A survey of the cadmium concentration in kidney, liver and muscle of South Australian cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-S. Koh ◽  
P. C. Bansemer ◽  
A. B. Frensham
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Female Cattle ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Farm Types

Summary. A survey to assess the extent of cadmium accumulation in South Australian cattle was undertaken in 1989–91. Of the 8635 cattle sampled, about 12% of the kidney samples and 1% of the liver samples contained cadmium concentrations above the maximum permitted concentration for human consumption of 2.5 mg/kg wet weight for kidney and 1.25 mg/kg wet weight for liver. None of the 262 muscle samples assayed contained cadmium concentrations above the maximum permitted concentration of 0.2 mg/kg wet weight. There was a significant effect of location, gender and season on the extent of non-compliance. Of the regions examined, non-compliance rates for Kangaroo Island, Lower Eyre, South East and Lower Central were significantly higher than for the other regions. In general, non-compliance rates were higher in female cattle than in male cattle, increased with age and were lowest in spring. After adjustment for these factors, non-compliance rates were similar across farm types, namely dairy, beef and feedlot. Although there was a significant correlation between cadmium concentrations in liver and in whole kidney, the confidence limit was considered excessive, rendering liver cadmium values an unreliable predictor of cadmium values in kidney.

Cadmium Accumulation and Toxicity in The Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus, The Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis, and Some Dolphin Prey Species in South Australia.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
M. Long ◽  
R.J. Reid ◽  
C.M. Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Common Dolphin ◽  
Delphinus Delphis ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Twenty Tursiops truncatus and 20 Delphinus delphis from South Australia were analysed for cadmium levels, as were some fish and squid species which form part of their diet. In the dolphins, cadmium was accumulated mainly in the kidneys (range 0-38 μg/g), with levels in many individuals exceeding 20 μg/g (wet weight). On average, levels in kidney were three-fold higher than in liver and 26-fold higher than in muscle. Cadmium concentrations related to dolphin body length, but the relationship with tooth development class was less clear. 80% of the prey fish species analysed from Spencer Gulf exceeded NH & MRC health recommendations of 0.2 μg/g (wet weight) for human consumption. Sepioteuthis australis from upper Spencer Gulf contained significantly higher cadmium levels than Ceduna samples (0.21 ± 0.01 μg/g versus 0.13 ± 0.01 μg/g, p<0.001) (wet weight). On histological examination, 32% of adult dolphin kidneys showed pathological changes, proteinuria being the most common abnormality. High levels of cadmium were found in dolphins from widely spaced locations in South Australia.

The Effect of Salinity on Cadmium Uptake by the Tissues of the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
D. A. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Cadmium Uptake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Salinity Effect ◽  
Wet Weight

Cadmium accumulation by the haemolymph, gills and carapace of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) was significantly higher in dilute sea water. This was reflected in the whole-body cadmium concentrations. There was no salinity effect with the hepatopancreas or muscle cadmium concentration. Over a 68-day period, cadmium was steadily accumulated by the carapace, with the salinity effect becoming increasingly apparent. In 50 % sea water the gill cadmium concentration apparently reached a maximum level after about 2 weeks of uptake. This was eventually overtaken by the tissue cadmium concentration in the gills of 100 % s.w. animals. After about 48 days the salinity effect had disappeared and the gill cadmium concentration of both 50% and 100% s.w. animals (in 20μ-mol Cd l−1 = 2.3 mg l−1) remained at approximately 0.3 μ-mol Cd g−1 (= 33.7 mg kg−1) wet weight of tissue. The hepatopancreas cadmium also levelled off at about this concentration although no salinity effect was apparent. When animals loaded with cadmium for a 37-day period were returned to clean sea water, their whole body cadmium concentration fell by about 50 % after 11 days. Losses from carapace and gills were important components of this reduction in cadmium concentration.

