Quantification of vegetative development of faba bean, oats, and Italian ryegrass

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mohammed Yusoff ◽  
D. J. Moot ◽  
B. A. McKenzie ◽  
G. D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Leaf Appearance

This study quantified the relationship between vegetative development and temperature of ‘Old New Zealand’ faba bean, ‘Milton’ oats, and ‘Feast II’ Italian ryegrass using thermal time (Tt, degree-days) calculations. Each species was sown on five dates in autumn and winter 2008 and three dates in autumn 2009. The linear model for rate of development calculated the Tt requirement of faba bean for 75% emergence as 217 degree-days (base temperature (Tb) = 1.2°C), compared with 132 (Tb = 1.6°C) for oats and 132 (Tb = 1.8°C) for Italian ryegrass. Leaf appearance had a Tb of 2.4°C for faba bean, 3.0°C for oats, and 0.7°C for Italian ryegrass. The mean phyllochron (degree-days leaf–1) was 66 ± 1 for faba bean, 123 ± 3.90 for oats, and 120 ± 4.21 for Italian ryegrass. Soil temperature at 20 mm depth was the most accurate predictor of Tb and the Tt requirements to reach 75% emergence. Conversely, air temperature on-site was required to predict the phyllochron for faba bean because of its elevated growing point. Either air or soil temperature at the experimental site or at a nearby meteorological station could be used to define the phyllochron for oats and Italian ryegrass. These results highlight the importance of both soil and air temperatures to accurately define vegetative development before the processes are included in simulation models for these winter annual forage crops.

Leaf appearance and extension in field-grown winter wheat plants: the importance of soil temperature during vegetative growth

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. M. Hay ◽  
G. Tunnicliffe Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Leaf Extension

SUMMARYMainstem leaf appearance and leaf extension were monitored at 7-day intervals throughout the vegetative development of field-grown winter wheat plants, during two growing seasons 1977–9. Using hourly air and soil temperature records, it was found that the rate of leaf appearance was controlled by soil temperature, with the best linear relationships being obtained using accumulated soil temperature above a base temperature of 0 °C at 1 and 5 cm depth. Leaf appearance could be predicted equally well using 09.00 G.M.T. screen air temperatures although deviations from each linear relationship were found during very cold periods when slow leaf extension rates delayed leaf appearance.Leaf extension was also found to be linearly related to temperature, with the best fit being obtained using accumulated soil temperature above 2·5 °C at 5 cm depth, suggesting a threshold of 2·5 °C for leaf extension. The response to temperature (extension per unit of accumulated temperature) was the same for all the leaves of a given plant, or sowing date; however, the fact that the rate of leaf extension increased progressively with sowing date suggests that plant response to temperature may be determined at crop emergence (possibly mediated by rate of change of day length). Leaf extension rates could be predicted satisfactorily using 09.00 G.M.T. soil temperatures (5 or 10 cm) but less so using screen air temperatures.The prediction of plant leaf areas or crop leaf area indices using such relationships between temperature and leaf growth was found to be hampered by rapid and irregular rates of leaf senescence.

scholarly journals A Heat Unit Model to Predict Growth and Development of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Naud.) to Anthesis

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 790D-790
Author(s):  
S. Jenni ◽  
D.C. Cloutier ◽  
G. Bourgeois ◽  
K.A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Unit Model ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Unit Formula

Plant dry weight of muskmelon transplants to anthesis could be predicted from a multiple linear regression based on air and soil temperatures prevailing under 11 mulch and rowcover combinations. The two dependent variables of the regression model consisted of a heat unit formula for air temperatures with a base temperature of 14C and a maximum-reduced threshold at 40C, and a standard growing-degree-day formula for soil temperatures with a base temperature of 12C. Based on 2 years of data, 86.5% of the variation in the dry weight (on a log scale) could be predicted with this model. The base temperature for predicting time to anthesis of muskmelon transplants was established at 6.8C and the thermal time ranged between 335 and 391 degree-days during the 2 years of the experiment.

