The digestion of food by the grazing sheep. IV. The effect of mastication on the release of soluble plant nitrogen

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Pasture Plants

The rate of release of soluble nitrogenous constituents from plant cells during the ingestion of green pasture plants has been studied. Boluses were collected either from sheep with oesophageal fistulae or from the rumen in sheep fitted with large rumen cannulae. Sheep grazing on pastures of different heights ingested food at widely varying rates. This was indicated by the rate of formation of boluses, which during 10-min collection periods ranged from 10.5 to 62.5 g/min. The rates at which bolus nitrogen reached the rumen ranged from 45 to 300 mg/min; of this, 20–45% (mean 26) was extractable with cold water. Approximately 50% of the extractable soluble nitrogen was protein nitrogen.

scholarly journals The search for alternative temperate perennial pasture species for low to medium rainfall environments in Tasmania

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
E.J. Hall ◽  
R. Reid ◽  
B. Clark ◽  
R. Dent
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Perennial Legume ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Pasture Plants

In response to the need to find better adapted and more persistent perennial pasture plants for the dryland pastures in the cool-temperate low to medium rainfall (500-700 mm) regions, over 1000 accessions representing 24 species of perennial legumes and 64 species of perennial grasses, were introduced, characterised and evaluated for production and persistence under sheep grazing at sites throughout Tasmania. The work has identified four alternative legume species in Talish Clover (Trifolium tumens). Caucasian Clover (T. ambiguum), Stoloniferous Red Clover (T. pratense var. stoloniferum), Lucerne x Yellow Lucerne Hybrid (Medicago sativa x M.sativa subsp. falcata); and two grass species in Coloured Brome (Bromus coloratus) and Hispanic Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata var hispanica). Keywords: persistence, perennial grass, perennial legume

scholarly journals Effect of Sward Height on Rumen Degradation in Merino Grazing Sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 180-180
Author(s):  
A.R. Mantecón ◽  
M.D. Carro ◽  
F.J. Giráldez ◽  
M.J. Ranilla ◽  
P.R. Revesado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Grazing Sheep

It is now well established that the height of the sward grazed by sheep has a large effect on their performance (Hodgson, Mackie and Parker, 1986). However, there is a scarce of information about the rumen fermentation in sheep grazing at different sward heights. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of sward height (4 vs 6 cm) on the rumen fermentation in Merino sheep which were continuously maintained on the pasture.The study was carried out on a continuously stocked pasture in August 1992. Twenty mature Merino sheep were used to obtain two different sward heights: 4 cm (low; LSH) and 6 cm (high; HSH). Sward height was measured twice weekly using a swardstick and was controlled by the addition and removal of sheep. Herbage mass was of 633 and 1397 kg of dry matter (DM)/Ha for the LSH and HSH paddocks, respectively.

The impact of sheep grazing on the depth of spider burrows and of burrows selected by the pygmy bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua adelaidensis)

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Clayton ◽  
Michael Bull
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Essential Resource ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Stock

Context Grazing by domestic stock can potentially influence ecosystems positively or negatively, depending on the grazing regime and intensity. The pygmy bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua adelaidensis) is an endangered species, restricted to fragmented grasslands in the Mid North region of South Australia, predominantly grazed by sheep. These lizards refuge in vertical burrows. They do not dig their own burrows, instead relying on co-existing spiders for this essential resource. Aims We investigated how sheep grazing influenced spider burrows, and predicted the following: that grazing sheep might trample and destroy shallow burrows; that burrows in grazed habitat with less vegetative cover would have higher temperatures in summer; and that, by way of compensation, spiders would dig deeper burrows in grazed habitat. Methods We monitored 12 30m×30m plots monthly, over two austral spring/summer periods (September–March 2012–14). We recorded the number, depth and occupant of all spider burrows in those plots in each survey. We also measured temperatures inside artificial burrows in grazed and ungrazed habitat over a 3-day period in September 2014. Key results Mean burrow depth increased with grazing. This was not because individual burrows became deeper, but because the shallowest burrows were lost where there were sheep. Burrows were significantly hotter in grazed habitat, but lizards consistently chose deeper, cooler burrows. In the subset of burrows that were occupied by lizards, there was no difference in depth between grazed and ungrazed treatments. We detected no difference in spider digging activity between grazed and ungrazed plots. Conclusions Sheep grazing can destroy shallow burrows, probably through trampling, and because sheep produce burrow filling debris. However, grazing did not affect deeper burrows occupied by pygmy bluetongue lizards. Implications This short study indicated that moderate levels of grazing have low impact on deeper burrows suitable for pygmy bluetongue lizards and for lizard persistence. It explains how sheep and lizards have co-occurred for so long, but leaves open the question of how the loss of shallow burrows affects populations of the burrow-digging spiders that are an essential component of the lizard environment.