scholarly journals Presence of cadmium residues in muscle, liver and kidney of Bubalus bubalis and histological evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Barrasso ◽  
Edmondo Ceci ◽  
Laura Stinga ◽  
Giuseppina Tantillo ◽  
Giancarlo Bozzo
Keyword(s):  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Cd Contamination ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Kidney Liver

Cadmium (Cd) concentrations were evaluated in the samples of kidney, liver and muscle of sixty-six buffaloes regularly slaughtered. Forty were raised in Campania, in the territory between the province of Naples and Caserta and twenty-six were bred in Apulia, in the province of Bari. Two aliquots were prepared for the renal and hepatic samples: one intended for the chemical analysis and the other one intended for histological investigations. Muscle samples were the subject of purely chemical investigation. In the group of forty animals raised in the Campania region, the limits imposed by EC Reg. 1881/2006 and EC Reg. 488/2014 were exceeded in three renal samples, which showed values of 1.53, 1.22 and 1.1 mg/kg respectively; in three hepatic samples, which presented values of 0.72, 0.64 and 0.61 mg/kg, and in five muscle samples, with values of 0.16, 0.16, 0.09, 0.08 and 0.07, respectively. On the other hand, in the group of animals raised and slaughtered in the province of Bari, none of the twenty-six samples examined exceeded the limits imposed by the European regulations. The histological analysis showed typical, but not pathognomonic lesions in the renal samples from the animals raised in the provinces of Naples and Caserta. The levels of Cd contamination found in the samples examined suggest that it would be correct to exclude from the human consumption, as it happens for the equines, the kidney and the liver, especially from the animals raised in some geographical areas with a high rate of pollution.

Uptake, distribution, and excretion of 31silicon in normal rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. E670-E673 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Adler ◽  
Z. Etzion ◽  
G. M. Berlyne
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Intracardiac Injection ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Kidney Liver

This study examines the uptake, distribution, and excretion of 31-labeled silicic acid in rat tissues at 1, 2, and 4 h after intracardiac injection of 31Si(OH)4. Plasma levels of 31Si decrease rapidly from 0.71 +/- 0.04% at 1 h to 0.07 +/- 0.06% of the dose administered per milliliter at 4 h. 31Si in plasma was found to be virtually entirely nonprotein bound. Kidney, liver, and lung accumulated the greatest amounts of 31Si per gram of wet weight, with concentrations at 4 h suggesting both relatively avid uptake and retention. Bone, skin, spleen, muscle, and testes also accumulated 31Si, but the levels were considerably lower than the aforementioned organs. Brain, however, contained negligible concentrations of 31Si throughout the study, indicating active exclusion by the blood-brain barrier. The major portion of the administered 31Si, 77 +/- 12%, was recovered in the urine within 4 h.

scholarly journals Concentration-Dependent Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Activity of Ascorbic Acid in Chickens

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 256-260
Author(s):  
Nadežda Berzina ◽  
Jurijs Markovs ◽  
Mirdza Apsīte ◽  
Svetlana Vasiļjeva ◽  
Galina Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Dehydroascorbic Acid ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Liver And Kidney

The effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress, cadmium accumulation in organs, immune system activity and kidney function in chickens were investigated. The treatment groups of chickens were fed either plain diet or diet supplemented with ascorbic acid at 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg for four weeks. Liver and kidney tissues were assayed for cadmium concentration, and the hepatic levels of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA; the oxidised form), malondialdehyde, glutathione, activity of glutathione peroxidase, blood serum uric acid, creatinine, lysozyme and circulating immune complexes were measured. Supplementation with a high dose of ascorbic acid (1000 and 2000 mg/kg in the diet) caused an imbalance between pro-oxidative and antioxidative activities, and induced a suppressive effect on innate immunity. The results suggest that oxidative stress compromises renal function. We observed that ascorbic acid increased cadmium accumulation in a dose-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Cadmium availability and accumulation by lettuce and rice

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Fernando Faria Pereira ◽  
Danilo Eduardo Rozane ◽  
Suzana Romeiro Araújo ◽  
Gabriel Barth ◽  
Rafaela Josemara Barbosa Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Edible Parts ◽  
Environmental Agency ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Cd Availability ◽  
Soil Cd

