline in plasma high-density lipoprotein as an α-Toc carrier; (4) increasing oxidative stress and consumption of α-Toc; (5) decreasing hepatic α-Toc transfer to circulation; and (6) increasing mammary α-Toc transfer from blood to colostrum, may be involved in α-Toc deficiency during the transition period. However, the mechanisms and pathways are poorly understood, and further studies are needed to understand the physiological role of α-Toc-related molecules in cattle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypovitaminosis E will contribute to the prevention of peripartum disease and high performance in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Exosomal Cargo May Hold the Key to Improving Reproductive Outcomes in Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2024
Author(s):  
Natalie Turner ◽  
Pevindu Abeysinghe ◽  
Pawel Sadowski ◽  
Murray D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Early Biomarkers ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Quantitative Profiling

The reproductive status of dairy cows remains a challenge for dairy farmers worldwide, with impaired fertility linked to a significant reduction in herd profitability, due in part to impaired immunity, increased metabolic pressure, and longer postpartum anestrous interval (PPAI). Exosomes are nanovesicles released from a variety of cell types and end up in circulation, and carry proteins, bioactive peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids specific to the place of origin. As such, their role in health and disease has been investigated in humans and animals. This review discusses research into exosomes in the context of reproduction in dairy herds and introduces recent advances in mass-spectrometry (MS) based proteomics that have a potential to advance quantitative profiling of exosomal protein cargo in a search for early biomarkers of cattle fertility.

Variations of energy-related biochemical metabolites during transition period in dairy cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Seifi ◽  
M. Gorji-Dooz ◽  
M. Mohri ◽  
B. Dalir-Naghadeh ◽  
N. Farzaneh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period

scholarly journals Fatty acid profile and composition of milk protein fraction in dairy cows fed long-chain unsaturated fatty acids during the transition period

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 813-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Palma Rennó ◽  
José Esler de Freitas Júnior ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
Lenita Camargo Verdurico ◽  
Marcos Veiga dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Long Chain

The developing world of DOHaD

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Early Life Events

Since its debut in a ground-breaking report by Barker and Osmond in 1986, the concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) has been further developed in several aspects. Its methodology and conclusions relating to proposed origins and outcomes of early life events have been developing and spreading internationally. Indeed, the DOHaD concept now seems to have influenced many fields of research. This article aims to briefly review why the DOHaD concept is important in biomedical science, how it has developed, is currently developing, and how it should develop in future.

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