Studies on the nutritive value of the diet selected by grazing sheep IV. Variation in the diet selected by sheep differing in age, breed, sex, strain and previous history

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Previous History ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Grazing History

SUMMARYThe ability of two groups of six Merino wethers aged 6 and 66 months to digest a lucerne ration was examined in order to detect possible biases in the use of faecal nitrogen as a faecal index substance. Earlier work with this technique had indicated a difference in selectivity between young and older sheep. No difference in ability to digest the ration was observed and it was concluded that the earlier observation was not an artefact in the faecal nitrogen technique. Oesophageal fistulae were prepared in 120 sheep differing in breed, sex, age, strain and previous history. Determinations were made of the nitrogen content, and in one experiment of the in vitro digestibility of the diet selected by sheep grazing various pastures. Significant differences in the nitrogen content of the diet selected by sheep varying in breed, age and previous grazing history were recorded on some pastures on some occasions but not on others. No significant differences were observed between sheep varying in strain or sex. No reason could be suggested for the occasional differences between groups in the nitrogen content or digestibility of the diet selected, but it appeared unlikely that it would be a major source of variation in the productivity of the different groups at pasture.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and soluble carbohydrate contents of grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N

Italian rye-grass given ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate at 56 or 112 lb. N/acre was analysed for total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (non-protein-nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates.Ten days after applying fertilizer the differences in total-N between the grass receiving 56 and grass receiving 112 lb. N/acre were very small. Total-N in grass decreased with growth, but the effect of the rate of nitrogen on total-N increased. At first the grass given sodium nitrate contained more soluble nitrogen than grass given ammonium sulphate, the difference being greater at 56 lb. N/acre; soluble nitrogen decreased with increasing growth. Ten days after applying fertilizer, the nitrate-N content of grass was very high (ranging from 0·1 to 0·9% in the D.M.) and it gradually decreased. At both levels of nitrogen application, grass given sodium nitrate contained much more nitrate-N than grass given ammonium sulphate. Forty days after applying nitrogen the nitrate-N contents of grass which received 56 and 112 1b. N/acre as ammonium sulphate were 0·039 and 0·222% of the dry matter, respectively; the grass supplied with sodium nitrate gave values of 0·082 and 0·438%.Total soluble carbohydrates in the grass were small early in growth and gradually increased. Nitrogen dressings had little effect on the content of soluble sugars (glucose + fructose + sucrose) but greatly decreased the fructosan. The pattern of changes in the total soluble carbohydrate content followed that in fructosan content. Early in growth, the total soluble carbohydrate/crude protein ratio was very small in grass from all treatments except the ‘control’. This ratio increased with growth and at the last sampling was 2·13 in grass receiving no nitrogen, and in grass supplied with 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as ammonium sulphate it was 1·44 and 0·72 respectively; the corresponding figures for grass receiving sodium nitrate were 1·13 and 0·66. The total soluble carbohydrate carbon/soluble nitrogen ratio in grass with no nitrogen was 18 at the first sampling and it increased gradually, reaching 70 at the last sampling. This ratio was considerably less with all nitrogen treatments than with ‘control’. The values obtained with 112 lb. N/acre were less than those obtained with 561b./acre, irrespective of the form of nitrogen used.The relationship between the soluble carbohydrate carbon content and the soluble nitrogen in grass is illustrated graphically and discussed.

Note. Effect of brining time on proteolytic changes in Idiazábal cheese during ripening / Nota. Cambios proteolíticos durante la maduración del queso Idiazábal por efecto del tiempo en salmuera

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.C. Ibáñez ◽  
A.I. Ordóñez ◽  
M.S. Vicente ◽  
M.I. Torres ◽  
Y. Barcina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Idiazábal cheeses were made employing brining times of 12 h (batch A) and 36 h (batch B). Proteolytic changes in both batches were examined over 270 d of ripening; proteolysis was low in both batches, but lower in batch B than in batch A. Electrophoretic analysis revealed incom plete breakdown of αs and β-caseins at the end of the ripening period, particularly in batch B. The proportion of soluble nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen was 17.55% in batch B and 19.48% in batch A, while the proportion of non-protein nitrogen was 11.78% in batch B and 15.16% in batch A. The proportion of non-protein nitrogen as a percentage of soluble nitrogen was 67.17% in batch B and 77.88% in batch A. The free amino acids, the smallest non-protein nitrogen frac tion, attained values of 1203 mg/100 g of dry matter in batch B and 1902 mg/100 g of dry matter in batch A. After 60 d of ripening, the main free amino acids were glutamic acid, valine, leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine in both batches, although levels were higher in the batch with the shorter brining time. There was no clear trend in the non-protein-forming amino acids with either ripening time or brining time.