Among the toxic elements, Cd has received considerable attention in view of its association with a number of human health problems. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil, transfer rate and toxicity in lettuce and rice plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox. Two simultaneous greenhouse experiments with lettuce and rice test plants were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four Cd rates (CdCl2), 0.0; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg kg-1, based on the guidelines recommended by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb). Higher Cd rates increased extractable Cd (using Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1 and DTPA chemical extractants) and decreased lettuce and rice dry matter yields. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA extractants were effective in predicting soil Cd availability as well as the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant parts. Cadmium concentration in rice remained below the threshold for human consumption established by Brazilian legislation. On the other hand, lettuce Cd concentration in edible parts exceeded the acceptable limit.

scholarly journals Antibody-Mediated Rejection and Recurrent Primary Disease: Two Main Obstacles in Abdominal Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas Transplants

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 5417
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Nakamura ◽  
Takayuki Shirouzu
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Mediated Rejection ◽  
Primary Disease ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Donor Specific Antibodies ◽  
Kidney Liver

The advances in acute phase care have firmly established the practice of organ transplantation in the last several decades. Then, the next issues that loom large in the field of transplantation include antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and recurrent primary disease. Acute ABMR is a daunting hurdle in the performance of organ transplantation. The recent progress in desensitization and preoperative monitoring of donor-specific antibodies enables us to increase positive outcomes. However, chronic active ABMR is one of the most significant problems we currently face. On the other hand, recurrent primary disease is problematic for many recipients. Notably, some recipients, unfortunately, lost their vital organs due to this recurrence. Although some progress has been achieved in these two areas, many other factors remain largely obscure. In this review, these two topics will be discussed in light of recent discoveries.

scholarly journals Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in porcine and bovine organs and tissues

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ciganek ◽  
J. Neca
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Pah Exposure ◽  
Animal Exposure ◽  
Kidney Liver

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined in porcine and bovine kidney, liver, lung, muscle and adipose tissue samples, and in eyeballs (lens and vitreous humour) in fattener pigs and cows. The total average PAH concentrations in individual organs were: 5.4, 6.3 (kidney); 3.8, 2.7 (liver); 4.6, 5.4 (lung); 3.6, 5.1 (muscle tissue); 0.05, 0.11 (adipose tissue); 57.9, 16.3 (lens) and 14, 6.4 (vitreous humour) for pigs and cows in ng/g of wet weight, respectively. Phenanthrene, naphthalene, pyrene and fluoranthene were predominant PAH present in samples. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among distribution of PAH in animal bodies from several localities with various PAH exposure or between their levels in porcine and bovine organs and tissues, except for eyeballs. On the contrary, significant variations of PAH concentrations (P < 0.01) were found between species in the same tissues from the same stable. The highest total concentrations of PAH were found in porcine and bovine lenses. Analyses of porcine and/or bovine lenses for PAH content could be used for determination of animal exposure to these compounds.

Problems of Growth of the African Migratory Locust

1938 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hind Femur ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Solitary Males ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Control Batch