Seasonal growth and development of Caucasian and white clovers under irrigated and dryland conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
A.D. Black ◽  
D.J. Moot ◽  
R.J. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Legume Production ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Dry matter (DM) production of sown monocultures of Caucasian and white clovers was compared under irrigated and dryland (non-irrigated) conditions in their third year. Caucasian clover produced 11.9 t DM/ ha when irrigated and 9.4 t DM/ha under dryland conditions, and both treatments exceeded white clover by ~2.5 t DM/ha. This increase in yield reflected ~23 kg DM/ha/day higher production rates in spring and summer. During this period, production rates of irrigated treatments increased by 11 kg DM/ ha/day/oC for Caucasian compared with 8 kg DM/ha/ day/oC for white clover as mean daily air temperature increased from 8-16 oC. In late summer/autumn, production rates of Caucasian clover decreased more than white clover when air temperature dropped from 16-9 oC. Growth (photosynthesis) and development (leaf appearance) characteristics of each species were also examined. Leaf photosynthesis was ~6 ƒÊmol CO2/m2/ s higher for Caucasian than for white clover irrespective of measured air temperatures (7-28 oC) and soil moisture from 1.00-0.39 of water holding capacity (WHC, 512 mm to 1.5 m depth). Both clovers had similar ranges of optimum temperature (21-25 oC) and soil moisture (1.00-0.86 of WHC) for photosynthesis. These results could explain the observed higher production rates for Caucasian clover in spring and summer, under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Lower production rates of Caucasian clover in autumn may be attributed to a similar phyllochron (126 oCd), but higher base temperature (5 oC) than for white clover (1 oC), and hence a slower recovery to canopy closure post grazing. This study shows that Caucasian clover has potential to increase spring and summer legume production, in combination or as the sole legume species in both irrigated and dryland grass/clover pastures in lowland temperate environments of New Zealand. Key words: irrigation, photosynthesis, phyllochron, seasonal production, Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb, T. repens

Relationship between flowering phenology of perennial herbs and meteorological data in deciduous forests of Sweden

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Diekmann
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Full Flowering

The relationship between flowering phenology and meteorological measurements, in particular air temperature, was studied for 29 herbaceous species in four areas of deciduous forest near Uppsala, Sweden. Altogether 16 models were tested for their accuracy of predicting flowering. These were cumulative sum models based on the heat unit concept of an accumulation of (modified) temperatures above a threshold base temperature from a chosen starting date. Average temperature was tested as an alternative method. All models were first applied to a data set from the years 1990 to 1992 and then to an independent test data set from 1993. The accumulation of daily mean air temperatures (degree-days) above 5 °C from January 1 was chosen as the basic reference model. Despite its simplicity, it was a very accurate model in predicting flowering for these species. Only two models were superior to the reference model in both data sets: the summation of degree hours instead of degree-days from optimized starting dates for each species, and the addition of photoperiod (daylength) to daily mean temperature. In general, the models performed better for the late-flowering species than for the early-flowering species. The accuracy of the models was partly dependent on the actual course of temperature accumulation in a year. Keywords: degree-days, full flowering, photoperiod, solar radiation, temperature sum.

Maize silage and winter crop options to maximise drymatter and energy for NZ dairy systems

2006 ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Densley ◽  
G.M. Austin ◽  
I.D. Williams ◽  
R. Tsimba ◽  
G.O. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Silage Production

Trade-offs in dry matter (DM) and metabolisable energy (ME) between combinations of three maize silage hybrids varying in maturity from 100-113 CRM and six winter forage options were investigated in a Waikato farmer's field over 2 years. Winter crops were triticale, cut once; oats grazed 1-2 times; and Tama and Feast II Italian ryegrass, each cut or grazed 2-3 times. Greatest DM and ME production (38.9 t/ha; 396 GJ/ha) was from a 113 CRM hybrid followed by a single-cut triticale crop. The most economical sources of DM and ME were obtained from a 100 CRM maize hybrid plus grazed oats (11.8 c/ kg; 1.12 c/MJ), while the cheapest ME source among cut winter forages was a 113 CRM maize hybrid + triticale (1.18 c/MJ). Reliable annual silage production of 30 t DM/ha and 330 GJ ME/ha (or 3000 kg MS/ha) is possible using a late maturing maize hybrid combined with a winter forage crop such as triticale, although the low feed value of the triticale may limit its use as feed for milking cows. Keywords: Italian ryegrass, oats, maize silage, supplements, triticale, winter forage crops

scholarly journals Quality control of 10-min soil temperatures data at RMI

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bertrand ◽  
L. González Sotelino ◽  
M. Journée
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Observation ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Temperature Records ◽  
Energy Processes

Abstract. Soil temperatures at various depths are unique parameters useful to describe both the surface energy processes and regional environmental and climate conditions. To provide soil temperature observation in different regions across Belgium for agricultural management as well as for climate research, soil temperatures are recorded in 13 of the 20 automated weather stations operated by the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) of Belgium. At each station, soil temperature can be measured at up to 5 different depths (from 5 to 100 cm) in addition to the bare soil and grass temperature records. Although many methods have been developed to identify erroneous air temperatures, little attention has been paid to quality control of soil temperature data. This contribution describes the newly developed semi-automatic quality control of 10-min soil temperatures data at RMI.

scholarly journals Initial growth and development of southern sandbur based on thermal units