106. The Role of Rennet in the Ripening of Cheddar Cheese

1935 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Bacterial Action ◽  
Proteolytic Action ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

Attempts were made to eliminate the bacterial factor in Cheddar cheeseripening, through the agency of chloroform, and an assessment of the role of rennet was thus rendered possible.After investigating the effect of chloroform and toluene upon the proteolytic action of rennet and trypsin in milk, the results obtained were applied in studies upon the ripening of cheese in the presence of chloroform. Cheese of normal manufacture was chloroformed at the salting stage or one week or more after manufacture (when the curd had lost its rubbery nature and the germicide was more easily incorporated). Owing to the weakened activity of enzymes in the presence of germicides, it was necessary to employ larger proportions than usual of rennet, measured additions generally being made at the time when the chloroform was added. Under these conditions the general course of protein degradation, as measured by determinations of soluble nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen, was found to be identical with that occurring in normal control cheeses. Strong evidence was thus afforded that rennet is the only important agent attacking cheese protein during the ripening process.In the partition between the non-protein constituents of the normal and chloroformed cheeses, respectively, there were observed definite differences which tended to remain constant over the greater part of the ripening period. The relatively higher proportion of subpeptone nitrogen in the normal cheese was shown to be due, at least in some measure, to bacterial action.Cheese ripened in the presence of chloroform developed no volatile acid, and no cheese flavour could be detected.

scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
HS Mckee ◽  
RN Robertson ◽  
JB Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Respiration Rates

Pea fruits from two crops were sampled at different times from flowering. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, starch, soluble carbohydrate, protein nitrogen, and soluble nitrogen in both seeds and hulls were followed in two seasons and related Jo the changes in cell volume in the seeds. In one season respiration rates and phosphate, pectin, and ascorbic acid contents were also investigated. The seeds gained more carbohydrate and nitrogen than was lost by the hulls. Starch and protein were synthesized rapidly by the seeds. The increase in starch content in the seeds was followed by a decrease in soluble carbohydrate content, after which the seed ceased to accumulate water. These metabolic changes are discussed in the light of recent biochemical knowledge, and in relation to more detailed biochemical investigations in progress.

scholarly journals Characteristic of the nutritive value of the protein from rye caruopses. I. Amino acid composition of protein and the nitrogen forms in the caryopses of ten rue varieties from the breeding collection

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kubiczek ◽  
M. Rakowska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Total and soluble nitrogen, protein and non-protein -nitrogen was determined as well as the amino acid composition of the caryopses of ten rye varieties including three bred in Poland and cultivated on a commercial scale: 'Dańkowskie Złote', 'Dańkowskie Selekcyjne' and 'Borkowskie Tetra'. and seven foreign varieties characterized by a high total protein content (11.9-16.4% in dry weight). In the varieties examined the amount of protein nitrogen increased in the same degree as did the content of total nitrogen. The amino acids limiting the nutritive value of the protein in rye caryopses were mostly lysine and methionine, and in the varieties with high protein content tryptophan. The low-protein varieties had a relatively higher content of lysine, sulphur amino acids, tryptophan and other amino acids (as % of protein) than the high protein ones, but their absolute amino acid content (as % of dry weight) was lower.

scholarly journals Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a marker to estimate fecal output in sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mylena Taborda Piquera Peres ◽  
Rafael Batista ◽  
Tehane de Souza Twardowski ◽  
Henrique Mendonça Nunes Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Alda Lúcia Gomes Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Fecal Output ◽  
Fecal Recovery ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Grazing Sheep

ABSTRACT: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an external marker used to estimate fecal output based on forage intake of grazing ruminants; however, its use as marker for grazing sheep still needs attention. In the present study the TiO2 role to estimate fecal output of sheep grazing annual ryegrass was tested. Two essays were conducted in sequence using the same forage and animals. Six lacaune lambs were housed in metabolic cages. Lambs were administered 1 g TiO2 in a single (at 8:30 am, essay 1), or in two daily doses (at 8:30 am and 4:30 pm, essay 2). In both essays the TiO2 administration was followed by a 7-day period to stabilize the fecal excretion of the marker and then by a 5-day period for total collection of feces. Observed and TiO2-based estimated fecal outputs were compared, with or without correction for TiO2 fecal recovery rate (kTiO2). The kTiO2 was around 1.0 and the estimated fecal outputs were similar to the observed ones (p>0.05), regardless the number of daily doses. These results suggested that TiO2, administered in single or two daily doses, can be used as an external marker in grazing sheep.

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