Simulation models used for determining food intake and growth of ostriches: an overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Gous ◽  
T. S. Brand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Formal Method ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

A formal method for determining the amino acid requirements of ostriches, from which a feeding strategy may be developed, requires characterisation of the growth potential of the body and feather proteins of these birds. Allometric equations may then be used to predict the growth of the physical parts of the ostrich, from which the optimal harvest time can be determined. Reasonable estimates of the parameters describing body and feather growth are now available. These values, together with the amino acid composition of the ostrich carcasses obtained at various stages of growth, make it possible to calculate the daily amino acid requirements of an ostrich growing at its potential. Subsequently, when given a description of the feed being offered, the desired food intake can be determined. The constraining effects of feed bulk and high temperatures are not yet well defined, but voluntary food intake in these birds when fed intensively under normal environmental conditions can now be predicted with the use of simulation models, from which it is possible to design a feeding strategy that will optimise performance.

The Lysine and Sulfur Amino Acid Requirements at Two Stages of Growth in Chicks

1973 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunyong Chung ◽  
Paul Griminger ◽  
Hans Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Two Stages

scholarly journals The metabolic utilization of amino acids: potentials of 14CO2 breath test measurements

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. A. M. Schreurs ◽  
H. A. Boekholt ◽  
R. E. Koopmanschap ◽  
P. J. M. Weijs
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Breath Test ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Total Oxidation ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
14Co2 Breath Test

The present paper offers a dual 14CO2 breath test approach to study the metabolic utilization of free amino acids in the body. Using the carboxyl-[14C]isotopomer of an amino acid as the test substrate the percentage recovery of the isotope as 14CO2 reflects which part of the labelled amino acid flux has been decarboxylated. The residual C fragments may flow to total oxidation at least to the level recovered for the universal [14C]isotopomer. In the case that recovery for total oxidation is less than for decarboxylation, part of the [14C]fragments are retained in the body by either exchange or non-oxidative pathways. Utilization of tyrosine and leucine was measured in the post-absorptive phase in adult rats conditioned on isoenergetic diets containing 210, 75 or 0 g protein/kg. It was shown that the level of dietary protein exerts an influence on both decarboxylation and total oxidation. Although the responses of leucine and tyrosine were not different for total oxidation, there was a difference between the amino acids in their relative rate of decarboxylation. That this dual 14CO2 breath test approach can be used as a tool to evaluate whether the protein and amino acid supply has been adequate to support actual requirements is discussed.Amino acid utilization: Amino acid requirements: Leucine: Tyrosine

scholarly journals Fish Protein and Its Derivatives: Functionality, Biotechnology and Health Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esen Alp Erbay ◽  
Ahmet Faruk Yesilsu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fish Proteins

Animal derived proteins provide the essential amino acid requirements of a healthy diet. Among animal proteins, fish proteins have a well-balanced amino acid composition that are imperative for beneficial synthesizing and utilizing proteins in the body. Lack or low levels of any amino acid reduce the other amino acid utilization proportionately. This is why plant-derived proteins are potentially at a disadvantage for use in the body since they have relatively low levels of the essential amino acids methionine and lysine. Health studies have revealed that fish protein is suggested as a weight-loss diet to obese patients.

scholarly journals The Effect of Maternal Intact Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Diets on Development of Food Intake Regulatory Systems and Body Weight in Dams and Male Offspring of Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Jahan-mihan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Regulatory Systems

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of maternal and weaning intact protein- and amino acid-based diets on regulation of food intake, intake regulatory hormones, and body weight in dams and their male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated to two groups (n = 12) and were fed either an intact protein diet (IPD) or mixed amino acid diet (AAD) from day 3 of gestation throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were weaned to either an IPD or AAD for 18 weeks. Food intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured weekly. Results: In dams, the AAD group had lower FI and BW in the post-partum period compared with the IPD group. In pups born to AAD dams, birth weight and BW were lower. However, the percentage of fat and lean mass were not affected. Food intake was influenced by maternal diet and was higher in pups born to IPD dams throughout post-weaning. Short-term FI in response to protein preloads was lower in pups born to AAD dams in 1 h. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were not influenced by either maternal or weaning diet. However, peptide YY (PYY) was higher in pups born to IPD dams at weaning. Conclusions: The physicochemical properties of proteins fed during pregnancy and lactation had determining effects on the body weight and development of food intake regulatory systems in offspring. Maternal AAD resulted in lower BW in dams and lower birth weight and post-weaning BWs in pups compared with maternal IPD which was consistent with their lower FI.

scholarly journals Identifying recommended dietary allowances for protein and amino acids: a critique of the 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S3-S21 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Joe Millward
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The WHO/FAO/UNU (2007) report examines dietary protein and amino acid requirements for all age groups, protein requirements during pregnancy, lactation and catch-up growth in children, the implications of these requirements for developing countries and protein quality evaluation. Requirements were defined as the minimum dietary intake which satisfies the metabolic demand and achieves nitrogen equilibrium and maintenance of the body protein mass, plus the needs for growth in children and pregnancy and lactation in healthy women. Insufficient evidence was identified to enable recommendations for specific health outcomes. A meta analysis of nitrogen balance studies identifies protein requirements for adults 10 % higher than previous values with no influence of gender or age, consistent with a subsequently published comprehensive study. A new factorial model for infants and children, validated on the basis of the adequacy of breast milk protein intakes and involving a lower maintenance requirement value, no provision for saltatory growth and new estimates of protein deposition identifies lower protein requirements than in previous reports. Higher values for adult amino acid requirements, derived from a re-evaluation of nitrogen balance studies and new stable isotope studies, identify some cereal-based diets as being inadequate for lysine. The main outstanding issues relate to the biological implausibility of the very low efficiencies of protein utilisation used in the factorial models for protein requirements for all population groups especially pregnancy when requirements may be overestimated. Also considerable uncertainty remains about the design and interpretation of most of the studies used to identify amino acid requirement values.