General Growth.Generally, females have higher rates of growth than males. The phases, however, do not show appreciable differences in the rate. The pronotum has for increase in length the highest values which decrease throughout the instars (whereas the constants for the other parts remain fairly stable up to the fifth instar).Dyar's rule was applied for the growth in length of the middle femur and the width of the head, and it was found that the rule holds good for these parts.Przibram's rule, as modified by Bodenheimer, holds true for the growth in length of the different parts and shows the occurrence of latent cell-divisions varying from one (width of head and of pronotum) to four (length of pronotum). The number of latent cell-divisions keeps fairly constant in both phases.For wet weight Przibram's principle is inapplicable, owing to the large percentage of differences between the actual and calculated values.Gregarious males are heavier than solitary males up to the third stadium ; gregarious females are heavier than solitary females up to the third stadium ; fourth, fifth and adult stadia being characterized by higher values in wet weight for solitary females than for gregarious females. Females have higher rates of increase in wet weight than males. No significant differences exist in the rates of increase between gregarious and solitary individuals. In the fifth-adult stadium all the rates decrease except in gregarious females, which show a rise.Gregarious insects have higher values in dry weight than solitary insects, except solitary females in the adult stadium. The coefficients are higher for females than for males.The rates of increase reach the highest values in the second-third stadium of gregarious insects and solitary females, whereas solitary males have their highest value in the fourth-fifth stadium.With the exception of solitary females, all the rates of growth in dry weight decline in the fifth-adult stadium.The rates of growth of the hind legs obtained from the cube-roots of their wet weights are compared with the rates of linear growth of the hind femora. Their variation throughout the instars seems to be in opposite directions. Therefore it is suggested that the rates of growth in wet weight of the hind legs and the rates of growth in length of the respective hind femora are independent of each other.Growth of the parts.The application of the exponential allometry formula y=bxα to the data on dimensions of the parts of Locusta shows the existence of negative, positive and almost isometric growth.The pronotum has the highest value for the growth in length relatively to the growth in length of the middle femur ; the lowest value pertains to the growth in width of the head.Males have higher values than females ; phase gregaria exhibits higher growth-ratios than phase solitaria.With the exception of the hind femur the growth-ratios decline throughout the instars. The greatest decline pertains to the growth in length of the pronotum.A growth-gradient exists in Locusta with the highest value in the pronotum. The middle femur divides the growth-gradient into two parts : an anterior part with values decreasing with the growth of the insect, and a posterior part whose values increase with its growth.Effects of the amputation of the hind tibiae on crowded locusts.The effects obtained by mutilating both hind tibiae of three hundred first instar hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides and placing them in a crowded condition are compared with the effects obtained by crowding a batch of the same number of first instar unoperated insects.The insects with their hind tibiae cut off did not develop as far as those of the control batch ; the differences in dimensions are greater for the hind femur than for the other parts of the body.In the experimental batch the hind femur, as a consequence of its useless condition, became extremely short as compared with the elytra, bringing the ratio E/F to a high value (over 1·950), thus leading to a false interpretation.The occurrence of the black-orange coloration in both batches suggested that both developed towards phase gregaria. This coloration was stronger and more uniform in the control batch than it was in the experimental batch. Thus the control animals developed into a better gregarious type.

scholarly journals Determination of Hg in Farmed and Wild Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) Muscle

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Annibaldi ◽  
Cristina Truzzi ◽  
Oliana Carnevali ◽  
Paolo Pignalosa ◽  
Martina Api ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Digestion ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Thunnus Thynnus ◽  
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mediterranean

Mercury (Hg) is a well-known toxic element, diffused in the environment, especially in the Mediterranean Sea which is rich in cinnabar deposits. Mercury bioaccumulation in fish is of great concern, especially for top-level aquatic predators (e.g., shark, tuna, swordfish) and above all for species of large human consumption and high nutritional value. This work aimed to determine Hg concentrations in farmed and wild Atlantic Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) caught in the Mediterranean area in order to evaluate the level of Hg bioaccumulation. selenium (Se) content was also determined, since this element is an antagonist of mercury toxicity. Mercury and Se were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion of the samples. Hg content in farmed tuna was below the legal limit (1 mg/kg, wet weight, w.w.) for all specimens (0.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg), whereas the wild ones had a content over the limit (1.7 ± 0.6 mg/kg); Se concentration was higher in farmed specimens (1.1 ± 0.9 mg/kg) compared to wild ones (0.6 ± 0.3 mg/kg). A safe seafood could show a Se/Hg ratio >1 and a health benefit value (HBVSe) > 0: farmed tuna had higher values than the wild specimens (Se/Hg 5.48 vs. 1.32; HBVSe 11.16 vs. 0.29). These results demonstrate that for Hg, there is a better risk/benefit ratio in farmed T. thynnus. making it safer than wild tuna.

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