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C.R. Machado ◽  
R.S.O. Lima ◽  
A.P.P. Silva ◽  
B.S. Marques ◽  
M.F. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Best Fit

Availability of basic information on weed biology is an essential tool for designing integrated management programs for agricultural systems. Thus, this study was carried out in order to calculate the base temperature (Tb) of southern sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus), as well as fit the initial growth and development of the species to accumulated thermal units (growing degree days - GDD). For that purpose, experimental populations were sown six times in summer/autumn conditions (decreasing photoperiod) and six times in winter/spring condition (increasing photoperiod). Southern sandbur phenological evaluations were carried out, on alternate days, and total dry matter was measured when plants reached the flowering stage. All the growth and development fits were performed based on thermal units by assessing five base temperatures, as well as the absence of it. Southern sandbur development was best fit with Tb = 12 ºC, with equation y = 0,0993x, where y is the scale of phenological stage and x is the GDD. On average, flowering was reached at 518 GDD. Southern sandbur phenology may be predicted by using mathematical models based on accumulated thermal units, adopting Tb = 12 ºC. However, other environmental variables may also interfere with species development, particularly photoperiod.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4465-4479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hanis ◽  
M. Tenuta ◽  
B. D. Amiro ◽  
T. N. Papakyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyser in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near-surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the shoulder and growing seasons. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but the water table also exerted influence, with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and lowest when it was at or above the mean peat surface.

Effects of precision planting patterns and irrigation on winter wheat yields and water productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (9) ◽  
pp. 1394-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. MAO ◽  
W. W. ZHONG ◽  
X. Y. WANG ◽  
X. B. ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Precision Planting

SUMMARYThe production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is affected by crop population structures and field microclimates. This 3-year study assessed the effect of different precision planting patterns and irrigation conditions on relative humidity (RH), air and soil temperature within the canopy, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), evapotranspiration (ET), water productivity (WP) and grain yields. Field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2014 on a two-factor split-plot design with three replicates. The experiments involved three precision planting patterns (single row, alternating single and twin rows [hereafter ‘single–twin’] and twin row) and three irrigation treatments (0 mm (I0), 90 mm (I90) and 180 mm (I180)). Planting patterns and irrigation treatments exerted a significant effect on RH, air and soil temperature, iPAR, ET, WP and grain yield. The lowest RH and iPAR levels were detected in the single row pattern. When the irrigation treatment was identical, the highest soil and air temperatures were detected in the single row pattern, followed by the single–twin row and twin row patterns. Compared with the single row, the single–twin and twin row patterns increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4, WP by 4·7 and 5·7% and yields by 6·0 and 7·9%, respectively. Compared with I0, the I90 and I180 irrigation treatments increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4%, and WP by 4·7 and 5·7%, respectively. The grain yields of the twin row pattern were 5·8 and 1·7% higher than those of the single row and single–twin row patterns, respectively. Compared with I0, I90 increased yield by 19·3%. The twin row pattern improved crop structure and farmland microclimate by increasing RH and iPAR, and reducing soil and air temperatures, thus increasing grain yield. These results indicated that a twin row pattern effectively improved grain yield at I0. On the basis of iPAR, WP and grain yield, it was concluded that a twin row pattern combined with an I90 irrigation treatment provided optimal cropping conditions for the North China plain.

scholarly journals PLANHEAT’s Satellite-Derived Heating and Cooling Degrees Dataset for Energy Demand Mapping and Planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 2048
Author(s):  
Sismanidis ◽  
Keramitsoglou ◽  
Barberis ◽  
Dorotić ◽  
Bechtel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Infrared Imager

The urban heat island (UHI) effect influences the heating and cooling (H&C) energy demand of buildings and should be taken into account in H&C energy demand simulations. To provide information about this effect, the PLANHEAT integrated tool—which is a GIS-based, open-source software tool for selecting, simulating and comparing alternative low-carbon and economically sustainable H&C scenarios—includes a dataset of 1 × 1 km hourly heating and cooling degrees (HD and CD, respectively). HD and CD are energy demand proxies that are defined as the deviation of the outdoor surface air temperature from a base temperature, above or below which a building is assumed to need heating or cooling, respectively. PLANHEAT’s HD and CD are calculated from a dataset of gridded surface air temperatures that have been derived using satellite thermal data from Meteosat-10 Spinning Enhanced Visible and Near-Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). This article describes the method for producing this dataset and presents the results for Antwerp (Belgium), which is one of the three validation cities of PLANHEAT. The results demonstrate the spatial and temporal information of PLANHEAT’s HD and CD dataset, while the accuracy assessment reveals that they agree well with reference values retrieved from in situ surface air temperatures. This dataset is an example of application-oriented research that provides location-specific results with practical utility.

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