scholarly journals Fish Protein and Its Derivatives: Functionality, Biotechnology and Health Effects

10.4194/afs13 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esen Alp Erbay ◽  
Ahmet Faruk Yesilsu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fish Proteins

Animal derived proteins provide the essential amino acid requirements of a healthy diet. Among animal proteins, fish proteins have a well-balanced amino acid composition that are imperative for beneficial synthesizing and utilizing proteins in the body. Lack or low levels of any amino acid reduce the other amino acid utilization proportionately. This is why plant-derived proteins are potentially at a disadvantage for use in the body since they have relatively low levels of the essential amino acids methionine and lysine. Health studies have revealed that fish protein is suggested as a weight-loss diet to obese patients.

Dietary intake of tryptophan tied emotion-related impulsivity in humans

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Javelle ◽  
Descartes Li ◽  
Philipp Zimmer ◽  
Sheri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Tryptophan ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract. Emotion-related impulsivity, defined as the tendency to say or do things that one later regret during periods of heightened emotion, has been tied to a broad range of psychopathologies. Previous work has suggested that emotion-related impulsivity is tied to an impaired function of the serotonergic system. Central serotonin synthesis relies on the intake of the essential amino acid, tryptophan and its ability to pass through the blood brain barrier. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between emotion-related impulsivity and tryptophan intake. Methods: Undergraduate participants (N = 25, 16 women, 9 men) completed a self-rated measure of impulsivity (Three Factor Impulsivity Index, TFI) and daily logs of their food intake and exercise. These data were coded using the software NutriNote to evaluate intakes of tryptophan, large neutral amino acids, vitamins B6/B12, and exercise. Results: Correlational analyses indicated that higher tryptophan intake was associated with significantly lower scores on two out of three subscales of the TFI, Pervasive Influence of Feelings scores r =  –.502, p < . 010, and (lack-of) Follow-Through scores, r =  –.407, p < . 050. Conclusion: Findings provide further evidence that emotion-related impulsivity is correlated to serotonergic indices, even when considering only food habits. It also suggests the need for more research on whether tryptophan supplements might be beneficial for impulsive persons suffering from a psychological disorder.

Roux-en-Y Gastrointestinal Bypass Promotes Activation of TGR5 and Peptide YY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267
Author(s):  
Haojun Yang ◽  
Hanyang Liu ◽  
YuWen Jiao ◽  
Jun Qian
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bypass ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Background: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the role of TGR5 after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP). Methods: Wild type and TGR5 knockout mice (tgr5-/-) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the obesity model. GBP was performed. The changes in body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of TGR5 and peptide YY (PYY) were evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Moreover, the L-cells were separated from wild type and tgr5-/- mice. The levels of PYY in L-cells were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The body weights were significantly decreased after GBP in wild type mice (p<0.05), but not tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). Food intake was reduced after GBP in wild type mice, but also not significantly affected in tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). The levels of PYY were significantly increased after GBP compared with the sham group (p<0.05); however, in tgr5-/- mice the expression of PYY was not significantly affected (p>0.05). After INT-777 stimulation in L-cells obtained from murine intestines, the levels of PYY were significantly increased in L-cells tgr5+/+ (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that GBP up-regulated the expression of TGR5 in murine intestines, and increased the levels of PYY, which further reduced food intake and decreased the body weight.

Anti-Diabetic and Angio-Protective Effect of Guluronic Acid (G2013) as a New Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug in the Experimental Model of Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Seyed S. Mortazavi-Jahromi ◽  
Shahab Alizadeh ◽  
Mohammad H. Javanbakht ◽  
Abbas Mirshafiey
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Guluronic Acid

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of guluronic acid (G2013) on blood sugar, insulin, and gene expression profile of oxLDL receptors (SR-A, CD36, LOX-1, and CD68) in the experimental model of diabetes. Methods: 18 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups of healthy control, diabetic control, and G2013 group. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. The subjects were IP treated with 25 mg/kg of G2013 per day for 28 days. The body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured. In addition, the expression of mentioned genes was investigated through quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The data showed that the final weight increased significantly in the G2013-treated subjects compared to the diabetic control (p < 0.05). The results indicated that final food intake significantly reduced in the G2013-treated subjects compared to the diabetic control (p < 0.05). The study findings also suggested that the final fasting blood glucose significantly reduced in the G2013-treated group, whereas the final fasting serum insulin level significantly increased in this group compared to the diabetic control (p < 0.05). Moreover, the gene expression levels of SR-A, CD36, LOX-1, and CD68 in the G2013 group significantly reduced compared to the diabetic control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that G2013, could reduce blood glucose and increase insulin levels and reduce the gene expression level of oxLDL receptors. In addition, it may probably play an important role in reducing the severity of diabetes-induced inflammatory symptoms.

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